Stanford University

The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is an American private research university located in Stanford, California on an 8,180-acre (3,310 ha) campus near Palo Alto, the largest contiguous university campus in the United States. It is situated in the northwestern Silicon ValleySony VGN-AW11M/H battery(without CD), approximately 20 miles (32 km) northwest of San Jose and 37 miles (60 km) southeast of San Francisco.

Leland Stanford, Governor and Senator of California and leading railroad tycoon, and his wife Jane Lathrop Stanford founded the university in 1891 in honor of their son, Leland Stanford, Jr., who died of typhoid two months before his 16th birthday. On the university’s opening day, Founding President David Starr Jordan said to Stanford’s Pioneer ClassSony VGN-AW11S/B battery(without CD): “[Stanford] is hallowed by no traditions; it is hampered by none. Its finger posts all point forward.”[8] The university was established as a coeducational and nondenominational institution, but struggled financially after the senior Stanford's 1893 death and after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Following World War IISony VGN-AW11Z/B battery(without CD), Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would become known as Silicon Valley. By 1970, Stanford was home to a linear accelerator, was one of the original four ARPANET nodes (precursor to the internet), and had transformed itself into a major research university in computer science, mathematics, natural sciences, and social sciencesSony VGN-AW19/Q battery(without CD).

Since 1952, more than 50 Stanford faculty, staff, and alumni have won the Nobel Prize, Stanford has the largest number of Turing award winners (dubbed the "Nobel Prize of Computer Science") for a single institution, and it is one of the leading producers of members of the United States Congress. Sony VGN-AW19 battery(without CD) Stanford faculty and alumni have founded many prominent companies including Google, Hewlett-Packard, Cisco Systems, LinkedIn, Gap, Netflix, Nike, Sun Microsystems, Varian Associates, and Yahoo!. Other prominent alumni include foreign heads of state, U.S. President Herbert Hoover, the first female U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, "Father of the Internet" Vint Cerf, and Nobel Prize-winning author John Steinbeck (did not graduate) Sony VGN-AW19 battery(without CD).

The university is organized into seven schools, including academic schools of Humanities and Sciences and Earth Sciences as well as professional schools of Business, Education, Engineering, Law, and Medicine. Stanford has a student body of approximately 6,988 undergraduate and 8,400 graduate students.[5] Stanford is a founding member of the Association of American UniversitiesSony VGN-AW21S/B battery(without CD). For the 2011-2012 year, the university managed a US$16.5 billion endowment, with $25.1 billion in consolidated net assets.[3]

Stanford competes in 34 varsity sports and is one of two private universities in the Division I FBS Pacific-12 Conference. Stanford has won 99 NCAA championships (the second-most for a university) Sony VGN-AW21VY/Q battery(without CD), and Stanford's athletic program has won the NACDA Directors' Cup every year since 1995. Stanford athletes have competed in every Olympic Games since 1908, and have won 115 gold medals. In the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, Stanford won more olympic medals than any university in the United States and, in terms of medals won, tied with the country of Japan for 11th placeSony VGN-AW21XY/Q battery(without CD).

History

Origins

Stanford was founded by Leland Stanford, a railroad magnate, United States Senator, and former California governor, and his wife, Jane Stanford. It is named in honor of their only child, Leland Stanford, Jr., who died in 1884 just before his 16th birthday. His parents decided to dedicate a university to their only son, and Leland Stanford told his wifeSony VGN-AW21Z/B battery(without CD), "The children of California shall be our children." The Stanfords visited Harvard's president, Charles Eliot, and asked how much it would cost to duplicate Harvard in California. Eliot replied that he supposed $15 million (in 1884 dollars) would be enough.

Leland Stanford, the university's founder, as painted by Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier in 1881 and now on display at the Cantor CenterSony VGN-AW31M/H battery(without CD)

The university's founding Grant of Endowment from the Stanfords was issued in November 1885. Besides defining the operational structure of the university, it made several specific stipulations: "The Trustees ... shall have the power and it shall be their duty:

To establish and maintain at such University an educational system, which will, if followed, fit the graduate for some useful pursuit, and to this end to cause the pupils, as easily as may be, to declare the particular calling, which, in life, they may desire to pursueSony VGN-AW31S/B battery(without CD); ...

To prohibit sectarian instruction, but to have taught in the University the immortality of the soul, the existence of an all-wise and benevolent Creator, and that obedience to His laws is the highest duty of man.

To have taught in the University the right and advantages of association and co-operation.

To afford equal facilities and give equal advantages in the University to both sexes.

To maintain on the Palo Alto estate a farm for instruction in agriculture in all its branchesSony VGN-AW31XY/Q battery(without CD)."

The Stanfords chose their horse farm in Santa Clara County as the site of the university, so that the University is sometimes called "the Farm" to this day. The original "inner quad" buildings (1887–91) were designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, Francis A. Walker, Charles Allerton Coolidge, and Leland Stanford himselfSony VGN-AW31ZJ/B battery(without CD).

Visiting Stanford in 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt said of the campus and the university, "Now I have come to this great institution of learning and I wonder whether you yourselves fully appreciate the mere physical beauty of your surroundings. I was not prepared in the !east (and I thought I was prepared for it) for the beauty of your surroundingsSony VGN-AW41JF/H battery(without CD). You have had these plans of your university made by a great architect, native to our own American soil, who himself had the sense to adapt—not to copy in servile fashion—but to adapt the old Californian architecture to the new university uses, and so we have here a great institution of learning absolutely unique, even in its outward aspect, situated in this beautiful valley with the hills in the background, Sony VGN-AW41JF battery(without CD) under this sky, with these buildings, and if this university does not turn out the right kind of citizenship and the right kind of scholarship, I shall be more than disappointed."[19]

An arcade in in Stanford's main quad in the early 20th century

In Spring 1891 the Stanfords offered the presidency of their new university to the president of Cornell University, Andrew White, but he declined and recommended David Starr Jordan, the 40-year-old president of Indiana University BloomingtonSony VGN-AW41MF/H battery(without CD). Jordan's educational philosophy was a good fit with the Stanfords' vision of a non-sectarian, co-educational school with a liberal arts curriculum, and he accepted the offer.[20] Jordan arrived at Stanford in June 1891 and immediately set about recruiting faculty for the university's planned October opening. With such a short time frame he drew heavily on his own acquaintance in academiaSony VGN-AW41MF battery(without CD); of the fifteen original professors, most came either from Indiana University or his alma mater Cornell. The 1891 founding professors included Robert Allardice in mathematics, Douglas Houghton Campbell in botany, Charles Henry Gilbert in zoology, George Elliott Howard in history, Oliver Peebles Jenkins in physiology and histology, Charles David Marx in civil engineeringSony VGN-AW41XH/Q battery(without CD), Fernando Sanford in physics and John Maxson Stillman in chemistry. The total initial teaching staff numbered about 35 including instructors and lecturers.[21] For the second (1892-93) school year, Jordan was able to add additional professors including Frank Angell (psychology), Leander M. Hoskins (mechanical engineering), Walter Miller (classics), George C. Price (zoology), and Arly B. Show (history) Sony VGN-AW41XH battery(without CD). Most of these two founding groups of professors remained at Stanford until their retirement and were referred to as the "Old Guard".[22]

The university officially opened on October 1, 1891 to 559 students. Herbert Hoover and his future wife Lou Henry Hoover were in the first class; the Hoovers maintained close lifetime ties to the school. Tuition was free until the 1930sSony VGN-AW41ZF/B battery(without CD).

The motto of Stanford University, selected by President Jordan, is "Die Luft der Freiheit weht." Translated from the German, this quotation from Ulrich von Hutten means, "The wind of freedom blows." The motto was controversial during World War I, when anything in German was suspect; at that time the university disavowed that this motto was official. Sony VGN-AW41ZF battery(without CD)

Coeducation

The school was established as a coeducational institution. However, Jane Stanford soon put a policy in place limiting female enrollment to 500 students because of the large number of women students enrolling. She did not want the school to become "the Vassar of the West" because she felt that would not be an appropriate memorial for her sonSony VGN-CS11S/P battery(without CD). In 1933 the policy was modified to specify an undergraduate male:female ratio of 3:1.[25] The "Stanford ratio" of 3:1 remained in place until the early 1960s. By the late 1960s the "ratio" was about 2:1 for undergraduates, but much more skewed at the graduate level, except in the humanities. As of 2005 the school no longer maintains a gender preference policy and undergraduate enrollment is split nearly evenly between the sexesSony VGN-CS11S/Q battery(without CD), though males outnumber females about 2:1 at the graduate level, exclusive of Humanities.

Early finances

When Leland Stanford died in 1893, the continued existence of the university was in jeopardy. A $15 million government lawsuit against Stanford's estate, combined with the Panic of 1893, made it extremely difficult to meet expenses. Most of the Board of Trustees advised a temporary closing until finances could be sorted outSony VGN-CS11S/W battery(without CD). However, Jane Stanford insisted that the university remain in operation. Faced with the possibility of financial ruin for the University she took charge of financial, administrative, and development matters at the university 1893-1905; from her experience as a mother and housewife, she ran the institution as a household. For the next several years, she paid salaries out of her personal resourcesSony VGN-CS11Z/R battery(without CD), even pawning her jewelry to keep the university going. When the lawsuit was finally dropped in 1895, a university holiday was declared.

Stanford alumnus George E. Crothers became a close adviser to Jane Stanford following his graduation from Stanford's law school in 1896.[30] Working with his brother Thomas (also a Stanford graduate and a lawyer) Sony VGN-CS11Z/T battery(without CD), Crothers identified and corrected numerous major legal defects in the terms of the university's founding grant and successfully lobbied for an amendment to the California state constitution granting Stanford an exemption from taxation on its educational property—a change which allowed Jane Stanford to donate her stock holdings to the university. Sony VGN-CS13H/P battery(without CD)

Edward Alsworth Ross gained fame as a founding father of American sociology; in 1900 Jane Stanford fired him for radicalism and racism, unleashing a major academic freedom case.[32]

Jane Stanford's actions were sometimes eccentric. In 1897, she directed the board of trustees "that the students be taught that everyone born on earth has a soul germ, and that on its development depends much in life here and everything in Life Eternal".Sony VGN-CS13H/Q battery(without CD) She forbade students from sketching nude models in life-drawing class, banned automobiles from campus, and did not allow a hospital to be constructed so that people would not form an impression that Stanford was unhealthy. Between 1899 and 1905, she spent $3 million on a grand construction scheme building lavish memorials to the Stanford family, while university faculty and self-supporting students were living in poverty. Sony VGN-CS13H/R battery(without CD) However, in 1901, she transferred $30 million in assets, nearly all her remaining wealth, to the university;[34] upon her death in 1905, she left the university nearly $4 million of her remaining $7 million. In total, the Stanfords donated around $40 million in assets to the university (over $1 billion in 2010 dollars). Sony VGN-CS13H/W battery(without CD)

20th century

The ruins of Stanford Library after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake

The 1906 San Francisco earthquake destroyed parts of the Main Quad (including the original iteration of Memorial Church) as well as the gate that first marked the entrance of the school; rebuilding on a somewhat less grandiose scale began immediately.

[edit]Football

From 1906 to 1919, in response to the crisis caused by numerous injuries, intercollegiate football was in jeopardy. While some colleges dropped football entirelySony VGN-CS13T/W battery(without CD), a few, such as the University of California and Stanford University, replaced it with English rugby. From 1906 to 1914, the two schools played rugby as their major sport, but they soon found that the objectionable practices they saw in football were introduced into rugby. Finally, when the football rules were changed, a move developed to return to football, reviving intercollegiate sports and enabling students and alumni to identify with football, an American sport. Sony VGN-CS16T/P battery(without CD)

[edit]Hoover Institution

The Hoover Institution Library and Archives (official name: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace) at Stanford was set up in 1920 by Herbert C. Hoover, one of Stanford's first graduates. He had been in charge of American relief efforts in Europe after World War I before his election as President of the United States in 1928Sony VGN-CS16T/Q battery(without CD). Hoover's express purpose was to collect the records of contemporary history as it was happening. Hoover's helpers frequently risked their lives to rescue documentary and rare printed material, especially from countries under Nazi or Communist rule. Their many successes included the papers of Rosa Luxemburg, the Goebbels diaries, and the records of the Russian secret police in ParisSony VGN-CS16T/R battery(without CD). Research institutes were also set up under Hoover's influence, though inevitably there were to be clashes between the moving force, Hoover, and the host university. In 1960, W. Glenn Campbell was appointed director and substantial budget increases soon led to corresponding increases in acquisitions and related research projects. Despite student unrest in the 1960sSony VGN-CS16T/T battery(without CD), the institution continued to thrive and develop closer relations with Stanford. In particular, the Chinese and Russian collections grew considerably. From the 1980s forward the Hoover Institution itself evolved into a conservative think tank, functioning independently from the library and archive. It continues as an integral component of the UniversitySony VGN-CS16T/W battery(without CD).

Post-1945

Biology

The biological sciences department evolved rapidly from 1946 to 1972 as its research focus changed, due to the Cold War and other historically significant conditions external to academia. Stanford science went through three phases of experimental direction during that time. In the early 1950s the department remained fixed in the classical independent and self-directed research modeSony VGN-CS17H/Q battery(without CD), shunning interdisciplinary collaboration and excessive government funding. Between the 1950s and mid-1960s biological research shifted focus to the molecular level. Then, from the late 1960s onward, Stanford's goal became applying research and findings toward humanistic ends. Each phase was preempted by larger social issues, such as the escalation of the Cold War, the launch of Sputnik, and public concern over medical abuses. Sony VGN-CS17H/W battery(without CD)

High tech

A powerful sense of regional solidarity accompanied the rise of Silicon Valley. From the 1890s, the university's leaders saw its mission as service to the West and shaped the school accordingly. At the same time, the perceived exploitation of the West at the hands of eastern interests fueled booster-like attempts to build self-sufficient indigenous local industrySony VGN-CS19/P battery(without CD). Thus, regionalism helped align Stanford's interests with those of the area's high-tech firms for the first fifty years of Silicon Valley's development. The distinctive regional ethos of the West during the first half of the 20th century is an ingredient of Silicon Valley's already prepared environment, an ingredient that would-be replicators ignore at their peril. Sony VGN-CS19/Q battery(without CD)

During the 1940s and 1950s, Frederick Terman, as dean of engineering and provost, encouraged faculty and graduates to start their own companies. He is credited with nurturing Hewlett-Packard, Varian Associates, and other high-tech firms, until what would become Silicon Valley grew up around the Stanford campusSony VGN-CS19/R battery(without CD). Terman is often called "the father of Silicon Valley."[40] Terman encouraged William B. Shockley, co-inventor of the transistor, to return to his hometown of Palo Alto. In 1956 he established the Shockley Transistor Laboratory.[41]

The spark that set off the explosive boom of “Silicon startups” in Stanford Industrial Park was a personal dispute in 1957 between employees of Shockley Semiconductor and the company’s namesake and founderSony VGN-CS19/W battery(without CD), Nobel laureate and co-inventor of the transistor William Shockley... (His employees) formed Fairchild Semiconductor immediately following their departure... After several years, Fairchild gained its footing, becoming a formidable presence in this sector. Its founders began to leave to start companies based on their ownSony VGN-CS21S/P battery(without CD), latest ideas and were followed on this path by their own former leading employees... The process gained momentum and what had once began in a Stanford’s research park became a veritable startup avalanche... Thus, over the course of just 20 years, a mere eight of Shockley’s former employees gave forth 65 new enterprises, which then went on to do the same... Sony VGN-CS21S/R battery(without CD)

Physics

In 1962-70 negotiations took place between the Cambridge Electron Accelerator Laboratory (shared by Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology), the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, and the US Atomic Energy Commission over the proposed 1970 construction of the Stanford Positron Electron Asymmetric Ring (SPEAR) Sony VGN-CS21S/T battery(without CD). It would be the first US electron-positron colliding beam storage ring. Paris (2001) explores the competition and cooperation between the two university laboratories and presents diagrams of the proposed facilities, charts detailing location factors, and the parameters of different project proposals between 1967 and 1970. Several rings were built in Europe during the five years that it took to obtain funding for the projectSony VGN-CS21S/V battery(without CD), but the extensive project revisions resulted in a superior design that was quickly constructed and paved the way for Nobel Prizes in 1976 for Burton Richter and in 1995 for Martin Perl.[43] During 1955-85, solid state technology research and development at Stanford University followed three waves of industrial innovation made possible by support from private corporations, mainly Bell Telephone LaboratoriesSony VGN-CS21S/W battery(without CD), Shockley Semiconductor, Fairchild Semiconductor, and Xerox PARC. In 1969 the Stanford Research Institute operated one of the four original nodes that comprised ARPANET, predecessor to the Internet.[44]

Recent history

Since 2000, Stanford has expanded dramatically. In February 2012, Stanford announced the conclusion of the Stanford Challenge. In a period of five years, Stanford raised $6.2 billion dollars, exceeding its initial goal by $2 billionSony VGN-CS21Z/Q battery(without CD), making it the most successful university fundraising campaign in history.[45] The funds will go towards 103 new endowed faculty appointments, 360 graduate student research fellowships, scholarships and financial aid, and the construction or renovation of 38 campus buildings. It enabled the construction of the world's largest facility dedicated exclusively to stem cell researchSony VGN-CS23G/P battery(without CD), an entirely new campus for the the business school, added dramatically to the law school, a brand-new engineering quad, created a new art and art history building, an on-campus concert hall, a new art museum, and a planned expansion of the medical school, among others.[46] In 2012, Stanford opened the Stanford Center at Peking University, a just-under 400,000-square-footSony VGN-CS23G/Q battery(without CD), three-story research center at the heart of Peking University, consistently ranked as the best university in China. The ceremony featured remarks by U.S. Ambassador to China Gary Locke, Stanford President John Hennessy, and Peking University Party Chief Zhu Shanlu. Stanford became the first U.S. university to have its own building on a major Chinese University campusSony VGN-CS23G/W battery(without CD).

The Stanford Center at Peking University

Other Stanford programs underwent notable expansion as well, such as the Stanford in Washington Program's creation of the Stanford in Washington Art Gallery in Woodley Park, Washington, D.C., and the Stanford in Florence program's move to Palazzo Capponi, a 15th-century Renaissance palace. Sony VGN-CS23G battery(without CD) The University completed the James H. Clark Center for interdisciplinary research in biology and medicine in 2003, named for benefactor, Co-founder of Netscape, Silicon Graphics and WebMD and former professor of Electrical Engineering James h. Clark.

The James H. Clark Center at Stanford University

In 2011, Stanford created the first PhD program in Stem Cell Science in the United States. The program will be housed at Stanford Medical School. Sony VGN-CS23H/B battery(without CD)

Undergraduate admission selectivity also increased, with the acceptance rate dropping from 13% for the class of 2004 to 6% for the class of 2016. Stanford's reputation, competitive admissions, and strong legacy of entrepreneurship have contributed to the East-West rivalry between Stanford and such institutions as Harvard University, Princeton University and Yale UniversitySony VGN-CS23H/S battery(without CD).

Campus

Main entrance to Stanford University

Stanford University is located on an 8,180-acre (3,310 ha)[6] campus on the San Francisco Peninsula, in the northwest part of the Santa Clara Valley (Silicon Valley) approximately 37 miles (60 km) southeast of San Francisco and approximately 20 miles (32 km) northwest of San Jose. The main campus is adjacent to Palo Alto, bounded by El Camino Real, Stanford AvenueSony VGN-CS23H battery(without CD), Junipero Serra Boulevard, and Sand Hill Road. The university also operates at several more remote locations (see below).

Stanford's main campus is a census-designated place within unincorporated Santa Clara County, although some of the university land (including the Stanford Shopping Center and the Stanford Research Park) is within the city limits of Palo Alto. The campus also includes much land in unincorporated San Mateo County (including the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve) Sony VGN-CS23T/Q battery(without CD), as well as in the city limits of Menlo Park (Stanford Hills neighborhood), Woodside, and Portola Valley.[54] The United States Postal Service has assigned Stanford two ZIP codes: 94305 for campus mail and 94309 for P.O. box mail. It lies within area code 650.

History of campus development

An aerial photograph of the Stanford University campus in 2008

In the summer of 1886, when the campus was first being planned, Stanford brought the president of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Francis Amasa Walker, and prominent Boston landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted westward for consultationsSony VGN-CS23T/W battery(without CD). Olmsted worked out the general concept for the campus and its buildings, rejecting a hillside site in favor of the more practical flatlands. Charles Allerton Coolidge then developed this concept in the style of his late mentor, Henry Hobson Richardson, in the Richardsonian Romanesque style, characterized by rectangular stone buildings linked by arcades of half-circle archesSony VGN-CS25H/C battery(without CD). The original campus was also designed in the Spanish-colonial style common to California known as Mission Revival. The red tile roofs and solid sandstone masonry are distinctly Californian in appearance and famously complementary to the bright blue skies common to the region, and most of the subsequently erected buildings have maintained consistent exteriorsSony VGN-CS25H/P battery(without CD).

Much of this first construction was destroyed by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, but the university retains the Quad, the old Chemistry Building (which is not in use and has been boarded up since the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake),[55] and Encina Hall (the residence of Herbert Hoover, John Steinbeck, and Anthony Kennedy during their times at Stanford) Sony VGN-CS25H/Q battery(without CD). After the 1989 earthquake inflicted further damage, the university implemented a billion-dollar capital improvement plan to retrofit and renovate older buildings for new, up-to-date uses.[56]

Landmarks

Stanford Main Quad at night

Contemporary campus landmarks include the Main Quad and Memorial Church, the Cantor Center for Visual Arts and art gallery, the Stanford Mausoleum and the Angel of Grief, Hoover Tower, the Rodin sculpture garden, the Papua New Guinea Sculpture GardenSony VGN-CS25H/R battery(without CD), the Arizona Cactus Garden, the Stanford University Arboretum, Green Library and the Dish. Frank Lloyd Wright's 1937 Hanna-Honeycomb House and the 1919 Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover House are both listed on the National Historic Register.

Stanford Memorial Church

Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover House

Hoover Tower

The Dish

[edit]Faculty residences

One of the benefits of being a Stanford faculty member is the "Faculty Ghetto", where faculty members can live within walking or biking distance of campus. The Faculty Ghetto is composed of land owned entirely by Stanford. Similar to a condominiumSony VGN-CS25H/W battery(without CD), the houses can be bought and sold but the land under the houses is rented on a 99-year lease. Houses in the "Ghetto" appreciate and depreciate, but not as rapidly as overall Silicon Valley values. However, it remains an expensive area in which to own property, and the average price of single-family homes on campus is actually higher than in Palo Alto. Stanford itself enjoys the rapid capital gains of Silicon Valley landowners, although by the terms of its founding the university cannot sell the landSony VGN-CS25H battery(without CD).

[edit]Non-main campus

Stanford currently operates or intends to operate in various locations outside of its main campus.

On the founding grant but away from the main campus:

Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve is a 1,200-acre (490 ha) natural reserve owned by the university and used by wildlife biologists for research, located south of the main campus.

SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory is a facility located west of main campus and originally owned by Stanford but now operated by the university for the Department of EnergySony VGN-CS26T/C battery(without CD). It contains the longest linear particle accelerator in the world, 2 miles (3.2 km) on 426 acres (172 ha) of land.[57]

Off the founding grant:

Hopkins Marine Station, located in Pacific Grove, California, is a marine biology research center owned by the university since 1892.

Study abroad locations: unlike typical study abroad programs, Stanford itself operates in locations around the globe; thus, each location, which ranges from Beijing to Cape Town, has Stanford faculty-in-residence and staff in addition to students, creating a "mini Stanford." Sony VGN-CS26T/P battery(without CD)

Locations in development:

Redwood City: in 2005, the university purchased a small, 35-acre (14 ha) campus in Midpoint Technology Park intended for staff offices, although it remains undeveloped.[59]

China: the university is currently building a small campus for researchers and students in collaboration with Peking University. Sony VGN-CS26T/Q battery(without CD)

The university also has its own golf course and a seasonal lake (Lake Lagunita, actually an irrigation reservoir), both home to the vulnerable California Tiger Salamander. Lake Lagunita is often dry now, but the university has no plans to artificially fill it.[61]

Lake Lagunita in early spring; the Dish is visible in the foothills behind the lake.

In 2011, the university also participated in the bidding for applied science campus in New York City but finally abandoned the project at the end of the year. Sony VGN-CS26T/R battery(without CD)

Administration and organization

Stanford University is a tax-exempt corporate trust owned and governed by a privately appointed 35-member Board of Trustees.[63] Trustees serve five-year terms (not more than two consecutive terms) and meet five times annually.[64] The Stanford trustees also oversee the Stanford Research Park, the Stanford Shopping CenterSony VGN-CS26T/T battery(without CD), the Cantor Center for Visual Arts, Stanford University Medical Center, and many associated medical facilities (including the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital).[63]

The Board appoints a President to serve as the chief executive officer of the university and prescribe the duties of professors and course of study, manage financial and business affairs, and appoint nine vice presidents. Sony VGN-CS26T/V battery(without CD) John L. Hennessy was appointed the 10th President of the University in October 2000.[66] The Provost is the chief academic and budget officer, to whom the deans of each of the seven schools report.[67] John Etchemendy was named the 12th Provost in September 2000.[68]

The university is organized into seven schools: School of Humanities and Sciences, School of Engineering, School of Earth SciencesSony VGN-CS26T/W battery(without CD), School of Education, Graduate School of Business, Stanford Law School and the Stanford University School of Medicine.[67] The powers and authority of the faculty are vested in the Academic Council, which is made up of tenure and non-tenure line faculty, research faculty, senior fellows in some policy centers and institutes, the president of the university, and some other academic administratorsSony VGN-CS27/C battery(without CD), but most matters are handled by the Faculty Senate, made up of 55 elected representatives of the faculty.[69]

The Associated Students of Stanford University (ASSU) is the student government for Stanford University and all registered students are members.[70] Its elected leadership consists of the Undergraduate Senate elected by the undergraduate students, the Graduate Student Council elected by the graduate studentsSony VGN-CS27/P battery(without CD), and the President and Vice President elected as a ticket by the entire student body.[70]

Stanford is the beneficiary of a special clause in the California Constitution, which explicitly exempts Stanford property from taxation so long as the property is used for educational purposes.

Endowment and fundraising

The university's endowment, managed by the Stanford Management Company, was valued at $17.2 billion in 2008 and had achieved an annualized rate of return of 15.1% since 1998. Sony VGN-CS27/R battery(without CD) The endowment fell 25% in 2009 as a result of the late-2000s recession, but posted gains of 14.4% in 2010 and 22.4% in 2011, when it was valued at $16.5 billion.[73]

Stanford has been the top fundraising university in the United States for several years. It raised $911 million in 2006,[74] $832 million in 2007,[75] $785 million in 2008,[76] $640 million in 2009,[77] $599 million in 2010,[78] and $709 million in 2011. Sony VGN-CS27/W battery(without CD)

In 2006 President Hennessy launched a five-year campaign called the Stanford Challenge, which reached its $4.3 billion fundraising goal in 2009, two years ahead of time, but continued fundraising for the duration of the campaign.[80] It concluded on December 31, 2011, having raised a total of $6.23 billion and breaking the previous campaign fundraising record of $3.88 billion held by Yale. Sony VGN-CS27 battery(without CD) Specifically, the campaign raised $253.7 million for undergraduate financial aid, as well as $2.33 billion for its initiative in "Seeking Solutions" to global problems, $1.61 billion for "Educating Leaders" by improving K-12 education, and $2.11 billion for "Foundation of Excellence" aimed at providing academic support for Stanford students and faculty. Funds supported 366 new fellowships for graduate studentsSony VGN-CS28/Q battery(without CD), 139 new endowed chairs for faculty, and 38 new or renovated buildings. Over 10,000 volunteers helped in raising 560,000 gifts from more than 166,000 donors.[82]

Academics

Walkway to the School of Education, near the Quad

Stanford University is a large, highly residential research university with a majority of enrollments coming from graduate and professional students.[83] The full-time, four-year undergraduate program is classified as "more selective, lower transfer-in" and has an arts and sciences focus with high graduate student coexistence. Stanford University is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Sony VGN-CS28 battery(without CD)Full-time undergraduate tuition was $38,700 for 2010-2011.

The schools of Humanities and Sciences (27 departments), Engineering (9 departments), and Earth Sciences (4 departments) have both graduate and undergraduate programs while the schools of Law, Medicine, and Education and the Graduate School of Business have graduate programs only.[87] Stanford follows a quarter system with Autumn quarter usually starting in late September and Spring Quarter ending in early JuneSony VGN-CS31S/P battery(without CD).

Faculty and staff

Stanford's current community of scholars includes:

17 Nobel Prize laureates;

137 members of the National Academy of Sciences;

95 members of National Academy of Engineering;

62 members of Institute of Medicine;

258 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences;

19 recipients of the National Medal of Science;

2 recipients of the National Medal of Technology;

30 members of the National Academy of Education;

43 members of American Philosophical Society;

56 fellows of the American Physics Society (since 1995);

4 Pulitzer Prize winnersSony VGN-CS31S/R battery(without CD);

24 MacArthur Fellows;

7 Wolf Foundation Prize winners;

6 Koret Foundation Prize winners;

2 ACL Lifetime Achievement Award winners;

14 AAAI fellows;

3 Presidential Medal of Freedom winners.

Stanford has been affiliated with[clarification needed] over 50 Nobel laureates, as well as 19 recipients (22 if visiting professors and consulting professors included) of the Turing Award, the so-called "Nobel Prize in computer science," comprising one third of the awards given in its 44-year history. The university has 27 ACM fellowsSony VGN-CS31S/T battery(without CD). It is also affiliated with 4 Gödel Prize winners, 4 Knuth Prize recipients, 10 IJCAI Computers and Thought Award winners, and about 15 Grace Murray Hopper Award winners for their work in the foundations of computer science.

Student

As of 2011, 107 Stanford students or alumni have become Rhodes Scholars.[93]

Research centers and institutes

View of Hoover Tower from Main Quad.

Other Stanford-affiliated institutions include the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (originally the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) and the Stanford Research Institute, a now independent institution which originated at the university, in addition to the Stanford Humanities CenterSony VGN-CS31S/V battery(without CD).

Stanford also houses the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, a major public policy think tank that attracts visiting scholars from around the world, and the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, which is dedicated to the more specific study of international relations. Unable to locate a copy in any of its librariesSony VGN-CS31S/W battery(without CD), the Soviet Union was obliged to ask the Hoover Institution for a microfilm copy of its original edition of the first issue of Pravda (dated March 5, 1917).[94]

Stanford is home to the John S. Knight Fellowships for Professional Journalist and the Center for Ocean Solutions, which brings together marine science and policy to develop solutions to challenges facing the ocean. It also houses the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design (the "d.school")Sony VGN-CS31Z/Q battery(without CD), a multidisciplinary design school in cooperation with the Hasso Plattner Institute of University of Potsdam that integrates product design, engineering, and business management education.

Libraries and digital resources

It has been suggested that this section be split into a new article titled Stanford University Libraries. (Discuss) Proposed since June 2012.

The Stanford University Libraries and Academic Information Resources (SULAIR) hold a collection of nearly 9 million volumes, 260,000 rare or special books, 1.5 million e-booksSony VGN-CS33H/B battery(without CD), 1.5 million audiovisual materials, 75,000 serials, 6 million microform holdings, and thousands of other digital resources, making it one of the largest and most diverse academic library systems in the world.[95] The main library in the SU library system is Green Library, which also contains various meeting and conference rooms, study spaces, and reading rooms. Meyer Library, a 24-hour library slated for demolition in 2012Sony VGN-CS33H/Z battery(without CD), holds various student-accessible media resources and has housed one of the largest East Asia collections, whose 540,000 volumes are being transported to an interim location while a new library is rebuilt.[96]

Other significant collections include the Lane Medical Library, Terman Engineering Library, Jackson Business Library, Falconer Biology Library, Cubberley Education Library, Branner Earth Sciences Library, Swain Chemistry and Chemical Engineering LibrarySony VGN-CS33H battery(without CD), Jonsson Government Documents collection, Crown Law Library, Center for Ocean Solutions Research Library, Stanford Auxiliary Library (SAL), SLAC Library, Hoover library, Miller Marine Biology Library at Hopkins Marine Station, Music Library, and the university's special collections. There are 20 libraries in all. Several academic departments and some residences also have their own librariesSony VGN-CS36H/C battery(without CD).

Digital libraries and text services include digital image collections, the Humanities Digital Information Services group, and the Media Microtext Center. HighWire Press, the university ePublishing platform, produces and hosts some 1,400 journals and receives over 600 billion requests every month.[95] The Stanford University Press also produces over 175 books each year. Sony VGN-CS36H/P battery(without CD)

There are 150,000 computers on the Stanford University Network, including clusters of printer-enabled computers in every undergraduate residence (the first residential computing program), as well as high-performance computer clusters for general use throughout the campus.[95] Stanford is a founding and charter member of CENIC, the Corporation for Education Network Initiatives in CaliforniaSony VGN-CS36H/Q battery(without CD), the nonprofit organization that provides extremely high-performance Internet-based networking to California's K-20 research and education community.

Rankings

University rankings

National

The Center for World University Rankings ranked Stanford third in the world and third nationally in its 2012 CWUR World University Rankings.

In 2011, The Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked Stanford 1st in the world for both humanities and social sciences, remarking, "Stanford University knocks Harvard University off the top spot in the arts and humanities subject rankingsSony VGN-CS36H/R battery(without CD). With Pulitzer prizewinners and MacArthur Fellows leading its liberal-arts programme, the relative newcomer (founded in 1891) has proved more than a match for its illustrious Ivy League rival."[104] THES ranked Stanford 2nd best research university in the world in 2011.[105] In 2010, the Times also ranked Stanford 3rd in engineering and technology, 3rd in life sciences, 5th in physical sciences, 2nd in arts & humanities, 1st in social sciencesSony VGN-CS36H/W battery(without CD), and 2nd in clinical, pre-clinical and health sciences; no other university places in the top 5 across all broad disciplines studied.[106]

The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) ranked Stanford 2nd in the world in 2011.[107] ARWU ranked Stanford 6th in Natural Sciences and Mathematics, 2nd in Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences, 6th in Life and Agriculture Sciences, 13th in Clinical Medicine and PharmacySony VGN-CS36H battery(without CD), and 6th in Social Sciences worldwide. In its subject rankings, ARWU placed Stanford 4th in mathematics, 6th in physics, 3rd in chemistry, 1st in computer science, and 6th in economics and business.

The U.S. News and World Report (USNWR) ranks it fifth among large universities for its undergraduate program in 2012.[108] In the 2012 U.S. News graduate school rankings, Stanford also placed in the top 5 for every discipline in which it was rankedSony VGN-FW11E battery(without CD), except industrial engineering, where it placed 6th, and fine arts, where it placed 36th. Specifically, Stanford was ranked 1st in Business, 4th in Education, 2nd in Engineering, 4th in Medicine, 2nd in Law, 1st in Biological Sciences, 4th in Chemistry, 1st in Computer Science, 4th in Earth Sciences, 2nd in Mathematics, 1st in Physics, 1st in Statistics, 5th in Economics, 2nd in EnglishSony VGN-FW11M battery(without CD), 1st in History, 1st in Political Science, 1st in Psychology, 5th in Sociology. Within engineering, Stanford placed 1st in aerospace, computer, electrical, environmental, and mechanical engineering; 3rd in civil engineering; and 5th in chemical, material, and bioengineering.[109]

The 2011 QS World University Rankings placed Stanford 7th in arts & humanities, 2nd in engineering & technology, 3rd in social sciences, 6th in natural sciencesSony VGN-FW11S battery(without CD), 4th in life sciences, and 11th overall.[110] In specific disciplines, Stanford was ranked 8th in English (5th in the United States), 11th in modern languages (7), 10th in history (8), 8th in philosophy (4), 7th in geography & area studies (4), 5th in linguistics (3), 2nd in computer science (2), 2nd in civil & structural engineering (2), 5th in chemical engineering (3), 2nd in electrical engineering (2) Sony VGN-FW139E/H battery(without CD), 4th in mechanical, aeronautical, & manufacturing engineering, 5th in medicine (3), 5th in biological sciences (3), 5th in chemistry (4), 6th in physics and astronomy (4), 5th in metallurgy (4), 4th in mathematics (3), 6th in environmental sciences (4), 8th in earth and marine sciences (6), 3rd in psychology (2), 6th in sociology (4), 1st in statistics, 7th in politics and international studies (4) Sony VGN-FW21E battery(without CD), 5th in law (3), 3rd in economics (3), and 5th in account and finance.

In 2011 Stanford was ranked second in the world according to the Human Resources & Labor Review.[112] Stanford places fourth among national universities by The Washington Monthly,[113] second among "global universities" by Newsweek,[114] and tied for 1st with MIT and Columbia University in the first tier among national universities by the Center for Measuring University Performance. Sony VGN-FW21J battery(without CD) In the MINE ParisTech rankings in 2008 measuring the number of Chief Executive Officers among the Fortune Global 500, Stanford is ranked third in the world. According to Forbes, Stanford has produced the second highest number of billionaires of all universities.

Among professional schools, the Stanford Graduate School of Business is ranked 1st, Stanford Law School is ranked 2nd, the Stanford School of Education is ranked 4th, and Stanford Medical School is ranked 4th, according to U.S. News and World ReportSony VGN-FW21L battery(without CD). Forbes ranked the business school at the top in its 2009 "Best Business Schools" list.[119] In the 2010 QS Global 200 Business Schools Report[120] Stanford placed 4th in North America.

From a 2010 poll done by The Princeton Review, Stanford is the most commonly named "dream college," both for students and for parents, a title it has held in previous years.[121] A 2003 Gallup poll, which asked about the best colleges in the U.S., found that Stanford is the second-most prestigious university Sony VGN-FW21M battery(without CD) (behind Harvard) in the eyes of the general American public and roughly equal in prestige to Harvard among college-educated people.

Bronze statues by Auguste Rodin are scattered through the campus, including these Burghers of Calais.

Stanford University is home to the Cantor Center for Visual Arts museum with 24 galleries, sculpture gardens, terraces, and a courtyard first established in 1891 by Jane and Leland Stanford as a memorial to their only childSony VGN-FW21Z battery(without CD). Notably, the Center possesses the largest collection of Rodin works outside of Paris, France. There are also a large number of outdoor art installations throughout the campus, primarily sculptures, but some murals as well. The Papua New Guinea Sculpture Garden near Roble Hall features handmade wood carvings and "totem poles." Sony VGN-FW25T/B battery(without CD)

Stanford has a thriving artistic and musical community. Extracurricular activities include theater groups such as Ram's Head Theatrical Society and the Stanford Shakespeare Society, award-winning a cappella music groups such as the Mendicants, Counterpoint, the Stanford Fleet Street Singers, Harmonics, Mixed Company, Testimony, Talisman, Everyday People, RaagapellaSony VGN-FW26T/B battery(without CD), and a group dedicated to performing the works of Gilbert and Sullivan, the Stanford Savoyards. Beyond these, the music department sponsors many ensembles including five choirs, the Stanford Symphony Orchestra, Stanford Taiko, and the Stanford Wind Ensemble.

Stanford's dance community is one of the most vibrant in the country, with an active dance division in the Drama Department and over 30 different dance-related student groups, including the Stanford Band's Dollie dance troupeSony VGN-FW27/B battery(without CD).

Perhaps most distinctive of all is its social and vintage dance community, cultivated by dance historian Richard Powers and enjoyed by hundreds of students and thousands of alumni. Stanford hosts monthly informal dances (called Jammix) and large quarterly dance events, including Ragtime Ball (fall), the Stanford Viennese Ball (winter), and Big Dance (spring). Stanford also boasts a student-run swing performance troupe called Swingtime and several alumni performance groups, including Decadance and the Academy of Danse LibreSony VGN-FW27/W battery(without CD).

The creative writing program brings young writers to campus via the Stegner Fellowships and other graduate scholarship programs. This Boy's Life author Tobias Wolff teaches writing to undergraduates and graduate students. Knight Journalism Fellows are invited to spend a year at the campus taking seminars and courses of their choiceSony VGN-FW27T/H battery(without CD). There is also an extracurricular writing and performance group called the Stanford Spoken Word Collective, which also serves as the school's poetry slam team.

Stanford also hosts various publishing courses for professionals. Stanford Professional Publishing Course, which has been offered on campus since the late 1970s, brings together international publishing professionals to discuss changing business models in magazine and book publishingSony VGN-FW29/B battery(without CD).

Student life

Many students use bicycles to get around the large campus.

[edit]Student body

Stanford enrolled 6,887 undergraduate[125] and 8,779 graduate students[126] in the 2010-2011 year. Women comprised 48% of undergraduates and 37% of professional and graduate students.[85] The freshman retention rate for 2010 was 98%, the four-year graduation rate is 78.4%, and the six-year rate is 95%.Sony VGN-FW31M battery(without CD) The relatively low four-year graduation rate is a function of the university's coterminal degree (or "coterm") program, which allows students to earn a Master's degree as an extension of their undergraduate program.[127]

Stanford awarded 1,671 undergraduate degrees, 2,068 Master's degrees, 708 doctoral degrees, and 270 professional degrees in 2010.[85] The most popular Bachelor's degrees were in the social sciences, interdisciplinary studies, and engineeringSony VGN-FW32J battery(without CD).

For the class of 2014, Stanford received 32,022 applications and accepted 2300 or 7.2%, the lowest in the university's history and among the lowest in the country.[128] For the class of 2015, Stanford received 5,929 single-choice early action applications and accepted 754 of them, for an early admission rate of 12.7%. This application season Stanford received more than 34,200 total applications from both the regular and early rounds. Sony VGN-FW33G/W battery(without CD)

The cost of attendance in 2010-2011 is $54,947.[125] Stanford's admission process is need-blind for US citizens and permanent residents; while it is not need-blind for international students, 64% are on need-based aid, with an average aid package of $31,411.[85] In 2010, the university awarded $117 million in financial aid to 3,530 studentsSony VGN-FW33GW battery(without CD), with an average aid package of $40,593.[85] total external and internal aid (including jobs and optional loans) amounted to $172.3 million to undergraduate students.[125] 80% of students are on some form of financial aid.[125] Stanford's no-loan policy waives tuition, room, and board for families with incomes below $60,000, and families with incomes below $100,000 are not required to pay tuition Sony VGN-FW41E/H battery(without CD) (those with incomes up to $150,000 will have tuition significantly reduced).[85][130] 17% of students receive Pell Grants,[125] a common measure of low-income students at a college. 15% of the undergraduates are first-generation students.[131]

[edit]Dormitories and student housing

Eighty-nine percent of undergraduate students live in on-campus university housing. First-year students are required to live on campusSony VGN-FW41J/H battery(without CD), and all undergraduates are guaranteed housing for all four undergraduate years.[85][132] According to the Stanford Housing Assignments Office, undergraduates live in 80 different houses, including dormitories, co-ops, row houses, fraternities and sororities.[133] At Manzanita Park, 118 mobile homes were installed as "temporary" housing from 1969 to 1991Sony VGN-FW41M/H battery(without CD), but it is now the site of modern dorms Castano, Kimball, and Lantana.[134] Most student residences are located just outside the campus core, within ten minutes (on foot or bike) of most classrooms and libraries. Some are for freshmen only; others give priority to sophomores, others to both freshmen and sophomores; some are for upperclass students only, and some are open to all four classesSony VGN-NS11M/S battery(without CD). Most residences are co-ed; seven are all-male fraternities, three are all-female sororities, and there is also one all-female non-sorority house, Roth House. In most residences, men and women live on the same floor, but a few dorms are configured for men and women to live on separate floors (single-gender floors), including all Wilbur dorms except for Arroyo and Okada. Sony VGN-NS11S/S battery(without CD) Beginning in 2009–10, the University's housing plan anticipates that all freshmen desiring to live in all-freshman dorms will be accommodated. In the 2009–10 year, almost two-thirds of freshmen will be housed in Stern and Wilbur Halls. The one-third who requested four-class housing will be located in other dormitories throughout campus, including Florence Moore (FloMo). Sony VGN-NS12M/W battery(without CD) In April 2008, Stanford unveiled a new pilot plan to test out gender-neutral housing in five campus residences, allowing males and females to live in the same room. This was after concerted student pressure, as well as the institution of similar policies at peer institutions such as Wesleyan, Oberlin, Clark, Dartmouth, Brown, and UPenn. Sony VGN-NS15G/S battery(without CD)

Several residences are considered theme houses. The Academic, Language and Culture Houses include EAST (Education And Society Theme), Hammarskjöld (International Theme), Haus Mitteleuropa (Central European Theme), La Casa Italiana (Italian Language and Culture), La Maison Française (French Language and Culture House), Slavianskii Dom (Slavic/East European Theme House), Storey (Human Biology Theme House) Sony VGN-NS15H/S battery(without CD), and Yost (Spanish Language and Culture).Cross-Cultural Theme Houses include Casa Zapata (Chicano/Latino Theme in Stern Hall), Muwekma-tah-ruk (American Indian/Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian Theme), Okada (Asian-American Theme in Wilbur Hall), and Ujamaa (Black/African-American Theme in Lagunita Court) Sony VGN-NS21M/P battery(without CD). Focus Houses include Freshman-Sophomore College (Freshman Focus), Branner Hall (Community Service), Kimball (Arts & Performing Arts), Crothers (Global Citizenship), and Toyon (Sophomore Priority).[138] Theme houses predating the current "theme" classification system are Columbae (Social Change Through Nonviolence, since 1970),[139] and Synergy (Exploring Alternatives, since 1972). Sony VGN-NS21M/W battery(without CD)

Another famous style of housing at Stanford is the co-ops. These houses feature cooperative living, where residents and eating associates each contribute work to keep the house running, such as cooking meals or cleaning shared spaces. The co-ops on campus are Chi Theta Chi, Columbae, Enchanted Broccoli Forest (EBF), Hammarskjöld (which is also the International Theme House), Kairos, Terra, and Synergy. Sony VGN-NS21S/S battery(without CD)

At any time, around 50 percent of the graduate population lives on campus. Now that construction has concluded on the new Munger graduate residence, this percentage has probably increased. First-year graduate students are guaranteed housingSony VGN-NS21S/W battery(without CD).

Traditions

Vintage Stanford University postcard

Full Moon on the Quad: A student gathering in the Main Quad of the university. Traditionally, seniors exchange kisses with freshmen, although students of all four classes (as well as the occasional graduate student or stranger) have been known to participate.[citation needed]

Sunday Flicks: A weekly Sunday night film screening in Memorial AuditoriumSony VGN-NS21Z/S battery(without CD). Usually, students are very loud and crazy during the screenings, and can be seen flying paper airplanes or simply throwing wads of newspaper at each other. Flicks ran into significant financial trouble in 2006 and after an ASSU bail-out became free for all students.[citation needed]

Steam-tunnelling: The act of exploring the steam tunnels under the Stanford campus. Fountain-hopping: The act of running from one fountain on campus to another, or simply leaping/swimming around in any of Stanford's many fountains (such as the so-called Claw fountain in White Plaza). Sony VGN-NS25G/P battery(without CD)

Big Game events: The events in the week leading up to the Big Game vs. UC Berkeley, including Gaieties (a musical written, composed, produced, and performed by the students of Ram's Head Theatrical Society), The Bearial (in which the Stanford Band performs a funeral-like procession and pierces a stuffed-animal bear on the tip of the Stanford Claw fountain) Sony VGN-NS25G/S battery(without CD), and an hourly train whistle that counts down the hours until Big Game, orchestrated by the Stanford Axe Committee.[citation needed]

Primal scream: Performed by stressed students at midnight during Dead Week (the week prior to finals).[citation needed]

Midnight Breakfast: During Winter quarter dead week, Stanford faculty serves breakfast to students in several locations on campus (you might see a vice-provost refilling orange juice, etc.) Sony VGN-NS31M/P battery(without CD)

Viennese Ball: a formal ball with waltzes that was initially started in the 1970s by students returning from the now-closed Stanford in Vienna overseas program.[143] It is now open to all students.

The Stanford Powwow: Organized by the Stanford American Indian Organization since 1971 and held every Mother's Day weekendSony VGN-NS31M/W battery(without CD).

Mausoleum Party: An annual Halloween Party at the Stanford Mausoleum, which contains the corpses of Leland Stanford, Jr. and his parents. A 20-year tradition, the Mausoleum party was on hiatus from 2002 to 2005[145] due to a lack of funding from the alumni,[146] but was revived in 2006. In 2008, it was hosted in Old Union rather than at the actual Mausoleum, because rain prohibited generators from being rented. Sony VGN-NS31S/S battery(without CD) In 2009, after fundraising efforts by the Junior Class Presidents and the ASSU Executive, the event was able to return to the Mausoleum despite facing budget cuts earlier in the year.

Stanford Charity Fashion Show: A large student-run diversity fashion show showcasing student, local, and international designers that was started in 1991 by the Asian American Students' AssociationSony VGN-NW130J/T battery(without CD).

Senior Pub Night: On most Thursdays during the school year, seniors gather at a bar in Palo Alto or San Francisco. The location rotates week to week, and chartered buses are organized to take the seniors safely between the bar and campus. Uncommon Man/Uncommon Woman: Stanford does not award honorary degrees, but in 1953 the University created the degree of Uncommon Man/Uncommon Woman for individuals who give rare and extraordinary service to the UniversitySony VGN-NW21EF/S battery(without CD). The University's highest honor, the degree is not given at prescribed intervals, but only when appropriate to recognize extraordinary service. Recipients include Herbert Hoover, Bill Hewlett, Dave Packard, Lucile Packard, and John Gardner.[153]

Birthday Showers: Students get thrown in the shower by their friends at midnight on their birthdaysSony VGN-NW21JF battery(without CD).

A Capella groups perform in student residences during New Student Orientation and throughout the year. Some of the most notable original songs include those by humor-focused Fleet Street Singers, such as "Everyone Pees in the Shower" and "Prayer to the God of Partial Credit." [154]

The Game: The Game is a treasure hunt put on by dorm staff usually in the spring and summer quartersSony VGN-NW21MF/W battery(without CD).

Secret Snowflake: Students are given three dares by anonymous residents within their dorm. These students have to perform these dares (one a night for three nights) in front of the whole dorm. These dare can range from tame activities (e.g. singing "Like a Virgin" in a wedding dress) to extreme (e.g. nudity, stunts). This week of dares is carried out near the end of fall quarter before Christmas Break. Sony VGN-NW21MF battery(without CD)

Valentine's Day Serenade: In the freshmen dorms, all of the guys in the dorm wake up all of the girls very early in the morning on Valentine's Day. Each girl is given a single rose and is then brought to the dorm lounge where all of the guys serenade the girls with a love song. Assassins: Participating students are assigned a target to "kill" with a water gunSony VGN-NW21ZF battery(without CD). A "kill" is only valid if no other person witnesses the "kill" and the target is "killed" outside of his/her dorm room and bathroom. Over a period of weeks, targets are eliminated until only one assassin victoriously remains.[citation needed]

Former campus traditions include the Big Game bonfire on Lake Lagunita (a seasonal lake usually dry in the fall), which is now inactive because of the presence of endangered salamanders in the lake bedSony VGN-NW31EF/W battery(without CD).

[edit]Greek life

Fraternities and sororities have been active on the Stanford campus since 1891, when the University first opened. In 1944, University President Donald Tresidder banned all Stanford sororities due to extreme competition.[155] However, following Title IX, the Board of Trustees lifted the 33-year ban on sororities in 1977. Sony VGN-NW31JF battery(without CD)Stanford is now home to 29 Greek organizations, including 13 sororities and 16 fraternities, representing 13% of undergraduates. In contrast to many universities, nine of the ten housed Greek organizations live in University-owned houses, the exception being Sigma Chi, which owns its own house (but not the land) on The RowSony VGN-NW320F/B battery(without CD). Six chapters are members of the African American Fraternal and Sororal Association, 11 chapters are members of the Interfraternity Council, 6 chapters belong to the Intersorority Council, and 6 chapters belong to the Multicultural Greek Council.[157]

Stanford is home to three unhoused historically NPHC (National Pan-Hellenic Council or "Divine Nine") three sororities (Alpha Kappa Alpha, Delta Sigma ThetaSony VGN-NW320F/TC battery(without CD), and Sigma Gamma Rho) and three unhoused NPHC fraternities (Alpha Phi Alpha, Kappa Alpha Psi, and Phi Beta Sigma). These fraternities and sororities operate under the AAFSA (African American Fraternal Sororal Association) at Stanford.

Seven historically NPC (National Panhellenic Conference) sororities, four of which are unhoused (Alpha Phi, Alpha Epsilon Phi, Chi Omega, and Kappa Kappa Gamma) Sony VGN-NW35E/B battery(without CD) and three of which are housed (Delta Delta Delta, Kappa Alpha Theta, and Pi Beta Phi) call Stanford home. These sororities operate under the Stanford Inter-sorority Council (ISC).

Eleven historically NIC (National Interfraternity Conference) fraternities are also represented at Stanford, including four unhoused fraternities (Alpha Epsilon Pi, Delta Kappa Epsilon, Delta Tau Delta, and Sigma Phi Epsilon), and seven housed fraternities (Kappa Alpha Order, Kappa Sigma, Phi Kappa Psi, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Sigma ChiSony VGN-NW35E/P battery(without CD), Sigma Nu, and Theta Delta Chi). These fraternities operate under the Stanford Inter-fraternity Council (IFC).

There are also four unhoused MGC (Multicultural Greek Council) sororities on campus (Alpha Kappa Delta Phi, Lambda Theta Nu, Sigma Psi Zeta, and Sigma Theta Psi), as well as two unhoused MGC fraternities (Gamma Zeta Alpha and Lambda Phi Epsilon). Lambda Phi Epsilon is recognized by the National Interfraternity Conference (NIC).Sony VGN-NW35E/W battery(without CD)

[edit]Student groups

Stanford offers its students the opportunity to engage in over 650 groups.[159] Groups are often, though not always, partially funded by the University via allocations directed by the student government organization, the ASSU. These funds include "special fees", which are decided by a Spring Quarter vote by the student body. Groups span from Athletic/Recreational, Careers/Pre-professional, Community Service, Ethnic/CulturalSony VGN-NW35E battery(without CD), Fraternities/Sororities, Health/Counseling, Media/Publications, Music/Dance/Creative Arts, Political/Social Awareness to Religious/Philosophical.

Groups include (but are not limited to):

The Stanford Daily is an independent organization located on campus, and is the daily newspaper serving Stanford University. It has been published since the University was founded in 1892.

The Stanford Axe Committee is the official guardian of the Stanford Axe and the rest of the time assists the Stanford Band as a supplementary spirit groupSony VGN-NW380F/S battery(without CD).

The Stanford Pre-Business Association[160] is the largest business-focused undergraduate organization. It plays an instrumental role in establishing an active link between the industry, alumni, and student communities.

The Stanford solar car project, where students build a solar-powered car every 2 years and race it in either the North American Solar Challenge or the World Solar ChallengeSony VGN-NW380F/T battery(without CD).

Stanford Astronomical Society organizes viewings of meteor showers, lunar eclipses, and other astronomical events.

The Stanford Kite Flying Society[161] (founded 2008), a group of undergraduates dedicated to flying kites. Society "meetings" are usually on Wilbur Field when it is windy out.

The Pilipino American Student Union (PASU),[162] a culture-oriented community service and social activism group. Also integral to PASU is a traditional performing arts arm called KayumanggiSony VGN-SR11M battery(without CD).

Stanford Finance is a pre-professional organization aimed at mentoring students who want to enter a career in finance, through mentors and internships.

Leland Quarterly[163] is Stanford's literary magazine. It publishes the creative writing, essays, and art of Stanford students on a "Stanford quarterly" basis (autumn, winter, and spring) and also runs features of arts and literary figures and events on campusSony VGN-SR12G/B battery(without CD).

KZSU Stanford 90.1 FM is the student-run radio station which features freeform music programming, sports commentary, and news segments.

BASES, the Business Association of Stanford Entrepreneurial Students is one of the largest professional organizations in Silicon Valley, with over 5,000 members. Its goal is to support the next generation of entrepreneursSony VGN-SR12G/P battery(without CD).

The Stanford Robber Barons are Stanford's only sketch comedy group, and perform original material for free every quarter on campus. They regularly host events, and have performed at the Laugh Factory and at the SF SketchFest.

The Stanford Fleet Street Singers is an all-male Acappella group specializing in comedic original compositions, jazz, and Stanford fight songsSony VGN-SR12G/S battery(without CD). Because Fleet Street maintains Stanford songs as a regular part of its performing repertoire, Stanford University used the group as ambassadors during the University's centennial celebration and commissioned an album, entitled Up Toward Mountains Higher (1999), of Stanford songs which were sent to alumni around the worldSony VGN-SR21M/S battery(without CD).

The Stanford Martial Arts Program (SMAP) is an umbrella organization for 11 different martial arts groups on campus: Aikido, Capoeira, Eskrima, Judo, Jujitsu, Kenpo Karate, Muay Thai, Wing Chun, JKA Shotokan, Taekwondo, and Wushu.

The Stanford Women In Business (SWIB)[164] is an on-campus business organization consisting of over a board of 40 and 100 active membersSony VGN-SR25G/B battery(without CD). Each year, SWIB organizes over 25 events and workshops, hosts a winter and spring conference, and provides mentorship and spring quarter internships.

The Claw Magazine,[165] named after the fountain in White Plaza, is an undergraduate publication that features humor, artwork, investigative reporting, and fiction.

Free Stanford forum,[166] Everything about life at Stanford University. Campus, careers, education, visa, faq and more. Interesting insights at Stanford UniversitySony VGN-SR25G/P battery(without CD).

Athletics

Main article: Stanford Cardinal

Stanford participates in the NCAA's Division I-A and is a member of the Pacific-12 Conference. Stanford has consistently won the NACDA Directors' Cup, The University of North Carolina won the award for best Division I collegiate athletics program in its inaugural year. Since then, Stanford University has won it seventeen straight yearsSony VGN-SR25G/S battery(without CD), winning seventeen out of the eighteen years it has been offered.[167] It also participates in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation for indoor track (men and women), fencing (men and women), water polo (men and women), women's gymnastics, women's lacrosse, men's gymnastics, and men's volleyballSony VGN-SR25M/B battery(without CD). The women's field hockey team is part of the NorPac Conference.[168] Stanford's traditional sports rival is the University of California, Berkeley, its neighbor to the north in the East Bay.

Stanford offers 36 varsity sports (18 female, 15 male, one coed), 19 club sports and 37 intramural sports—about 800 students participate in intercollegiate sports. The university offers about 300 athletic scholarshipsSony VGN-SR25S/B battery(without CD).

The new Stanford Stadium, site of home football games.

The winner of the annual "Big Game" between the Cal and Stanford football teams gains custody of the Stanford Axe. The first "Big Game", played at Haight Street Park in San Francisco on March 19, 1892, established football on the west coast. Stanford won 14 to 10 in front of 8 thousand spectators. Stanford's football team played in the first Rose Bowl in 1902Sony VGN-SR25T/P battery(without CD). However, the violence of the sport at the time, coupled with the post-game rioting of drunken spectators, led San Francisco to bar further "Big Games" in the city in 1905. In 1906, David Starr Jordan banned football from Stanford. The 1906–1914 "Big Game" contests featured rugby instead of football. Stanford football was resumed in 1919.[169] Stanford won back-to-back Rose Bowls in 1971 and 1972Sony VGN-SR25T/S battery(without CD). Stanford has played in 12 Rose Bowls, most recently in 2000. Stanford's Jim Plunkett won the Heisman Trophy in 1970.

Club sports, while not officially a part of Stanford athletics, are numerous at Stanford. Sports include archery, badminton, cheerleading, cricket, cycling, equestrian, hurling, ice hockey, judo, kayaking, men's lacrosse, polo, racquetball, rugby union, squash, skiing, taekwondo, tennis, triathlon and UltimateSony VGN-SR26/B battery(without CD). The men's Ultimate team won national championships in 1984 and 2002,[170] the women's Ultimate team in 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005, 2006, and 2007,[171] the women's rugby team in 1999, 2005, 2006 and 2008. The cycling team won the 2007 Division I USA Cycling Collegiate Road National Championships.

Until 1930, Stanford did not have a "mascot" name for its athletic teams. In that year, the athletic department adopted the name "Indians." Sony VGN-SR26/P battery(without CD) In 1972, "Indians" was dropped after a complaint of racial insensitivity was lodged by Native American students.

The Leland Stanford Junior University Marching Band rallies football fans with arrangements of "All Right Now" and other contemporary music.

The Stanford sports teams are now officially referred to as the Stanford Cardinal, referring to the deep red color, not the cardinal bird. Cardinal, and later cardinal and white has been the university's official color since the 19th century. The Band's mascotSony VGN-SR26/S battery(without CD), "The Tree", has become associated with the school in general. Part of the Leland Stanford Junior University Marching Band (LSJUMB), the tree symbol derives from the El Palo Alto redwood tree on the Stanford and City of Palo Alto seals.

Stanford hosts an annual U.S. Open Series tennis tournament, the Bank of the West Classic, at Taube Stadium. Cobb Track, Angell Field, and Avery Stadium Pool are considered world-class athletic facilitiesSony VGN-SR28/B battery(without CD). Stanford Stadium hosted Super Bowl XIX on January 20, 1985, in which the San Francisco 49ers defeated the Miami Dolphins by a score of 38–16 and several group stage matches in the 1994 FIFA World Cup.

Stanford has won the award for the top ranked collegiate athletic program—the NACDA Director's Cup, formerly known as the Sears Cup—every year for the past seventeen years. Stanford has had at least one NCAA team champion every year since the 1976-77 school yearSony VGN-SR28/J battery(without CD).

NCAA achievements: Stanford has earned 103 National Collegiate Athletic Association national team titles[173] since its establishment, second most behind the University of California, Los Angeles, and 467 individual National championships, the most by any university.[174] The 103rd championship was won by the 2011-2012 Stanford Women's Water Polo teamSony VGN-SR28/Q battery(without CD).

Olympic achievements: According to the Stanford Daily, "Stanford has been represented in every summer Olympiad since 1908."[175] As of 2004, Stanford athletes had won 182 Olympic medals at the summer games; "In fact, in every Olympiad since 1912, Stanford athletes have won at least one and as many as 17 gold medals."[176] Stanford athletes won 24 medals at the 2008 Summer Games—8 gold, 12 silver and 4 bronzeSony VGN-SR29VN/S battery(without CD).

Notable alumni

Main article: List of Stanford University people

Stanford alumni have started many companies[178] including Hewlett-Packard (William Hewlett and David Packard), Cisco Systems (Sandra Lerner and Leonard Bosack), Nvidia (Jen-Hsun Huang), SGI, VMware, MIPS Technologies, Yahoo! (Chih-Yuan Yang and David Filo), Google (Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page), Wipro Technologies (Azim Premji), Nike (Phil Knight) Sony VGN-SR29XN/S battery(without CD), Gap (Doris F. Fisher), Logitech, Instagram, and Sun Microsystems (Vinod Khosla). The Sun in Sun Microsystems originally stood for "Stanford University Network."

Former Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama,[182] former U.S. President Herbert Hoover, former U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher, former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo and former Honduras President Ricardo Maduro are alumniSony VGN-SR31M/S battery(without CD).

NBA guards Landry Fields, NFL quarterbacks Frankie Albert, John Brodie, Jim Plunkett, Trent Edwards, John Elway and Andrew Luck, NFL receivers Gordon Banks, Ed McCaffrey and Doug Baldwin, NFL Fullback Jon Ritchie, runner Ryan Hall, MLB starting pitcher Mike Mussina, MLB left-fielder Carlos Quentin, MLB infielder Jed Lowrie, Grand Slam winning tennis players John McEnroe Sony VGN-SR33H/B battery(without CD) (did not graduate) (singles and doubles) and (doubles) Bob and Mike Bryan, professional golfers Tom Watson and Tiger Woods (did not graduate), New Zealand Football and Tottenham Hotspur Defender Ryan Nelsen, Olympic swimmers Jenny Thompson, Summer Sanders and Pablo Morales, Olympic figure skater Debi Thomas, Olympic water polo players Tony Azevedo and Brenda VillaSony VGN-SR33H/P battery(without CD), Olympic softball player Jessica Mendoza, Olympic volleyball player Kerri Walsh, Heisman finalist Toby Gerhart, and actress Reese Witherspoon (did not graduate) are alumni.

Actors Jennifer Connelly, Sigourney Weaver, and Ben Savage and political commentator Rachel Maddow are prominent graduates. The president of Yale University, Rick Levin earned a Bachelor of Arts from Stanford, while the presidents of MIT and Caltech, Rafael Reif and Jean-Lou Chameau, respectively, earned Ph.D.s thereSony VGN-SR33H/S battery(without CD).