Northwestern University is a private research university with campuses in Evanston and Chicago in Illinois, United States. Northwestern has 12 undergraduate, graduate, and professional schools offering 124 undergraduate degrees and 145 graduate and professional degrees Sony PCG-71313M battery. Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans, for whom Evanston is named, and eight other lawyers, businessmen and Methodist leaders to serve the people of a region that had once been known as the Northwest Territory. Instruction began in 1855; women were admitted in 1869. Today, the main campus is a 240-acre (97 ha) parcel in Evanston, along the shores of Lake Michigan Sony PCG-71212M battery. The university's law and medical schools are located on a 25-acre (10 ha) campus in Chicago's Streeterville neighborhood. In 2008, the University opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar with programs in journalism and communication. In academic year 2010-11, Northwestern enrolled 8,397 undergraduate and 7,870 graduate and professional students. Sony PCG-71311M batteryNorthwestern has one of the largest university endowments in the United States, currently valued at $7.2 billion. One of only 62 institutions elected to the Association of American Universities (1917), Northwestern was awarded more than $500 million in research grants in 2010–2011, placing it in the first tier of the major research universities in the United States by the Center for Measuring University Performance Sony PCG-71213M battery. Its schools of management, engineering, and communication, for example, are among the most academically productive in the nation. Northwestern is a founding member of the Big Ten Conference and remains the only private university in the conference. The Northwestern Wildcats compete in 19 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA's Division I Sony PCG-61211M battery. History Main article: History of Northwestern University The foundation of Northwestern University is traceable to a meeting on May 31, 1850 of nine prominent Chicago businessmen, Methodist leaders and attorneys who had formed the idea of establishing a university to serve what had once been known as the Northwest Territory. On January 28, 1851 Sony VAIO VPCF24Q1E battery, the Illinois General Assembly granted a charter to the Trustees of the North-Western University, making it the first chartered university in Illinois. The school’s nine founders, all of whom were Methodists (three of them ministers), knelt in prayer and worship before launching their first organizational meeting.[12] Although they affiliated the university with the Methodist Episcopal Church, they were committed to non-sectarian admissions Sony VAIO VPCF13M1E/H battery, believing that Northwestern should serve all people in the newly developing territory. John Evans, for whom Evanston is named, bought 379 acres (153 ha) of land along Lake Michigan in 1853, and Philo Judson developed plans for what would become the city of Evanston. The first building, Old College, opened on November 5, 1855.[14] To raise funds for construction, Northwestern sold $100 "perpetual scholarships" entitling the purchaser and his heirs to free tuition. In 1873 the Evanston College for Ladies merged with Northwestern Sony VAIO VPCF12Z1E/BI battery, and Frances Willard, who later gained fame as a suffragette and as one of the founders of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), became the school's first dean of women. Northwestern admitted its first women students in 1869, and the first woman was graduated in 1874. Willard Residential College (1938) is named in her honor Sony VAIO VPCF12S1E/B battery. Northwestern fielded its first intercollegiate football team in 1882, later becoming a founding member of the Big Ten Conference. In the 1870s and 1880s, Northwestern affiliated itself with already existing schools of law, medicine, and dentistry in Chicago. As the university increased in wealth and distinction, and enrollments grew, these professional schools were integrated with the undergraduate college in Evanston Sony VAIO VPCF13Z8E/BI battery; the result was a modern research university combining professional, graduate, and undergraduate programs, which gave equal weight to teaching and research. The Association of American Universities invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917. Deering Library (1933) Under Walter Dill Scott's presidency from 1920 to 1939, Northwestern began construction of an integrated campus in Chicago designed by James Gamble Rogers to house the professional schools; established the Kellogg School of Management Sony VAIO VPCF13Z8E battery; and built several prominent buildings on the Evanston campus, Dyche Stadium (now named Ryan Field) and Deering Library among others. In 1933, a proposal to merge Northwestern with the University of Chicago was considered but rejected. Northwestern played host to the first-ever NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship game in 1939 in the original Patten Gymnasium Sony VAIO VPCF13M1E/B battery, later demolished and relocated farther north to make room for the Technological Institute. University Hall (1869), the second building constructed on campus, and the oldest building still standing. Like other American research universities, Northwestern was transformed by World War II. Franklyn B. Snyder led the university from 1939 to 1949, when nearly 50,000 military officers and personnel were trained on the Evanston and Chicago campuses Sony VAIO VPCF1318E/H battery. After the war, surging enrollments under the G.I. Bill drove drastic expansion of both campuses. In 1948 prominent anthropologist Melville J. Herskovits founded the Program of African Studies at Northwestern, the first center of its kind at an American academic institution. J. Roscoe Miller's tenure as president from 1949–1970 was responsible for the expansion of the Evanston campus Sony VAIO VPCF13J0E/H battery, with the construction of the lakefill on Lake Michigan, growth of the faculty and new academic programs, as well as polarizing Vietnam-era student protests. In 1978, the first and second Unabomber attacks occurred at Northwestern University. Relations between Evanston and Northwestern were strained throughout much of the post-war era because of episodes of disruptive student activism, Sony VAIO VPCF13E8E battery disputes over municipal zoning, building codes, and law enforcement,[25] as well as restrictions on the sale of alcohol near campus until 1972. Northwestern's exemption from state and municipal property tax obligations under its original charter has historically been a source of town and gown tension. Though government support for universities declined in the 1970s and 1980s, President Arnold R. Weber was able to stabilize university finances Sony VAIO VPCF13E4E battery, leading to a revitalization of the campuses. As admissions to colleges and universities grew increasingly competitive in the 1990s and 2000s, President Henry S. Bienen's tenure saw a notable increase in the number and quality of undergraduate applicants, continued expansion of the facilities and faculty, and renewed athletic competitiveness Sony VAIO VPCF12M1E/H battery. In 1999, Northwestern student journalists uncovered information exonerating Illinois death row inmate Anthony Porter two days before his scheduled execution, and the Innocence Project has since exonerated 10 more men. On January 11, 2003, in a speech at Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall, then Governor of Illinois George Ryan announced that he would commute the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates. Sony VAIO VPCF12F4E/H batteryThe Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal, Quaecumque sunt vera (Whatsoever things are true) is drawn from the Epistle of Paul to the Philippians 4:8, while the Greek phrase inscribed on the pages of an open book is taken from the Gospel of John 1:14: ο λόγος πλήρης χάριτος και αληθείας (The Word full of grace and truth). Purple became Northwestern's official color in 1892 Sony VAIO VPCF12E1E/H battery, replacing black and gold after a university committee concluded that too many other universities had used these colors. Today, Northwestern's official color is purple, although white is something of an official color as well, being mentioned in both the university's earliest song, Alma Mater (1907) ("Hail to purple, hail to white") and in many university guidelines Sony VAIO VPCF11Z1E/BI battery. See also: List of Northwestern University buildings Northwestern's Evanston campus is located on Lake Michigan. Northwestern's Evanston campus, where the undergraduate schools, the Graduate School, and the Kellogg School of Management are located, runs north-south from Lincoln Avenue to Clark Street west of Lake Michigan along Sheridan Road. North and South Campuses have noticeably different atmospheres Sony VAIO VPCF24M1E battery, owing to the predominance of Science and Athletics in the one and Humanities and Arts in the other. North Campus is home to the fraternity quads, the Henry Crown Sports Pavilion and Norris Aquatics Center and other athletic facilities, the Technological Institute, Dearborn Observatory, and other science-related buildings including Patrick G. and Shirley W. Ryan Hall for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, and the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center Sony VAIO VPCF23S1E battery. South Campus is home to the University's humanities buildings, Pick-Staiger Concert Hall and other music buildings, the Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, and the sorority quads. In the 1960s, the University created an additional 84 acres (34.0 ha) by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan. Among some of the buildings located on these broad new acres are University Library, Norris University Center (the student union), and Pick-Staiger Concert Hall Sony VAIO VPCF231S1E battery. The Chicago Transit Authority's elevated train running through Evanston is called the Purple Line, taking its name from Northwestern's school color. The Foster and Davis stations are within walking distance of the southern end of the campus, while the Noyes station is close to the northern end of the campus. The Central station is close to Ryan Field Sony VAIO VPCF23Q1E battery, Northwestern's football stadium. The Evanston Davis Street Metra station serves the Northwestern campus in downtown Evanston and the Evanston Central Street Metra station is near Ryan Field. Pace Suburban Bus Service and the CTA have several bus routes that run through or near the Evanston campus. Panorama of Northwestern University in Evanston The Montgomery Ward Memorial Building (1927) at Northwestern's Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago, America's first academic skyscraper Sony VAIO VPCF23M1E battery. Northwestern's Chicago campus is located in the city's Streeterville neighborhood. The Chicago campus is home to the medical school and affiliated hospitals, the law school, the part-time MBA program, and the School of Continuing Studies, which offers evening and weekend courses for working adults. Northwestern's professional schools and affiliated hospitals are about four blocks east of the Chicago station on the CTA Red Line Sony VAIO VPCF22S8E battery. The Chicago campus is also served by CTA bus routes. Founded at various times in the university's history, the professional schools originally were scattered throughout Chicago. In connection with a 1917 master plan for a central Chicago campus and President Walter D. Scott's capital campaign, 8.5 acres (3.44 ha) of land were purchased at the corner of Chicago Avenue and Lake Shore Drive for $1.5 million in 1920 Sony VAIO VPCF22S1E battery. The architect James Gamble Rogers was commissioned to create a master plan for the principal buildings on the new campus which he designed in collegiate gothic style. In 1923, Mrs. Montgomery Ward donated $8 million to the campaign to finance the construction of the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building which would house the medical and dental schools and to create endowments for faculty chairs, research grants, scholarships, and building maintenance Sony VAIO VPCF22M1E battery. The building would become the first university skyscraper in the United States. In addition to the Ward Building, Rogers designed Wieboldt Hall to house facilities for the School of Commerce and Levy Mayer Hall to house the School of Law. The new campus comprising these three new buildings was dedicated during a two-day ceremony in June 1927. The Chicago campus continued to expand with the addition of Thorn Hall in 1931 and Abbott Hall in 1939 Sony VAIO VPCF22L1E battery. [edit]Satellite Campus in Qatar In Fall 2008, Northwestern opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar, joining five other American universities: Carnegie Mellon University, Cornell University, Georgetown University, Texas A&M University, and Virginia Commonwealth University. Through the Medill School of Journalism and School of Communication, NU-Q offers bachelors degrees in journalism and communication respectively. Sony VAIO VPCF22J1E batteryThe Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development provided funding for construction and administrative costs as well as support to hire 50 to 60 faculty and staff, some of whom rotate between the Evanston and Qatar campuses. [edit]Sustainability In January 2009, the Green Power Partnership (GPP, sponsored by the EPA) listed Northwestern as one of the top 10 universities in the country in purchasing energy from renewable sources Sony VAIO VPCF11S1E/B battery. The university matches 74 million kilowatt hours (kWh) of its annual energy use with Green-e Certified Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs). This green power commitment represents 30 percent of the university's total annual electricity use and places Northwestern in the EPA's Green Power Leadership Club. The 2010 Report by The Sustainable Endowments Institute awarded Northwestern a “B-” on its College Sustainability Report Card Sony VAIO VPCF11M1E/H battery. The Initiative for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN), supporting research, teaching and outreach in these themes, was launched in 2008. Northwestern requires that all new buildings be LEED-certified. Silverman Hall on the Evanston campus was awarded Gold LEED Certification in 2010; Wieboldt Hall on the Chicago campus was awarded Gold LEED Certification in 2007, and the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center on the Evanston campus was awarded Silver LEED Certification in 2006 Sony VAIO VPCF11D4E battery. New construction and renovation projects will be designed to provide at least a 20% improvement over energy code requirements where technically feasible.[48] The university also released at the beginning of the 2008-09 academic year the Evanston Campus Framework Plan, which outlines plans for future development of the Evanston Campus. The plan not only emphasizes the sustainable construction of buildings Sony VAIO VPCF11C5E battery, but also discusses improving transportation by optimizing pedestrian and bicycle access.[49] Northwestern has had a comprehensive recycling program in place since 1990. Annually more than 1,500 tons are recycled at Northwestern, which represents 30% of the waste produced on campus. Additionally, all landscape waste at the university is composted. Sony VAIO VPCF11C4E/B batteryOrganization and administration Northwestern is privately owned and is governed by an appointed Board of Trustees. The board, composed of 70 members and as of 2011 chaired by William A. Osborn '69, delegates its power to an elected president to serve as the chief executive officer of the university. Northwestern has had sixteen presidents in its history (excluding interim presidents), the current president Sony VAIO PCG-31114V battery, Morton O. Schapiro, an economist, having succeeded Henry Bienen whose 14-year tenure ended on August 31, 2009. The president has a staff of vice presidents, directors, and other assistants for administrative, financial, faculty, and student matters.[55] Daniel I. Linzer, provost since September 2007, serves under the president as the chief academic officer of the university to whom the deans of every academic school Sony VAIO PCG-31113V battery, leaders of cross-disciplinary units, and chairs of the standing faculty committee report.[56] The Associated Student Government consists of the elected representatives of the undergraduate students and the Graduate Student Association represents graduate students. Northwestern University is composed of 12 schools and colleges. The faculty for each school consists of the dean of the school and the instructional faculty. Faculty are responsible for teaching, research, advising students, and serving on committees Sony VAIO PCG-31112V battery. Each school's admission requirements, degree requirements, courses of study, and disciplinary and degree recommendations are determined by the voting members of that school's faculty (assistant professor and above). Northwestern's endowment was $7.2 billion as of Aug. 31, 2011, estimated as ninth among US and Canadian universities.[1] In 2003, Northwestern finished a five-year capital campaign that raised $1.55 billion, $550 million more than its goal Sony VAIO PCG-31111V battery. In 2007, the university sold its royalty interest in the pain relief drug Lyrica for $700 million, a drug developed at Northwestern by Richard Bruce Silverman, the John Evans Professor of Chemistry. This was the largest such sale in history,[60] the proceeds of which were added to the endowment Sony VAIO PCG-31114M battery. Academics Northwestern is a large, residential research university.[7] Accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and the respective national professional organizations for chemistry, psychology, business, education, journalism, music, engineering, law, and medicine,[70] the university offers 124 undergraduate programs and 145 graduate and professional programs Sony VAIO PCG-31113M battery. NU conferred 2,219 bachelors degrees, 2,971 masters degrees, 447 doctoral degrees, and 444 professional degrees in 2009–2010. The four-year, full-time undergraduate program comprises the majority of enrollments at the university and emphasizes instruction in the arts and sciences, plus the professions of engineering, journalism, communication, music, and education. Although a foundation in the liberal arts and sciences is required in all majors Sony VAIO PCG-31112M battery, there is no required common core curriculum; individual degree requirements are set by the faculty of each school.[59] Northwestern's full-time undergraduate and graduate programs operate on an approximately 10-week academic quarter system with the academic year beginning in late September and ending in early June Sony VAIO PCG-31111M battery. Undergraduates typically take 4 courses each quarter and 12 courses in an academic year and[71] are required to complete at least 12 quarters on campus to graduate. Northwestern offers honors, accelerated, and joint degree programs in medicine, science, mathematics, engineering, and journalism.[72] The comprehensive doctoral graduate program has high coexistence with undergraduate programs. Sony VAIO PCG-41111V batteryUndergraduates with grade point averages in the highest 3 percent of each graduating class are awarded degrees summa cum laude, the next 5 percent magna cum laude, and the next 8 percent cum laude.[73] Northwestern also has chapters of academic honor societies such as Phi Beta Kappa (Alpha of Illinois), Eta Kappa Nu, Tau Beta Pi, and Lambda Pi Eta. Sony VAIO PCG-41112M battery Since 1951, Northwestern has awarded 520 honorary degrees. Undergraduate tuition for the 2010-2011 school year was $39,840. Northwestern awards financial aid solely on the basis of need through loans, work-study, grants, and scholarships. The University processed in excess of $472 million in financial aid for the 2009-2010 academic year. This included $265 million in institutional funds Sony VAIO PCG-41111M battery, with the remainder coming from federal and state governments and private organizations and individuals. Northwestern scholarship programs for undergraduate students support needy students from a variety of income and backgrounds. Approximately 44 percent of the June 2010 graduates had received federal and/or private loans for their undergraduate education, graduating with an average debt of $17,200 SONY VAIO PCG-21212M battery. Among the six undergraduate schools, 51.6% of undergraduate students are enrolled in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, 17.4% in the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, 13.7% in the School of Communication, 8.1% in the Medill School of Journalism, 4.3% in the Bienen School of Music, and 4.9% in the School of Education and Social Policy. SONY VAIO PCG-21211M battery The five most commonly awarded undergraduate degrees are in economics, journalism, communication studies, psychology, and political science.[79] While professional students are affiliated with their respective schools, full-time graduate academic degrees are primarily administered by the Graduate School. With 2,446 students enrolled in science, engineering, and health fields, SONY VAIO PCG-51212M battery the largest graduate programs by enrollment include chemistry, integrated biology, material sciences, electrical and computer engineering, neuroscience, and economics. The Kellogg School of Management's MBA, the School of Law's JD, and the Feinberg School of Medicine's MD are the three largest professional degree programs by enrollment SONY VAIO PCG-51211M battery. Libraries and museums University Library (1970) in Brutalist style. The Northwestern library system consists of four libraries on the Evanston campus including the central University Library, three libraries on the Chicago campus, and the library affiliated with Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary.[84] University Library contains over 4.9 million volumes, 4.6 million microforms, and almost 99,000 periodicals making it (by volume) the 30th-largest university library in North America and the 10th-largest library among private universities SONY VAIO PCG-51112M battery. Notable collections in the library system include the Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, one of the largest Africana collections in the world, an extensive collection of early edition printed music and manuscripts as well as late-modern works, and an art collection noted for its 19th and 20th-century Western art and architecture periodicals. The library system participates with 15 other universities in digitizing its collections as a part of the Google Book Search project. SONY VAIO PCG-51111M batteryThe Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art is a major art museum in Chicago, containing more than 4,000 works in its permanent collection as well as dedicating a third of its space to temporary and traveling exhibitions. In 2011, the Holocaust Educational Foundation, which had previously endowed the Theodore Zev Weiss – Holocaust Educational Foundation Professorship in Holocaust Studies, became part of Northwestern SONY VAIO PCG-81212M battery. Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center (2005) Northwestern was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1917 and remains a research university with "very high" research activity. Northwestern's schools of management, engineering, and communication are among the most academically productive in the nation.[9] Northwestern received $511.7 million in research funding in 2011 Sony VAIO PCG-81112M battery. Northwestern supports nearly 1,500 research laboratories across two campuses, predominately in the medical and biological sciences. Northwestern researchers disclosed 165 inventions, filed 76 patents applications, received 58 patents, started 4 companies, and generated $824.4 million in license income in 2009. The bulk of revenue has come from a patent on pregabalin SONY VAIO PCG-71111M battery, a synthesized organic molecule discovered by chemistry professor Richard Silverman, which ultimately was marketed as Lyrica, a drug sold by Pfizer, to combat epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and fibromyalgia. The Lyrica returns in 2008 pushed Northwestern into first place among universities in licensing income SONY VAIO PCG-7196M battery. Northwestern is home to the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics, Northwestern Institute for Complex Systems, Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, Materials Research Center, Institute for Policy Research, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Center for Catalysis and Surface Science, Buffet Center for International and Comparative Studies, the Initiative for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern SONY VAIO PCG-7195M battery and the Argonne/Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center and other centers for interdisciplinary research.[92] The Rock in front of University Hall The undergraduates have a number of traditions: Painting The Rock (originally a fountain donated by the Class of 1902) is a way to advertise, for example, campus organizations, events in Greek life, student groups, and university-wide events. SONY VAIO PCG-7194M battery Dance Marathon, a 30-hour philanthropic event, has raised more than 13 million dollars in its history for various children's charities.[94] Primal Scream is held at 9 p.m. on the Sunday before finals week every quarter; students lean out of windows or gather in courtyards and scream.[95] Armadillo Day, or, more popularly, Dillo Day, is held on Northwestern's Lakefill every Spring on the weekend after Memorial Day SONY VAIO PCG-7192M battery. There are traditions long associated with football games. Students growl like wildcats when the opposing team controls the ball, while simulating a claw with their hands. They will also jingle keys at the beginning of each kickoff. In the past, before the tradition was discontinued, students would throw marshmallows during games. SONY PCG-8113M battery The Clock Tower at the Rebecca Crown Center glows purple, instead of its usual white, after a winning game, thereby proclaiming the happy news. The Clock Tower remains purple until a loss or until the end of the sports season. Whereas formerly the Clock Tower was lighted only for football victories, wins for men's basketball and women's lacrosse now merit commemoration as well; important victories in other sports may also prompt an empurpling SONY PCG-8112M battery. Media The Daily Northwestern is the main student newspaper. Established in 1881, and published on weekdays during the academic year, it is directed entirely by undergraduates. Although it serves the Northwestern community, the Daily has no business ties to the university, being supported wholly by advertisers. It is owned by the Students Publishing Company. Current circulation is in excess of 7,500 SONY PCG-7134M battery . Politics & Policy was founded at Northwestern and is dedicated to the analysis of current events and public policy. Begun in 2010 by students in the Weinberg College, School of Communication, and Medill School, the organization reaches students on more than two hundred and fifty college campuses around the world. Run entirely by undergraduates SONY PCG-7131M battery, Politics & Policy publishes several times a week with material ranging from short summaries of events to extended research pieces. The organization is funded in part by the Buffett Center. North by Northwestern is an online undergraduate magazine, having been established in September 2006 by students at the Medill School. It's published on weekdays, with updates on news stories and special events inserted throughout the day and on weekends SONY PCG-7122M battery . North by Northwestern also publishes a quarterly print magazine, recently honored by the Society of Professional Journalists as the nation's best student magazine. WNUR (89.3 FM) is a 7,200 watt radio station that broadcasts to Chicago and its northern suburbs. WNUR's programming consists of music – jazz, classical, rock – varsity sports (football, men's and women's basketball, baseball, softball, and women's lacrosse), breaking news on weekdays, politics, current events, and literature SONY PCG-7121M battery. Northwestern News Network, commonly known as NNN, is a student-produced television news report. It broadcasts news and sports programming three days a week during the academic year on NU Channel 1, online at nnntv.org, and weeknights at 10 p.m. on Evanston Public-access television cable TV channel 6 SONY PCG-7113M battery. Syllabus is the undergraduate yearbook. First published in 1885, the yearbook is an epitome of that year's events at Northwestern. Published by Students Publishing Company and edited by Northwestern students, it is distributed in late May. Northwestern Flipside is an undergraduate satirical magazine. Founded in 2009, The Flipside publishes a weekly issue both in print and online SONY PCG-7112M battery . Helicon is the university's undergraduate literary magazine. Started in 1979, it is published twice a year, a web issue in the Winter, and a print issue with a web complement in the Spring. TriQuarterly Online (formerly TriQuarterly) is a literary magazine published twice a year featuring poetry, fiction, nonfiction, drama, literary essays, reviews, a blog, and graphic art SONY PCG-8Z3M battery . Studio 22 is Northwestern's student-run production company which produces roughly ten films per year. The organization, for example, financed the first film Zach Braff directed and has produced many films in which students who would go on to successful acting careers performed, including Zach Gilford of the TV show, Friday Night Lights SONY PCG-8Z2M battery. Performing arts Two annual productions are especially notable: the Waa-Mu show, and the Dolphin show. Waa-Mu is an original musical, written and produced almost entirely by students.[99] Children's theater is represented on campus by Griffin’s Tale and Purple Crayon Players. Its umbrella organization—the Student Theatre Coalition, or StuCo—organizes nine student theatre companies, plus some other performance groups SONY PCG-8Z1M battery. Students produce more than sixty independent productions each year. Many Northwestern alumni have used these productions as stepping stones to successful television and film careers. Chicago's Lookingglass Theatre, for example, which began life in the Great Room in Jones Residential College, was founded in 1988 by several alumni, including David Schwimmer; in 2011, it won the Regional Tony Award SONY PCG-8Y3M battery. Northwestern also has a variety of improv groups. The improv and sketch comedy group Mee-Ow created by Paul Warshauer and Josh Lazar in 1974 lists Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Ana Gasteyer, Dermot Mulroney, Seth Meyers, John Cameron Mitchell, and Kristen Schaal among its alumni. Mee-Ow, The Titanic Players, and Out da Box, a multicultural comedy show, together with Northwestern's theatre department SONY PCG-8Y2M battery , have brought attention to Northwestern's improv comedy training and performance. There are seventeen a cappella groups and a variety of dance companies on campus. The dance companies include Fusion Dance Company, Northwestern's premiere Hip-Hop Dance Crew; ReFresH Dance Crew, an open dance community that offers free hip-hop choreography and freestyling lessons;[100] Graffiti Dancers, a dance group that focuses on jazz and modern SONY PCG-7Z1M battery; and Boomshaka, Northwestern's premiere drum and dance ensemble, combining body rhythm, drumming, and dance. Radio drama featuring student voice actors is a staple of WNUR's programming. Debate Society The Northwestern Debate Society is a policy debate team which has won fourteen National Debate Tournaments, the highest number of any university. Famous alumni of the Society include Erwin Chemerinsky and Elliot Mincberg, the latter senior vice president, general counsel and legal director of People For the American Way. Scott Deatherage SONY PCG-6W2M battery , the head coach, was named the Coach of the Nineties. Service Many students are involved in community service in one form or another. Annual events include Dance Marathon, a thirty-hour event that raised more than a million dollars for charity in 2011;[103] and Project Pumpkin, a Halloween celebration hosted by the Northwestern Community Development Corps (NCDC) to which more than 800 local children are invited for an afternoon of games and sweets SONY PCG-5J5M battery. NCDC's work is to connect hundreds of student volunteers to some twenty volunteer sites in Evanston and Chicago throughout the year.[citation needed] Many students have assisted with the Special Olympics and have taken alternative spring break trips to hundreds of service sites across the United States.[citation needed] Northwestern students also participate in the Freshman Urban Program, a program for students interested in community service. SONY PCG-5K2M battery A large and growing number of students participate in the university's Global Engagement Summer Institute (GESI), a group service-learning expedition in Asia, Africa, or Latin America, in conjunction with the Foundation for Sustainable Development.[104] Several internationally recognized non-profit organizations have originated at Northwestern including the World Health Imaging, Informatics and Telemedicine Alliance, a spin-off from an engineering student's honors thesis SONY PCG-5K1M battery. Undergraduate housing See also: List of Northwestern University residences Northwestern has several housing options, including both traditional residence halls and residential colleges which gather together students who have a particular intellectual interest in common. Among the residential colleges are the Residential College of Cultural and Community Studies (CCS) SONY PCG-5J4M battery, Ayers College of Commerce and Industry, Jones Residential College (Arts), Slivka Residential College (Science and Engineering), the International Studies Residential College, Communications Residential College (CRC), and the Public Affairs Residential College (PARC). In Fall 2007, 27% of undergraduates were affiliated with a fraternity or sorority. Northwestern recognizes 21 fraternities and 18 sororities SONY PCG-5J1M battery . Athletics Main article: Northwestern Wildcats 2005 NCAA Women's Lacrosse Championship game between the Virginia Cavaliers and Northwestern Wildcats Northwestern is a charter member of the Big Ten Conference and the only private institution in the conference. Northwestern fields 19 intercollegiate athletic teams (8 men's and 11 women's) in addition to numerous club sports. SONY PCG-5G2M battery The women's lacrosse team won five consecutive NCAA national championships between 2005 and 2009, went undefeated in 2005 and 2009, added another NCAA championship in 2011, and holds several scoring records. The men's basketball team is recognized by the Helms Athletic Foundation as the 1931 National Champion. In the 2010-11 school year, the Wildcats had one national championship Sony VAIO PCG-8131M battery, 12 teams in postseason play, 20 All-Americans, two CoSIDA Academic All-American selections, 8 CoSIDA Academic All0District selections, 1 conference Coach of the Year and Player of the Year, 53 All-Conference and a record 201 Academic All-Big Ten athletes. Overall, 12 of Northwestern's 19 varsity programs had NCAA or bowl postseason appearances Sony VAIO PCG-8152M battery. The football team plays at Ryan Field (formerly known as Dyche Stadium); the basketball and volleyball teams play at Welsh-Ryan Arena. Northwestern's athletic teams are nicknamed the Wildcats. Before 1924, they were known as "The Purple" and unofficially as "The Fighting Methodists." The name Wildcats was bestowed upon the university in 1924 by Wallace Abbey Sony VAIO PCG-31311M battery, a writer for the Chicago Daily Tribune who wrote that even in a loss to the University of Chicago, "Football players had not come down from Evanston; wildcats would be a name better suited to Thistletwaite's boys." The name was so popular that university board members made "wildcats" the official nickname just months later. In 1972, the student body voted to change the official nickname from "Wildcats" to "Purple Haze" but the new name never stuck Sony VAIO PCG-31111M battery. The mascot of Northwestern Athletics is Willie the Wildcat. The first mascot, however, was a live, caged bear cub from the Lincoln Park Zoo named Furpaw who was brought to the playing field on the day of a game to greet the fans. But after a losing season, the team, deciding that Furpaw was to blame for its misfortune, banished him from campus forever Sony VAIO PCG-8112M battery. Willie the Wildcat made his debut in 1933 first as a logo, and then in three dimensions in 1947, when members of the Alpha Delta fraternity dressed as wildcats during a Homecoming Parade. The Northwestern University Marching Band (NUMB) performs at all home football games and leads cheers in the student section and performs the Alma Mater at the end of the game Sony VAIO PCG-7186M battery. Ryan Field (1926), Northwestern's 49,000 seat football stadium Northwestern's football team has made 73 appearances in the top 10 of the AP poll since 1936 (including 5 at #1) and has won eight Big Ten conference championships since 1903. At one time, Northwestern had the longest losing streak in Division I-A, losing 34 consecutive games between 1979 and 1982 Sony VAIO PCG-7171M battery. The team did not appear in a bowl game after 1949 until the 1996 Rose Bowl. Despite playing in the 1996 Rose Bowl, 1997 Citrus Bowl, 2000 Alamo Bowl, 2003 Motor City Bowl, 2005 Sun Bowl, 2009 Alamo Bowl, 2010 Outback Bowl, 2011 TicketCity Bowl, and 2011 Texas Bowl, the last bowl game Northwestern won was the 1949 Rose Bowl. Following the sudden death of football coach Randy Walker in 2006, Sony VAIO PCG-9Z1M battery 31-year-old former All-American Northwestern linebacker Pat Fitzgerald assumed the position, becoming the youngest Division I FBS coach at the time. In 1998, two former Northwestern basketball players were charged and convicted for sports bribery as a result of being paid to shave points in games against three other Big 10 schools during the 1995 season Sony VAIO PCG-5S1M battery. The football team became embroiled in a different betting scandal later that year when federal prosecutors indicted four former players for perjury related to betting on their own games. In August 2001, Rashidi Wheeler, a senior safety, collapsed and died during practice from an asthma attack. An autopsy revealed that he had ephedrine, a stimulant banned by the NCAA Sony VAIO PCG-5P1M battery, in his system, which prompted Northwestern to investigate the prevalence of stimulants and other banned substances across all of its athletic programs. In 2006, the Northwestern women's soccer team was suspended and coach Jenny Haigh resigned following the release of images of alleged hazing. Student body Sony VAIO PCG-5N2M batteryNorthwestern enrolled 8,367 full-time undergraduate and 8,108 full-time graduate and professional students in the 2010-11 academic year, along with approximately 1,100 part-time students. The undergraduate population is drawn from the 50 states and from some 50 foreign countries. Admissions are characterized as "more selective, lower transfer-in". Sony VAIO PCG-3C2M battery There were over 32,000 applications for the undergraduate Class of 2016 (entering 2012): 15% were admitted.[137] The interquartile range on the SAT was 2030–2290 and 90% ranked in the top ten percent of their high school class. In 2007, Northwestern enrolled 249 National Merit Scholars as freshmen, the third-largest total in the nation.[139] 86% of students were graduated after four years, 92% after five years, the university having several five-year programs. Sony VAIO PCG-8161M batteryMain article: List of Northwestern University faculty The university employs 2,291 full-time faculty members across its eleven schools,[2] including 18 members of the National Academy of Sciences,[140] 65 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 19 members of the National Academy of Engineering,[142] and 6 members of the Institute of Medicine. Notable faculty include 2010 Nobel Prize- winning economist Dale T Sony VAIO PCG-8141M battery. Mortensen; nano-scientist Chad Mirkin; Tony Award-winning director Mary Zimmerman; management expert Philip Kotler; King Faisal International Prize in Science recipient Sir Fraser Stoddart; Steppenwolf Theatre director Anna Shapiro; sexual psychologist J. Michael Bailey;[145] Holocaust denier Arthur Butz; Federalist Society co-founder Steven Calabresi; Sony VAIO PCG-3J1M battery former Weatherman Bernardine Rae Dohrn;[148] ethnographer Gary Alan Fine;[149] Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Garry Wills; and MacArthur Fellowship recipients Stuart Dybek, and Jennifer Richeson. Notable former faculty include political advisor David Axelrod, artist Ed Paschke,[152] writer Charles Newman, Nobel Prize-winning chemist John Pople, and military sociologist and "don't ask, don't tell" author Charles Moskos Sony VAIO PCG-3H1M battery. Alumni Main article: List of Northwestern University alumni Charlton Heston, Academy Award-winning actor, National Rifle Association President, B.S. '45 Northwestern has roughly 225,000 alumni in all branches of business, government, law, science, education, medicine, media, and the performing arts. Among Northwestern's more notable alumni are U.S. Senator and presidential candidate George McGovern Sony VAIO PCG-3F1M battery, Nobel Prize-winning economist George J. Stigler, Nobel Prize-winning novelist Saul Bellow, Pulitzer Prize-winning composer and diarist Ned Rorem, the much-decorated composer Howard Hanson, Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey Ali Babacan, the historian and novelist Wilma Dykeman, and the founder of the presidential prayer breakfast Abraham Vereide. U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice John Paul Stevens Sony VAIO PCG-3C1M battery, Supreme Court Justice and Ambassador to the United Nations Arthur Joseph Goldberg, and Governor of Illinois and Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson are among the graduates of the Northwestern School of Law. Many Northwestern alumni play or have played important roles in Chicago and Illinois, such as former Illinois governor and convicted felon Rod Blagojevich Sony VAIO PCG-9Z2L battery, Chicago Bulls and Chicago White Sox owner Jerry Reinsdorf, and theater director Mary Zimmerman. Northwestern alumnus David J. Skorton currently serves as president of Cornell University. Rahm Emanuel, the mayor of Chicago and former White House Chief of Staff, earned a Masters in Speech and Communication in 1985. John Paul Stevens, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, J.D. '47 Sony VAIO PCG-9Z1L batteryNorthwestern's School of Communication has been especially fruitful in the number of actors, actresses, playwrights, and film and television writers and directors it has produced. Alumni who have made their mark on film and television include Ann-Margret, Warren Beatty, Paul Lynde, David Schwimmer, Anne Dudek, Zach Braff, Zooey Deschanel Sony VAIO PCG-9131L battery, Marg Helgenberger, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Jerry Orbach, Jennifer Jones, Jerry Springer, Megan Mullally, John Cameron Mitchell, Dermot Mulroney, Charlton Heston, Richard Kind, Ana Gasteyer, Brad Hall, Shelley Long, William Daniels, Cloris Leachman, Bonnie Bartlett, Paula Prentiss, Richard Benjamin, Laura Innes, Charles Busch, Stephanie March, Tony Roberts Sony VAIO PCG-8161L battery, Jeri Ryan, Kimberly Williams-Paisley, McLean Stevenson, Tony Randall, Charlotte Rae, Patricia Neal, Nancy Dussault, Robert Reed, Mara Brock Akil, Greg Berlanti, Dan Shor, Seth Meyers, Frank DeCaro, Zach Gilford, Nicole Sullivan, Stephen Colbert and Garry Marshall. Directors who were graduated from Northwestern include Gerald Freedman, Stuart Hagmann, Marshall W. Mason Sony VAIO PCG-8152L battery, and Mary Zimmerman. Lee Phillip Bell hosted a talk show in Chicago from 1952–1986 and co-created the Daytime Emmy Award-winning soap operas The Young and the Restless in 1973 and The Bold and the Beautiful in 1987. Alumni such as Sheldon Harnick, Stephanie D'Abruzzo, Heather Headley, Kristen Schaal, Lily Rabe, and Walter Kerr have distinguished themselves on Broadway Sony VAIO PCG-8141L battery, as has designer Bob Mackie. Amsterdam-based comedy theater Boom Chicago was founded by Northwestern alumni, and the school has become a training ground for future The Second City, I.O., ComedySportz, Mad TV and Saturday Night Live talent. Tam Spiva wrote scripts for The Brady Bunch and Gentle Ben. In New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, the number of Northwestern alumni involved in theater, film, and television is so large that a perception has formed that there's such a thing as a "Northwestern mafia." Sony VAIO PCG-8131L batteryThe Medill School of Journalism has produced notable journalists and political activists including 38 Pulitzer Prize laureates. National correspondents, reporters and columnists such as The New York Times's Elisabeth Bumiller, David Barstow, Dean Murphy, and Vincent Laforet, USA Today's Gary Levin, Susan Page and Christine Brennan, NBC correspondent Kelly O'Donnell, CBS correspondent Richard Threlkeld, CNN correspondents Nicole Lapin and Joie Chen Sony VAIO PCG-81312L battery, and ESPN personalities Rachel Nichols, Michael Wilbon, Mike Greenberg, Steve Weissman, J. A. Adande, and Kevin Blackistone. The bestselling author of the A Song of Ice and Fire series, George R. R. Martin, earned a B.S. and M.S. from Medill. Northwestern alumni involved in music include Steve Albini, Thomas Tyra, Andrew Bird, Joshua Radin, members of Arcade Fire, The Lawrence Arms Sony VAIO PCG-81214L battery, Chavez, and OK Go. Lastly, Northwestern alumni involved in professional sports include Rick Sund (NBA), Billy McKinney (NBA), Mark Loretta (MLB), Joe Girardi (MLB), Luis Castillo (NFL), Ernie Adams (NFL), Otto Graham (NFL), three-time Olympic medalist Matt Grevers, and PGA Tour star Luke Donald Sony VAIO PCG-81115L battery. The University of British Columbia (commonly referred to as UBC) is a public research university located in Vancouver, Canada. UBC’s two main campuses are situated on Point Grey, near Vancouver and in Kelowna in the Okanagan Valley. UBC operates smaller speciality and satellite campuses located at Great Northern Way Campus and Robson Street Sony VAIO PCG-81114L battery, both in Vancouver proper.[5] The 4.02-square-kilometre (993-acre) main campus is located within the University Endowment Lands, an unincorporated community on Point Grey, 10 km (6.2 mi) from downtown Vancouver. The 2.09-square-kilometre (516-acre) Okanagan campus is situated about 20 minutes from downtown Kelowna. Sony VAIO PCG-81113L batteryA body politic and corporation by the name of The University of British Columbia was first incorporated April 26, 1890.[6] Subsequent enactments culminating on March 7, 1908[7] with another University Act gave the University its current form. The first day of lectures was September 30, 1915. On September 22, 1925, lectures began on the new Point Grey campus Sony VAIO PCG-7142L battery. The enabling legislation are the University Act[8] and the University Amendment Act, 2004.[9] The university is the oldest in British Columbia and has the largest enrolment with over 54,000 students at its Vancouver and Okanagan campuses combined.[5][10] The university library, which comprises 5.9 million books and journals, is the second-largest research library in Canada. Sony VAIO PCG-7141L batteryThe University of British Columbia is ranked second in Canada and 39th worldwide in the Academic Ranking of World Universities, second in Canada and 22nd worldwide in the Times Higher Education rankings, third in Canada and 51st globally in the QS World University Rankings, and second in Canada and eighth overall in Newsweek's ranking of top universities outside of the United States.[12] The university has been affiliated with seven Nobel laureates Sony VAIO PCG-71111L battery. History The chemistry building, one of UBC's oldest, on a summer evening [edit]Establishment of a provincial university The University of British Columbia was founded on March 7, 1908 as a branch of McGill University.[13] A provincial university was first called into being by the British Columbia University Act of 1908, although its location was not yet specified. The governance was modelled on the provincial University of Toronto Act of 1906 which established a bicameral system of university government consisting of a senate (faculty) Sony VAIO PCG-61411L battery, responsible for academic policy, and a board of governors (citizens) exercising exclusive control over financial policy and having formal authority in all other matters. The president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership.[14] The Act constituted a twenty-one member senate with Francis Carter-Cotton of Vancouver as Chancellor Sony VAIO PCG-61112L battery. Before the University Act, there had been several attempts at establishing a degree-granting university with assistance from the Universities of Toronto and McGill. Columbian College in New Westminster, through its affiliation with Victoria College of the University of Toronto, began to offer university-level credit at the turn-of-the-century, but it was McGill that would come to dominate higher education in the early 1900s Sony VAIO PCG-61111L battery. Henry Marshall Tory Building on a successful affiliation between Vancouver and Victoria high schools with McGill University, Henry Marshall Tory[15] helped to establish the McGill University College of British Columbia. From 1906 to 1915 McGill BC (as it was called) operated as a private institution providing the first few years toward a degree at McGill University or elsewhere Sony VAIO PCG-5T4L battery. The Henry Marshall Tory Medal was established in 1941 by Henry Marshall Tory (1864–1947), FRSC, founding President of the University of Alberta and of the National Research Council of Canada, and a co-founder of Carleton University. In the meantime, appeals were again made to the government to revive the earlier legislation for a provincial institution, leading to the University Endowment Act in 1907, and The University Act in 1908 Sony VAIO PCG-5T3L battery. In 1910 the Point Grey site was chosen, and the government appointed Dr. Frank Fairchild Wesbrook as President in 1913. A declining economy and the outbreak of war in August 1914 compelled the University to postpone plans for building at Point Grey, and instead the former McGill University College site at Fairview became home to the University until 1925. The first day of lectures was September 30, 1915 Sony VAIO PCG-5T2L battery, the new independent university absorbing McGill University College. University of British Columbia awarded its first degrees in 1916.[14] The core of the Irving K. Barber library (formerly the Main Library) on UBC's Vancouver campus was first built in 1925. World War I dominated campus life, and the student body was "decimated" by enlistments for active service, with three hundred UBC students in Company "D" alone. By the end of the war, 697 members of the University had enlisted Sony VAIO PCG-5S3L battery. A total of 109 students graduated in the three war-time congregations, all but one in the Faculty of Arts and Science. By 1920, the university had only three faculties: Arts, Applied Science, and Agriculture (with Departments of Agronomy, Animal Husbandry, Dairying, Horticulture and Poultry). It only awarded the degrees of Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.), and Bachelor of Science in Agriculture (B.S.A.). Sony VAIO PCG-5S2L battery There were 576 male students and 386 female students in the 1920–21 winter session, but only 64 academic staff, including 6 women.[17] In the early part of the twentieth century, professional education expanded beyond the traditional fields of theology, law and medicine. UBC provided no degrees in these areas, but was beginning to offer degrees in new professional areas such as engineering, agriculture, nursing, and school teaching Sony VAIO PCG-5S1L battery. Graduate training based on the German-inspired American model of specialized course work and the completion of a research thesis was introduced, with students completing M.A. degrees in natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities.[14] In 1922, the now twelve-hundred-strong student body embarked on a "Build the University" campaign. Students marched in the streets of Vancouver to draw attention to their plight, enlist popular support, and embarrass the government Sony VAIO PCG-5R2L battery. Fifty-six thousand signatures were presented at legislature in support of the campaign, which was ultimately successful. On September 22, 1925, lectures began on the new Point Grey campus. Except for the Library, Science and Power House buildings, all the campus buildings were temporary constructions. Two playing fields were built by the students themselves Sony VAIO PCG-5R1L battery, but the University had no dormitories and no social centre. Still, the University continued to grow steadily. View of the UBC War Memorial Gym Soon, however, the effects of the depression began to be felt. The provincial government, upon which the University depended heavily, cut the annual grant severely. In 1932–33 salaries were cut by up to 23%. Posts remained vacant, and a few faculty lost their jobs. Most graduate courses were dropped. In 1935, the University established the Department of Extension Sony VAIO PCG-5P4L battery. Just as things began to improve, World War II broke out. Canada declared war on September 10, 1939. Soon afterwards, University President Klinck wrote: From the day of the declaration of war, the University has been prepared to put at the disposal of the Government all possible assistance by way of laboratories, equipment and trained personnel, insofar as such action is consistent with the maintenance of reasonably efficient instructional standards Sony VAIO PCG-5P2L battery. To do less would be unthinkable. Heavy rains and melting snowfall eroded a deep ravine across the north end of the campus, in the Grand Campus Washout of 1935. The campus did not yet have storm drains, and surface runoff went down a ravine to the beach. When the University carved a ditch to drain flooding on University Avenue Sony VAIO PCG-5N4L battery, the rush of water steepened the ravine and eroded it back as fast as 10 feet (3.0 m) per hour. The resulting gully eventually consumed 100,000 cubic yards (76,455 m3), two bridges, and buildings near Graham House. The University was closed for 4½ days. Afterwards, the gully was filled with debris from a nearby landslide, and only traces are visible today. Sony VAIO PCG-5N2L batteryMilitary training on the campus became popular, then mandatory. WWII marked the first provision of money from the federal government to the University for research purposes. By the end of the war, it became clear that the facilities at Point Grey had become totally inadequate to cater to the huge influx of veterans returning to their studies. The University needed new staff, new courses Sony VAIO PCG-51513L battery, new faculties, and new buildings for teaching and accommodation. The student population rose from 2,974 in 1944–45 to 9,374 in 1947–48. Surplus Army and Air Force camps were used for both classrooms and accommodation. Fifteen complete camps were taken over by the University in the course of the 1945–46 session alone, with a sixteenth camp situated on Little Mountain in Vancouver, converted into suites for married students Sony VAIO PCG-51511L battery. Most of the camps were dismantled and carried by barge or truck to the University where the huts were scattered across the campus. (A few huts remain in place today!) Student numbers hit 9,374 in 1948; more than 53% of the students were war veterans in 1947–67. Between 1947 and 1951 twenty new permanent buildings were erected. The Hebb Theatre lecture hall was opened in 1963. The War Memorial Hall (more generally known as Memorial Hall) and War Memorial Gym are landmark buildings on the campus of the University of British Columbia. The lecture hall, theatre and gym honour students who had enlisted and died in the First World War, and in the Second World War. Sony VAIO PCG-51412L batteryThe single-university policy in the West was changed as existing colleges of the provincial universities gained autonomy as universities – the University of Victoria was established in 1963. On February 10, 1964 Harvey Reginald MacMillan donated $8.2 million for postgraduate education to the university Sony VAIO PCG-51411L battery. The Museum of Anthropology at UBC was announced on July 1, 1971 by Prime Minister Trudeau. At a construction cost of $2.5 million, the museum building designed by Arthur Erickson opened in 1976. [edit]The university today UBC's current president is Dr. Stephen Toope, appointed on July 1, 2006. He succeeded Dr. Martha Piper, who was the University's first female president and the first non-Canadian born president Sony VAIO PCG-51312L battery. The Chancellor of the University, who acts as the University's ceremonial head and sits on the academic Senate and the Board of Governors, is Sarah Morgan-Silvester (as of July 1, 2008).[20] The UBC Okanagan campus is led by Dr. Doug Owram, Deputy Vice-Chancellor. All three founding faculties remain, but the Faculty of Agriculture is now known as the Faculty of Land & Food Systems Sony VAIO PCG-51311L battery. Governance and academics The administration of UBC, as mandated by the University Act, is composed of a chancellor, convocation, board, senate, and faculties of the university.[22] The Board of Governors is responsible for the management of property and revenue, while the Senate is vested with managing the academic operation of the university Sony VAIO PCG-51211L battery. Both are composed of faculty and students who are elected to the position. Degrees and diplomas are conferred by the convocation, which is composed of alumni, administrators, and faculty, with a quorum of twenty members. UBC also has a President, who is a chief executive officer of the university and a member of the Senate, Board of Governors Sony VAIO PCG-41112L battery, Convocation, and also serves as Vice Chancellor. The President of the University is responsible for managing the academic operation of the university, including recommending appointments, calling meetings of faculties, and establishing committees. Faculties and schools Main article: Faculties and Schools of the University of British Columbia UBC's academic activity is organized into "faculties" and "schools".[23] Currently, UBC has twelve faculties at its Vancouver campus and seven faculties at its Okanagan campus. Sony VAIO PCG-3A4L battery UBC Vancouver has two academic colleges: Interdisciplinary Studies and Health Disciplines, while UBC Okanagan has a College of Graduate Studies. At the Vancouver campus, the Faculty of Arts, which dates back to the 1915 Fairview Campus, is the largest faculty with twenty departments and schools. With the split of the Faculty of Arts and Science in 1964, the Faculty of Science is the second largest faculty with nine departments Sony VAIO PCG-3A3L battery. The Sauder School of Business is UBC's Faculty of Commerce and Business Administration. The School of Architecture offers a program in architecture accredited by the Canadian Architectural Certification Board at both the bachelor level (B.Arch.) and the master's level (M.Arch.). There are plans for the UBC Department of Economics to establish the Vancouver School of Economics in conjunction with the Sauder School of Business Sony VAIO PCG-3A2L battery. [edit]Enrolment In 2011, UBC had 3,331 full-time Faculty, and 10,652 non-faculty employees. It had over fifty six thousand students (48,726 undergraduate students and 10,686 graduate students), and more than 275,000 alumni in 120 countries.[5] The requirements for admission differ between students from British Columbia, other provinces in Canada Sony VAIO PCG-3A1L battery, and international students due to the lack of uniformity in marking schemes. In 2003 the National Post stated that the university had the highest entrance requirements for undergraduate admission out of all universities in Canada.[28] The secondary school average for full-time first-year students at the university in 2009-2010 was 89.5 percent for the Vancouver campus, and 82.2% for the Okanagan campus. Sony VAIO PCG-394L batteryThe acceptance rate at the university for domestic full-time, first-year applications in 2009 was 55.4 percent. Reputation The University of British Columbia has consistently been ranked one of Canada's top universities. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2011–12 ranks the university at 22nd place globally and second in Canada.[36] In the Academic Ranking of World Universities of 2011 Sony VAIO PCG-393L battery, the university is placed at 37th in the world and second in Canada.[43] The Academic Ranking of World Universities also ranks UBC first in the category: Percentage of Academic Staff with Doctoral Degrees.[45] In Newsweek's global rankings of 2011, the university ranks 8th among institutions outside the United States, and second in Canada[46] The 2011 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 51st in the world and third in Canada Sony VAIO PCG-391L battery. The 2012 Webometrics Ranking of World Universities ranks UBC as 2nd in Canada, and 27th in the world.[48] In terms of national rankings, Maclean's ranked the university third in their 2011 Medical Doctoral university rankings.[44] The University of British Columbia was ranked in spite of having opted out—along with several other universities in Canada—of participating in Maclean's graduate survey since 2006 Sony VAIO PCG-384L battery. A number of individual academic fields at the university have also received high rankings both nationally and internationally. The 2011 Times Higher Education rankings list it 16th in the world and first in Canada, in the field of social sciences, [41] In particular, the UBC Department of Economics is ranked the best in Canada and among the best 20 Economic Departments in the world. Sony VAIO PCG-383L battery In the 2011 ARWU rankings for social sciences, the university was ranked 32nd in the world and first in Canada.[35] In the field of life sciences, the 2011 Times rankings placed the university 14th in the world, and first nationally;[39] The 2011 ARWU rankings for life sciences placed the university was ranked 36 in the world, and second in Canada. Sony VAIO PCG-382L battery In natural sciences and mathematics, the university was ranked 51-75th in the world, and second in Canada.[31] In physical sciences, the Times rankings placed the university 24th in the world, and second in Canada.[40]; in engineering and technology it placed 33rd in the world and second in Canada.[42] The Times Higher Education had also ranked the university 28th in the world, and third in Canada in the arts and humanities field. Sony VAIO PCG-381L batteryThe university's law faculty was ranked third in Maclean's 2011 rankings of Canadian common law schools, and 22nd in the world and 3rd in Canada in the 2012 QS World University Rankings by Subject: Law. The Sauder School of Business has also received accolades both nationally and internationally. The business school had ranked on the 2012 Financial Times global MBA rankings Sony VAIO PCG-7185L battery, placing 82nd in the world, and fifth in Canada.[53] The business school also placed on QS's 2012 North American MBA rankings, ranking 18th in North America, and third in Canada.[54] The School of Music continues to rank third in Canada behind the Schulich School of Music of McGill University and the Faculty of Music of the University of Toronto. Sony VAIO PCG-7184L batteryResearch The University of British Columbia is a member of Universitas 21, an international association of research-led institutions, as well as the only Canadian member of the Association of Pacific Rim Universities, a consortium of 42 leading research universities in the Pacific Rim. With a sponsored research income of $538.398 million, the university manages the second-largest research budget of any university in Canada Sony VAIO PCG-7183L battery. With an average research income of $234,000 CAD per full-time faculty member, the university is also the second most research intensive full-service university in the country.[57] In terms of research performance, High Impact Universities 2010 ranked the university 30th out of 500 universities, and second in Canada.[58] The Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan (HEEACT) Sony VAIO PCG-7182L battery, an organization which also evaluates universities based on their scientific paper's performances, ranked the university 29th in the world and second in Canada.[59] The university operates and manages a number of research centres. In 1972, a consortium made up of the University of British Columbia, and four other universities from Alberta and British Columbia established the Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre Sony VAIO PCG-7181L battery. Located on Vancouver Island, the centre provides year-round research facilities and technical assistance for biologists, ecologists and oceanographers.[60] The Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies is an interdisciplinary research institute for fundamental research in the Sciences, Social Sciences, and Humanities Sony VAIO PCG-7174L battery. The UBC Farm is a 24 hectare learning and research farm located in UBC's South Campus area is the only working farmland within the city of Vancouver. The farm features Saturday Farm Markets from early June until early October, selling organic produce and eggs to the community. TRIUMF, a laboratory specializing in particle and nuclear physics is also located at the university Sony VAIO PCG-7173L battery. The name was formerly an acronym for TRI-University Meson Facility, but TRIUMF is now owned and operated by a consortium of eleven Canadian universities. The consortium runs TRIUMF through a contribution of funds from the National Research Council of Canada, and makes TRIUMF’s facilities available to Canadian scientists and to scientists from around the world Sony VAIO PCG-7172L battery. Sustainability UBC has been ranked in the Corporate Knights school rankings, which ranks universities based on how they integrate sustainability into the learning experience. The rankings adopt a broad definition of sustainability which encompasses both environmental and social concerns. In the 2011 rankings, UBC was ranked 2nd in the category: top 5 teaching programs.[62] In the ranking of the Canadian law schools, UBC's law school ranked fifth. Sony VAIO PCG-7171L battery In the ranking of the MBA programs, Sauder School of Business was ranked fourth in Canada. The same rankings placed the business school 11th in Canada for its undergraduate business program.[62] Aboriginal UBC’s Longhouse is the University's centre for Aboriginal activities. The university has an Associate Dean of Indigenous Education, and has developed governing board and senate policies as well as Aboriginal governed councils within the university structure. Sony VAIO PCG-7162L battery UBC offers degrees in First Nations Studies through a program in the Arts Faculty, and a Chinook Diploma Program in the Sauder School of Business; it also runs the Chinook Summer Biz Camp, to foster entrepreneurship among First Nations and Métis high school students. It hosts a Bridge Through Sport Program, Summer Science Program, Native Youth Program, and Cedar Day Camp and Afterschool Program Sony VAIO PCG-7161L battery. Its First Nations Forestry Initiatives were developed in partnership with specific Aboriginal communities to meet needs in their more remote areas. Finances For 2006–2007, UBC had expected a $36 million deficit. With various cost cutting measures, the University posted a small surplus of $1.92 million. As of March 2007, UBC had assets of $3.2 billion and liabilities of $1.8 billion. Total revenue for 2006–2007 was $1.59 billion, of which 36% came from the provincial government, 11% from the federal government Sony VAIO PCG-7154L battery, 17% from "sales of goods and services", 18% from tuition, and 18% from all other sources. Total expenses were $1.50 billion, of which salaries, wages, benefits, and honoraria were 59%, office supplies and expenses were 12%, amortization was 9%, and all other expenses were 20%.[64] Less than 1% of expenses went to fundraising Sony VAIO PCG-7153L battery. Tuition In 2001–02, UBC had one of the lowest undergraduate tuition rates in Canada, at an average of $2,181 CAD per year for a full-time programme. This was due to a government-instituted tuition freeze. In 2001, however, the BC Liberal party defeated the NDP in British Columbia and lifted the tuition freeze. In 2002–03 undergraduate and graduate tuition rose by an average of 30%, and by up to 40% in some faculties Sony VAIO PCG-7152L battery. This has led to better facilities, but also to student unrest and contributed to a teaching assistant union strike. UBC again increased tuition by 30% in the 2003–04 year, again by approximately 15% in the 2004–05 season, and 2% in the 2005–06 and 2006–07 years. Increases were lower than expected because, in the 2005 Speech from the Throne, the government announced that tuition increases would be capped to inflation. Despite these increases, Sony VAIO PCG-7151L battery UBC's tuition remains below the national average and below other universities in the regions. In 2006–07, the Canadian average undergraduate tuition fee was $4,347 and the BC average was $4,960.[68] [edit]Undergraduate tuition UBC tuition for 2007–2008 was $4,257 for a Canadian student in a basic 30-unit program, though various programs cost from $3,406 to $9,640. Tuition for international students is significantly higher (2.3–4.6 times higher than domestic students) Sony VAIO PCG-7148L battery. In 2009, tuition for international students ranged from $16,245 CAD to $25,721 CAD. Graduate tuition In the academic year 2011/2012 most research-based graduate programs assess tuition of $4,263.87 per semester for Canadian students and permanent residents or $7,490.88 for international students. International students without any external funding that meet the general eligibility criteria will be supported with guaranteed funding of up to $3,200 per year.[72] Tuition for professional Master's programs varies Sony VPCW21M2E/WI battery. [edit]Campuses and features Aerial View of the Vancouver Campus The Vancouver campus is located at Point Grey, a twenty-minute drive from downtown Vancouver. It is near several beaches and has views of the North Shore mountains. The 7.63 km² Pacific Spirit Regional Park serves as a green-belt between the campus and the city. Buildings on the Vancouver campus currently occupy 1,091,997 m² gross, located on 1.7 km² of maintained land Sony VPCW21C7E battery. The campus street plan is mostly in a grid of malls (for driving and pedestrian-only). Lower Mall and West Mall are in the southwestern part of the peninsula, with Main, East, and Wesbrook Malls northeast of them. The University Endowment Lands are not within Vancouver's city limits, and therefore UBC is policed by the RCMP rather than the Vancouver Police Department. However, the Vancouver Fire Department provides service to UBC under a contract Sony VPCW12S1E/WZ battery. In addition to UBC RCMP, UBC have Campus Security, that patrol the campus. Postage sent to any building on campus includes Vancouver in the address. UBC Vancouver also has two satellite campuses within the City of Vancouver: a campus at Vancouver General Hospital for the medical sciences, and UBC Robson Square in downtown Vancouver for part-time credit and non-credit programmes Sony VPCW12S1E/W battery. UBC is also a partner in the consortium backing Great Northern Way Campus Ltd, and is affiliated with a group of adjacent theological colleges, which include the Vancouver School of Theology, Regent College, Carey Theological College and the Corpus Christi College. "Devil-losing bridge" and iris pond in Nitobe Memorial Garden The campus is home to numerous gardens. The UBC Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research, the first UBC department Sony VPCW12S1E/T battery, holds a collection of over 8000 different kinds of plants used for research, conservation and education. The original site of the UBC botanical garden was at the "Old Arboretum". Today all that remains of it are trees planted in 1916 by John Davidson. The old arboretum is now home to many buildings including the First Nations House of Learning. The Nitobe Memorial Garden Sony VPCW12S1E/P battery, built to honour Japanese scholar Inazo Nitobe, the garden has been the subject of more than fifteen years' study by a UBC professor,[who?] who believes that its construction hides a number of impressive features, including references to Japanese philosophy and mythology, shadow bridges visible only at certain times of year, and positioning of a lantern that is filled with light at the exact date and time of Nitobe's death each year Sony VPCW11S1E/W battery. The garden is behind the university's Asian Centre, which is built using steel girders from Japan's exhibit at Osaka Expo. Chan Centre for the Performing Arts The campus also features the Chan Centre for the Performing Arts: a performing arts centre containing the Chan Shun Concert Hall, Telus Studio Theatre and the Royal Bank Cinema. It is often the location of convocation ceremonies as well as the filming location for the 4400 Center on the television show The 4400,[74] as well as the Madacorp entrance set on Kyle XY Sony VPCW11S1E/T battery. It has also been featured as the Cloud 9 Ballroom in the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica (Season 1, Episode 11: Colonial Day).[75] It has also been used in Stargate Atlantis (Season 2, Episode 5: Condemned), as well as in the first season of Reaper. UBC's Okanagan campus Main article: University of British Columbia Okanagan 49°56′N 119°24′W The Okanagan Campus, is located on the former North Kelowna Campus of Okanagan University College, next to Kelowna International Airport on the north-east side of Kelowna, British Columbia. Sony VPCW11S1E/P battery This campus offers undergraduate degrees in Arts, Science, Nursing, Education, Management and Engineering as well as graduate degrees in most of these subject. The Okanagan campus is experiencing a $450 million CDN expansion with construction of several new residential, teaching and research buildings Sony VPCYA1S1E/B battery. In 2010, UBC Okanagan campus planned to double in size from current 105 ha. to 208.6 ha.[77] The template below (Update) is being considered for merging. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. › This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2012) Sony VPCYA1V9E/B battery[edit]Libraries Main article: University of British Columbia Library The UBC Library, which comprises 5.8 million books and journals, 5.3 million microforms, over 833,000 maps, videos and other multimedia materials and over 46,700 subscriptions, is the second largest research library in Canada.[78] The libraries lent out over 2.5 million print works in 2008/2009 with over 2.9 million visits to the library (measured by gate counters). Sony VPCY21S1E/SI batteryThe library has twenty-one branches and divisions at UBC and at other locations, including three branches at teaching hospitals (St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre, BC Children's Hospital), one at UBC's Robson Square campus in downtown Vancouver, and one at the UBC's Okanagan Campus.[78] Plans are also under way to establish a library at the Great Northern Way Campus on the Finning Lands Sony VPCY21S1E/L battery. The former Main Library has undergone construction and has been renamed the Irving K. Barber Learning Centre. The new library incorporates the centre heritage block of the old Main Library with two new expansion wings and features an automated storage and retrieval system (ASRS), the first of its kind in Canada. Sony VPCY21S1E/G batteryMajor General Victor Odlum CB, CMG, DSO, VD donated his personal library of 10,000 books, which has been housed in "the Rockwoods Centre Library" of the UBC library since 1963. Student representation UBC undergraduate students within the Vancouver campus are represented by the Alma Mater Society of the University of British Columbia, or AMS. The society's mandate is to improve the quality of educational, social, and personal lives of UBC students Sony VPCY11S1E/S battery. The executive – composed of the President; Vice President, External Affairs; Vice President, Administration; Vice President, Finance; and Vice President, Academic and University Affairs – are responsible for lobbying the UBC administration on behalf of the student body, providing services, such as the AMS/GSS Health and Dental Plan, supporting and administering student clubs Sony VPCY11S1E battery, and maintaining the Student Union Building (aka SUB) and the services it houses. Recently, the AMS has undertaken an initiative to construct a new Student Union Building (SUB) with a cost of $103 million, of which $80 million is paid by student fees, with 50% more space compared to the current SUB. Construction is slated to begin in 2012. Sony VPCZ11X9E/B batteryGraduate Students are represented by the Graduate Student Society (GSS) which operates as an independent entity. The GSS is governed by a council representing each graduate program and an executive elected by graduate students as a whole. The Student Union Building on the left, and the War Memorial Gym on the right. The red trees are typical of autumn Sony VPCZ11Z9E/B battery. The heart of student activity at UBC Vancouver is the centrally located Student Union Building, which houses offices of many clubs, half a dozen restaurants and cafés, a pub ("The Gallery"), a nightclub ("The Pit"), the inexpensive 425-seat Norman Bouchard Memorial Theatre ("The Norm Theatre"), several shops and a post office. The majority of the outlets and shops in the SUB are run by the AMS Sony VPCZ12M9E/B battery, however the addition of major corporate outlets in recent years by UBC Food Services has generated some controversy. The SUB Art Gallery contains mostly students' work. An underground bus loop slated to replace the "Grassy Knoll" beside the SUB, did not receive funding by Translink.[81] As a result, the bus loop project has been cancelled by the administration, although the rest of the renovations of the University Boulevard Neighbourhood are still under consideration Sony VPCZ12X9E/X battery. Other student facilities on campus include the Ladha Science Student Centre, which was funded through a donation from Abdul Ladha, a levy from all Science undergraduate students, the VP Students, and the Dean of Science, and the Meekison Arts Student Space, which is located in the Faculty of Art's Buchanan D building Sony VPCZ12Z9E/X battery. The UBC Bookstore has two locations on the Vancouver campus, the main store at 6200 University Boulevard, and one at the Sauder School of Business. There are also stores at the Okanagan and Robson Square Campuses. The Bookstore provides a range of products and services. It returns a large dividend back to UBC each year which is re-invested in the campus or in student and community organizations. Sony VPCZ138GA battery[edit]Greek organizations While UBC's Greek system is somewhat smaller than its counterparts in the United States, it does offer the largest and most active Greek system in Canada. There is a total of 18 Greek organizations. An InterFraternal Council (IFC) is recognized as a club by the Alma Mater Society and meetings of the fraternities under IFC occur at their respective fraternity houses each week Sony VPCZ13M9E/B battery. Greek life has its own division within UBC REC[83] and intense competition between the 9 Fraternities for the title of top Athletic Fraternity occur. There are nine international fraternities on campus, the first of which, Alpha Delta Phi, was established in in 1926. However Alpha Delta Phi was preceded by several local fraternities on campus. Other fraternities include Alpha Epsilon Pi, Delta Kappa Epsilon Sony VPCZ13M9E/X battery, Psi Upsilon, Sigma Chi, Beta Theta Pi,[84] Phi Delta Theta, Phi Gamma Delta, and Kappa Sigma. The National Panhellenic Conference (NPC) member organizations (sororities) on campus are overseen by the Panhellenic Council.[85] All sororities have a chapter room in the Panhellenic House on Wesbrook Mall; the building also offers housing for 72 college women, with preference given to sorority members Sony VPCZ13V9E battery. The eight sororities on the Vancouver campus include Alpha Delta Pi, Alpha Gamma Delta, Alpha Omicron Pi, Alpha Phi, Delta Gamma, Gamma Phi Beta, Kappa Alpha Theta, and Kappa Kappa Gamma. The 2010 Panhellenic Total for UBC campus was 65, but the average chapter size after September 2011 recruitment was 79 Sony VPCZ13V9E/X battery. Chapter meetings are held in the chapter's respective rooms each week and Greek-wide or campus-wide events are attended by members of all the sororities and fraternities. Formal recruitment for the sororities begin during the second week of September and is a 4 day process consisting of: Tours (first 2 days), Invitationals and Preference Sony VPCZ13Z9E/X battery. Marine Drive According to a 2009 UBC Student Housing Study, UBC currently provides approximately 8680 beds on the Point Grey campus for an on-campus student population of about 11,000 people.[86] The UBC administration has recognized the need for more student housing on campus, forecasting the need for 6400 new beds on campus within the next 20 years Sony VPCZ21M9E battery, and has expanded housing recently with the opening of the Marine Drive towers and the MBA house residence on South Campus.[86] Currently, there are two dormitory style residences on campus, primarily for first and second year students: Totem Park and Place Vanier. Totem Park, housing about 1757 students, consists of eight dormitory buildings Sony VPCZ21Q9E battery (Nootka, Dene, Haida, Salish, Kwakiutl, Shuswap, Hem'lesem and Q'elexen Houses), and a Commons Block (Coquihalla). All houses, except Shuswap, are co-ed, with alternating men's and women's floors; Shuswap house has co-ed floors. Both Hem'lesem and Q'elexen houses were opened to residents of Totem Park in September 2011 and consist of single rooms with semi-private Sony VPCZ21V9E battery or private washrooms in contrast to the other house's communal floor washrooms.[87] Although some Totem Park students join Greek organizations and other social clubs, many residence floors form a cohesive social group; some floors host lighthearted 'initiation' events year-to-year. Place Vanier, housing 1370 people, consists of 12 blocks constructed in 1959 (Robson House), 1960 Sony VPCEH3T9E battery (Okanagan, Sherwood Lett, Mackenzie, Ross, Hamber and Mawdsley Houses), 1961 (Kootenay House), 1968 (Cariboo and Tweedsmuir Houses), 2002 (Korea-UBC House) and 2003 (Tec de Monterrey-UBC House). The buildings vary from Male and Female only, to alternating gender floors, as well as fully mixed floors. The residences have both single and double rooms, with each floor having a lounge and communal bathrooms Sony VPCEH3N6E battery. Students above the age of nineteen have suite-style residence options on the Point Grey campus. The Gage Towers consist of three 17-floor towers (North, South and East) primarily for second, third, and fourth year undergraduate students. Gage houses the most students and is closest to the Pit Pub.[citation needed] It consists of three interconnected towers Sony VPCEH3N1E battery (North, South, and East) as well as single student housing (both studio, and apartment) in an building. The towers are composed of "quads": 4 separate pods, each consisting of 6 individual bedrooms, a bathroom and a kitchen/dining area. Adjacent to the Acadia Park residence area on the east part of campus is Fairview Crescent, a residence primarily for second and third year undergraduate students, and many graduate students as well Sony VPCEH3D0E battery. The residence consists of an L-Shaped pedestrian-only street lined with 4, 5 & 6 student (a mix of single-sex and co-ed) townhouses. The Beanery coffee shop is in the middle of the residence. The Thunderbird residences are primarily for graduate students and fourth year undergraduate students; they are located at the southern edge of the academic core campus. The Ritsumeikan-UBC House is a residence with a Japanese cultural setting, named for Ritsumeikan University. Houses Japanese exchange students and Canadian students, Sony VPCEH3B1E battery who participate in unique inter cultural programmes. The residence's tatami room is used for practice sessions by the UBC Urasenke Japanese tea ceremony club. Two Canadian students are typically paired with two Japanese exchange students. The newest addition to UBC Vancouver's student housing is the Marine Drive Residence, situated on the west side of campus slightly south of Place Vanier. The first phase, consisting of Building 1 (an 18-floor tower) and Building 2 Sony VPCEH2Z1E battery (a 5 floor building commonly called the "Podium") opened Fall 2005, and is the most expensive residence on campus. In February 2006, the Board of Governors approved plans for the second phase of Marine Drive, finally putting an end to the debacle caused by concerns over the view of Wreck beach (Phase I's Building 1 was reduced from 20 floors to 18 because of this) Sony VPCEH2S9E battery. Phase II consists of Buildings 4 through 6 (two towers and another "Podium", respectively), and also the Commonsblock. Buildings 4 through 6 were all open to students as of September 2008. A separate Commonsblock (the current Front Desk being located in building 1) was completed in summer 2009, and contains similar services to the Commonsblocks of other residences Sony VPCEH2Q1E battery, such as exercise, game, and study rooms. Construction at Marine Drive was completed in February 2010, with the opening of a restaurant in building 4. The University has two Colleges dedicated to accommodation for graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and visiting scholars: St. John's College[88] and Green College. Sony VPCEH2P0E batteryAthletics The outdoor pool at the Aquatics Centre The University of British Columbia's sports teams are called the Thunderbirds. The Thunderbirds participate in the CIS's Canada West Universities Athletic Association for most varsity sports. However, several varsity teams at UBC compete in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics. UBC is considering joining the NCAA Division II. Sony VPCEH2N1E battery With a long history of competing in sports, the Thunderbirds have garnered a number of championships. In particular, the women swimmers who had represented UBC had brought back 22 conference championships and 16 national championships.[92] The University of British Columbia has a number of athletic facilities open to both their varsity teams as well as to their students. The stadium with the largest seating capacity at UBC is the Doug Mitchell Thunderbird Sports Centre Sony VPCEH2M9E battery. The Doug Mitchell Thunderbird Sports Centre is home to the varsity ice hockey teams and was also used as a venue for the 2010 Winter Olympics.[93] Other facilities at UBC includes Thunderbird Stadium, home to the university's football and soccer varsity teams, UBC Aquatic Centre, home to the university's swimming teams, the War Memorial Gymnasium Sony VPCEH2M1E battery, home to the university's basketball and volleyball varsity teams and Thunderbird Park, home to the university's many other outdoor varsity teams.[94] The university has also had a long history of sending a number of students to represent their countries at the Olympics. Since having its first athlete sent to the Olympics in 1928, a total of 231 individuals from UBC have represented their respective countries at the Olympics. The total number of individual medals athletes from UBC had won was 61, with 19 gold, 21 silver and 24 bronze. The majority of these medals won had come from the sport of rowing. Sony VPCEH2L9E battery[edit]Fight song Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement and convocation, and athletic games are: "Hail, U.B.C" with words and music by Harold King and "High on Olympus" with words by D.C. Morton and music by J.C.F. Haeffner.[96] Campus events Sony VPCEH2J1E batteryUBC Rose Garden. A small number of large-scale, campus-wide events occur annually at UBC which are organized by university institutions, the AMS, and student constituencies of various faculties and departments. UBC Orientations organizes several events for first year students, such as Imagine UBC, GALA, and UBC Jump Start. Imagine UBC is an orientation day and pep rally for first-year undergraduate students that replaces the first day of September classes at UBC Vancouver. Sony VPCEH2H1E batterySeveral group athletic events take place at UBC every year. Storm the Wall is an intramural relay race put on by UBC REC in April, culminating in the climbing of a 12-foot (3.7 m) wall. Day of the Longboat is an intramural event put on at the end of September/early October by UBC REC. It is the largest voyageur canoe race in North America, Sony VPCEH2F1E battery with teams competing in a 2 km paddle around the waters of Jericho Sailing Centre. The program is operated by over 120 volunteer students and staff who are responsible for operating every aspect of this program. UBC REC's student administrators fill various roles including event planning, sport officiating, public relations and building supervision Sony VPCEH2E0E battery. Faculty constituencies, such as the Arts Undergraduate Society (AUS) and Science Undergraduate Society (SUS), hold events annually. Many of the major constituencies, such as for Arts, Science, and Engineering, hold their own faculty weeks to celebrate their faculties. The events may include keynote speeches, merchandise sales, and dances. Arts County Fair was an annual concert and party on the last day of classes in April Sony VPCEH2D0E battery, put on by the AUS and occurring at Thunderbird Stadium. Past headliners have included Sam Roberts, The New Pornographers, and Metric. Due to increasing financial difficulties (mostly resulting from mounting security and related costs) the AUS announced they would not continue the event in 2008. In its place, the Alma Mater Society of UBC hosted the AMS Block Party to celebrate the end of classes Sony VPCEH2C0E battery. A number of unofficial 'traditions,' exist at UBC: jumping from the UBC Aquatic Centre's outdoor 10-metre diving board late at night; and frequent repainting of the Engineering cairn, refashioning its large red-and-white 'E' into other letters representative of other faculties, clubs, and groups Sony VPCEH29FJ/W battery. In March 2012, UBC was the partner Host University of the Harvard World Model United Nations Conference (WorldMUN 2012 Vancouver). As the world's largest student-organized Model UN conference, this was also the largest student conference to have ever been organized by UBC and the largest student conference on Canadian soil Sony VPCEH29FJ/P battery. There were 2,200 student delegates and nearly 200 faculty advisors from 270 universities from over 60 countries. The organizing committee amassed over 500 student volunteers from across the UBC campus and the local student community to execute the week-long event. Notable people Kim Campbell, Canada's first female Prime Minister—a UBC graduate Main article: List of University of British Columbia people See also: List of Chancellors of the University of British Columbia and List of Presidents of the University of British Columbia Sony VPCEH29FJ/B batteryThroughout UBC's history, faculty, alumni, and former students have played prominent roles in many different fields. Many UBC alumni and faculty have gone on to win awards including seven Nobel Prizes and 67 Rhodes Scholarships. Former alumni have won Nobel Prizes: Robert Mundell (Economic Sciences) who graduated from the UBC Department of Economics and Bertram Brockhouse(Physic). Five former faculty members of the UBC have also received a Nobel Prize Sony VPCEH28FN/L battery: Michael Smith (Chemistry), Har Gobind Khorana (Physiology or Medicine), Daniel Kahneman (Economics), Hans G. Dehmelt (Physics), and Carl Wieman (Physics.) Many former students have gained local and national prominence in government. The university had produced two Canadian Prime Ministers, Kim Campbell and John Turner. Canadian Prime Minister Joe Clark briefly attended UBC law.[106] George Stanley, the Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick and creator of the current Canadian flag had also served as faculty Sony VPCEH28FJ/W battery. Alumni Mike Harcourt, Glen Clark and Ujjal Dosanjh have been Premiers of British Columbia:, People of UBC Law have also served on the Supreme Court of Canada: former faculty member Beverley McLachlin and alumnus Frank Iacobucci. Canadian academic, science broadcaster and environmental activist David Suzuki was a professor in the genetics department at UBC from 1963 until his retirement in 2001 Sony VPCEH28FJ/P battery. Actress Evangeline Lilly attended UBC, earning her degree in International Relations. Author and historian Pierre Berton majored in history at UBC. Man-in-Motion Rick Hansen was the first student with a physical disability to graduate in physical education from UBC. Opera singers Ben Heppner and Judith Forst studied music at UBC Sony VPCEH28FJ/B battery.
The National University of Singapore is Singapore's oldest university. It is the largest university in the country in terms of student enrollment and curriculum offered. The university's main campus is located in southwest Singapore at Kent Ridge, with an area of approximately 1.5 km2 (0.58 sq mi). The Bukit Timah campus houses the Faculty of Law, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy and research institutes( SONY PCG-5G2L battery), while the Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore is located at the Outram campus. The former British Prime Minister Tony Blair had named NUS as the headquarters of his Asian Faith and Globalization Initiative together with Durham University in the UK and Yale University in the USA to deliver an exclusive programme in partnership with Tony Blair Faith Foundation. ( SONY PCG-5G3L battery) The university is widely considered to be one of the most prestigious universities in Asia.[4] In 2011, NUS was ranked 28th in the world and 3rd in Asia by the QS World University Rankings. History Beginnings In September 1904, Tan Jiak Kim led a group of representatives of the Chinese and other non-European communities, and petitioned the Governor of the Straits Settlements, Sir John Anderson( SONY PCG-F305 battery), to establish a medical school in Singapore. Tan, who was the first president of the Straits Chinese British Association, managed to raise $87,077, of which the largest amount of $12,000 came from himself. On 3 July 1905, the medical school was founded, and was known as the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States Government Medical School( SONY PCG-5J1L battery). In 1912, the medical school received an endowment of $120,000 from the King Edward VII Memorial Fund, started by Lim Boon Keng. Subsequently on 18 November 1913, the name of the school was changed to the King Edward VII Medical School. In 1921, it was again changed to the King Edward VII College of Medicine to reflect its academic status( SONY PCG-5J2L battery). In 1928, Raffles College was established to promote arts and social sciences at tertiary level for Malayan students. Establishment of the university Two decades later, Raffles College was merged with the King Edward VII College of Medicine to form the University of Malaya on 8 October 1949. The two institutions were merged to provide for the higher education needs of the Federation of Malaya and Singapore( SONY PCG-5K2L battery). The growth of UM was very rapid during the first decade of its establishment and resulted in the setting up of two autonomous divisions in 1959, one located in Singapore and the other in Kuala Lumpur. In 1960, the governments of then Federation of Malaya and Singapore indicated their desire to change the status of the divisions into that of a national university( SONY PCG-5L1L battery). Legislation was passed in 1961 establishing the former Kuala Lumpur division as the University of Malaya while the Singapore division was renamed the University of Singapore on 1 January 1962. [edit]Present form The National University of Singapore was formed with the merger of the University of Singapore and Nanyang University in 1980. This was done in part due to the government's desire to pool the two institutions' resources into a single( SONY PCG-6S2L battery), stronger entity, and promote English as Singapore's only main language. The original crest of Nanyang University with three intertwined rings was incorporated into the new coat-of-arms of NUS. Today, the National University of Singapore has 16 faculties and schools across three campus locations in Singapore – Kent Ridge, Bukit Timah and Outram – and provides a broad-based curriculum underscored by multi-disciplinary courses and cross-faculty enrichment( SONY PCG-6S3L battery). Education NUS has a semester-based modular system for conducting courses. It adopts features of the British system, such as small group teaching (tutorials) and the American system (course credits). Students may transfer between courses within their first two semesters, enroll in cross-faculty modules or take up electives from different faculties (compulsory for most degrees) ( SONY PCG-6V1L battery). Other cross-disciplinary initiatives study programmes include double-degree undergraduate degrees in Arts & Social Sciences and Engineering; Arts & Social Sciences and Law; Business and Engineering; and Business and Law. NUS has 16 faculties and schools, including a Music Conservatory. Currently, it has seven overseas colleges at major entrepreneurial hubs in Shanghai and Beijing (China), Israel, India, Stockholm (Sweden), Silicon Valley and Bio Valley (US). ( SONY PCG-6W1L battery) NUS Overseas Colleges The NUS Overseas Colleges (NOC) programme started in 2001, providing students with an educational experience in entrepreneurial and academic hubs around the world. Students spend 6-12 months overseas, interning at start-up companies and taking entrepreneurship related courses at partner Universities[10]. There are 7 colleges, in the Silicon Valley (US) ( SONY PCG-7111L battery), Philadelphia (US), Shanghai (China), Beijing (China), Stockholm (Sweden), India and Israel. Assoc Prof Teo Chee Leong is the Director of NOC. The local equivalent is the Innovative Local Enterprise Achiever Development (iLEAD) initiative, where students intern at innovative Singapore companies. This is a 7-8 month programme that cultivates an entrepreneurial mindset, and develops leadership and management skills( SONY PCG-71511M battery). NOC set up an entrepreneurial-themed residence[11], known as N-House. Located within the NUS Prince George’s Park residence, this houses about 90 students, who are graduates of the NOC and iLEAD programmes. N-House incorporates common areas such as a meeting room, study area and recreation space. Entrepreneurial activities are also organised by the N-House residents( SONY PCG-6W3L battery), and these include entrepreneurial sharing sessions, business idea pitching and networking events[12]. Students have called the NOC programme a life-changing experience[13]. There are over 1,000 NOC and iLEAD graduates - many have gone on to start companies, or work in start-up companies . Some notable NOC and iLEAD alumni include: Darius Cheung and Rishi Irani – Co-founders tencube, which was acquired by McAfee in July 2010( SONY PCG-7113L battery) Mohan Belani – Director e27 Singapore Tan Bee Thiam – Founder Asian Film Archive and 13 Little Pictures Kelly Choo – Co-founder Brandtology Entrepreneurship NUS began its entrepreneurial education endeavours in the 1980s, with the setting up of the Centre for Management of Innovation and Technopreneurship in 1988. In 2001, this was renamed the NUS Entrepreneurship Centre (NEC), and became a division of NUS Enterprise. NEC is currently headed by Professor Wong Poh Kam and its activities are organised into 4 areas( SONY PCG-7133L battery), including a business incubator, experiential education, entrepreneurship development, and entrepreneurship research. Faculties and schools Block EA, Faculty of Engineering [edit]Arts and Social Sciences Main article: Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences of National University of Singapore FASS majors is organised into three divisions – Asian Studies, Humanities and Social Sciences – under which 15 departments and programmes are grouped. It is also home to the Office of Programmes which offers four multidisciplinary programmes and five minor Programmes of study, and the Centre for Language Studies which teaches 12 different languages( SONY PCG-7Z1L battery). Asian Studies carry a range of majors including European Studies is currently the only cross-departmental subject available. The faculty also offers Minor programmes (for both FASS and non-FASS undergraduates) in China Studies, American Studies, European Studies, Cultural Studies, Gender Studies, Religious Studies, and STS (Science, Technology and Society). The Centre for Language Studies, which is part of FASS, offers introductory, intermediate and advanced courses on the Arabic( SONY PCG-7Z2L battery) , Chinese, French, German, Hindi, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Thai and Vietnamese languages. Graduate academic programmes are offered by all departments.[16] Business School Main article: NUS Business School NUS Business School NUS Business School was founded as the Department of Business Administration in 1965. It has six departments: Accounting, Strategy and Policy, Decision Sciences, Finance, Management and Organization, and Marketing.[18] Collectively, the departments offer classes in the Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) and Bachelor of Business Administration (Accountancy) [BBA(Acc)] Programmes( SONY PCG-8Y1L battery). Graduate programmes offered include the Master of Business Administration (MBA), NUS MBA Double Degree (conducted jointly with Peking University), UCLA-NUS Executive MBA Programme, Asia-Pacific Executive MBA (English and Chinese), S3 Asia MBA (conducted jointly with Fudan University and Korea University) ( SONY PCG-8Y2L battery). Computing Main article: NUS School of Computing NUS School of Computing The School of Computing (SoC), established in 1998,, has two departments – Computer Science and Information Systems. The department of Computer Science offers three undergraduate degree programmes – Computer Science, Communications and Media, and Computational Biology.[20] The department of Information Systems offers five undergraduate programmes( SONY PCG-8Z2L battery) – Computing in Information Systems, Computing in Electronic Commerce, Concurrent Degree Programme that combines a Bachelor of Computing (in Information Systems) (Honours) from NUS and a Master of Philosophy (Management) from Cambridge University, Concurrent Degree Programme that combines a Bachelor of Computing (in Information Systems) ( SONY PCG-8Z1L battery) (Honours) from NUS School of Computing and a Master of Science (Management) from the NUS School of Business, as well as a Double Degree Programme, with a Bachelor of Computing (in Information Systems) (Honours) from NUS School of Computing, and a Bachelor of Business Administration / Business Administration (Accountancy) from the NUS School of Business. ( SONY PCG-7112L battery) Dentistry The Faculty of Dentistry had its early beginnings in 1929 as a Department of Dentistry within the King Edward VII College of Medicine. It was the first dental school to be established in a British colony in the east. The faculty conducts a four-year dental course leading to the Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) degree. The undergraduate programme comprises two pre-clinical ( SONY PCG-6W2L battery) (first two years) and two clinical years. The Faculty of Dentistry is organised into 3 academic departments covering the disciplines of Oral, and Maxillofacial Surgery, Preventive Dentistry and Restorative Dentistry. Dental education is delivered through comprehensive didatic and clinical sessions. The broad experience and specialisation of the academic staff combine to provide the dental undergraduate with the requisite skills for general practice( SONY PCG-5K1L battery). [edit]Design and Environment The School of Design and Environment (SDE) comprises three departments: Architecture, Building and Real Estate and a Division of Industrial Design.[24] Degree courses in building and estate management were first offered in 1969 in the then Department of Building and Estate Management. This was subsequently changed to the School of Building and Real Estate( SONY VGP-BPS8 battery). In June 2000 the Faculty of Architecture, Building and Real Estate changed its name to the School of Design & Environment. As a result of this change, Building and Real Estate were established as separate departments. SDE offers four undergraduate programmes: Bachelor of Arts (Architecture) (Hons), Bachelor of Arts (Industrial Design) (Hons), Bachelor of Science (Project and Facilities Management) (Hons), and Bachelor of Science (Real Estate) (Hons) ( SONY VGP-BPS8A battery). Graduate programmes offer specialisations in architecture, landscape architecture, building and real estate including scientific aspects of environmental control, building operations, project management and property management.[25] Engineering Faculty of Engineering The Faculty of Engineering (FOE) was launched in 1968. It is the largest faculty in the university and widely regarded as one of the top engineering schools in the world. In 2011 NUS Engineering was ranked 9th in the world for engineering and technology by the QS World University Rankings and 19th by the Times Higher Education( SONY VGP-BPL8 battery). In the 2012 QS World Subject Ranking, NUS engineering excelled, ranking 5th in Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 7th in Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering, 9th in Computer Engineering and 11th in Electrical Engineering. FOE offers both undergraduate and graduate degree programmes in the following fields.[26] Bioengineering Concurrent Degree (B.Eng Engineering + M.Sc Management) In addition, NUS offers 2 additional engineering programmes aimed at stretching students to their potential( SONY VGP-BPS9 battery). NUS Global Engineering Programme (GEP) This programme is introduced in 2009 to groom engineers-leaders with a global outlook. The programme encompasses the completion of the B.Eng (Hons) programme in 3 years, of which at least half a year of student exchange to top overseas universities (which includes Georgia Tech, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Wisconsin-Madison, KAIST, HKUST, Imperial College London) ( SONY VGP-BPS9/S battery). After which students continue to do a Masters at one of NUS partner universities. Whilst admission to the graduate programme is not guaranteed, many past students have gained placements in elite graduate schools, such as Cornell, ETH Zurich, etc. The programme comes with a GEP scholarship that covers undergraduate tuition fees and living allowance. All eligible candidate will be invited to an interview by top FOE Professors to assess suitability for the programme( SONY VGP-BPS9A battery). Design Centric Curriculum (DCC)[28] The Design-Centric Curriculum (DCC) is a flexible and innovative alternative learning pathway for engineering students uniquely offered by the NUS Faculty of Engineering. It complements the many options available to NUS engineering students. The DCC aims to nurture engineering graduates who not only possess depth of expertise in their fields of specialization, but also are able to( SONY VGP-BPS9A/B battery): Take on new challenges and be comfortable with tackling the unfamiliar Identify and define problems and formulate innovative and creative solutions Take ideas from conceptualization through to design, implementation and operation Engage in systems-level thinking and deal with complex systems Articulate ideas effectively Lead or work in a multi-disciplinary team Appreciate the cultural and social dimensions of design( SONY VGP-BPS9/B battery) Also, FOE also offers part-time undergraduate courses for polytechnic graduates and working professionals leading to the Bachelor of Technology (B-Tech) Programme. Graduate programmes include Master of Engineering (All engineering fields) Master of Science (All engineering fields) NUS-UIUC Master of Science (Chemical Engineering) NUS-TU Delft Double Masters in Civil Engineering (Hydraulic Engineering/Water Management) NUS-Imperial College London Joint PhD( SONY VGP-BPS9A/S battery) NUS-Superlec Joint PhD NUS-TU Eindhoven Joint PhD Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).[29] FOE consists of several divisions/departments. These divisions/departments are: Bioengineering; Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering; Civil & Environmental Engineering; Electrical & Computer Engineering; Engineering Science Programme; Industrial & Systems Engineering; Materials Science & Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Division of Engineering and Technology Management. ( SONY VGP-BPL9 battery) [edit]Law The law school was first established as a Department of Law in the then University of Malaya in 1956. The first law students were admitted to the Bukit Timah campus of the university the following year. In 1977, the faculty shifted to the Kent Ridge campus, but in 2006 it relocated back to the Bukit Timah site( SONY VGP-BPS10 battery). Apart from the traditional LLB which runs for four years, the law school also offers double honours degrees in Business Administration & Law, Economics & Law,[31] Law & Life Sciences,[32] and a concurrent degree program in Law & Public Policy.[33] For graduate students, the law school offers coursework LLM specializations[34] in areas such as Corporate and Financial Services Law( SONY VGP-BPL10 battery), Intellectual Property & Technology Law, International & Comparative Law, Maritime Law and Asian Legal Studies. Students seeking a global legal qualification can opt for the dual degree programme known informally as NYU@NUS which is a collaboration between NUS and New York University School of Law. The programme commences in Singapore in May, with NYU faculty flying to Singapore for intensive classes( SONY VGP-BPS11 battery), continues with the NUS semesters, and concludes in New York City with a programme designed to complement preparation to sit the New York Bar Exam. Students who want to combine their NUS degree with significant time in China should consider the LL.M. in International Business Law, which takes place in Singapore and Shanghai and is offered in partnership with the East China University of Political Science and Law. There is also and a PhD programme that’s available for graduate students( SONY VGP-BPL11 battery). Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (杨潞龄医学院) was first established as the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States Government Medical School in 1905. The School comprises departments such as the Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Anaesthesia, Anatomy, Biochemistry, Diagnostic Radiology, Epidemiology and Public Health( SONY VGP-BPL12 battery), Medicine, Microbiology, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Ophthalmology, Orthopaedic Surgery, Otolaryngology, Paediatrics, Pathology, Pharmacology, Physiology, Psychological Medicine, and Surgery. The School uses the British undergraduate medical system, offering a full-time undergraduate programme leading to the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). For Nursing( SONY VGP-BPS12 battery), the Bachelor of Science (Nursing) (conducted by the Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies) is offered. In 2011, the School is ranked as the top medical school in Asia and 12th in the world overall by the QS World University Rankings by Subject (Medicine). Graduate programmes include: Master of Medicine specialises in Anaesthesiology, Diagnostic Radiology, Emergency Medicine, Family Medicine, Internal Medicine( SONY VGP-BPS13 battery), Obestetrics & Gynaecology, Occupational Medicine, Ophthalomology, Orthopaedic Surgery, Otorhinolaryngology Paediatric Medicine, Psychiatry, Public Health, and Surgery. The MMed is often taken at the same time as the MRCP(UK), offered by the British Royal Colleges. Research-oriented MSc or PhD degree programmes to train biomedical scientists MBBS-PhD Programme to train medical-scientists for academia and industry( SONY VGP-BPS13Q battery) Part-time Graduate Diploma programmes in Dermatology, Family Medicine, Geriatric Medicine and Occupational Medicine Master of Nursing [edit]Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore Main article: Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School The Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore is an innovative collaboration between Duke University in North Carolina, United States and the National University of Singapore. It follows the American model of post-baccalaureate medical education. Students begin their medical studies after earning a bachelor’s degree. In this way( SONY VGP-BPS13A/Q battery), Duke-NUS is able to offer an innovative opportunity for students with the potential to excel in the field of medicine and biomedical sciences.[37] The school’s curriculum is based on that of Duke University’s School of Medicine: basic sciences (first year); clinical rotations (second year) and independent scholarship and research (third year). Upon successfully completing the course of study and fulfilling all requirements after their fourth year( SONY VGP-BPS13B/Q battery), students will be awarded a Joint Doctor of Medicine (M.D) degree from Duke University and the National University of Singapore. Duke-NUS also offers an M.D./PhD programme for students who are committed to intensive research-oriented clinical practice careers, combining biomedical research with the practice of clinical medicine. All MD/PhD candidates will complete the first two years of the MD programme( SONY VGP-BPS13/B battery). In lieu of their third year, candidates will begin the PhD programme. The PhD typically takes four years to complete, but timing will depend on the student’s area of research. After completing their PhD, students will return to the MD programme to complete their final year. It is estimated that it will take seven years to complete an MD/PhD at Duke-NUS.[38] Students( SONY VGP-BPS13B/B battery), who are admitted, will be offered a full scholarship for the PhD component as well as for the remaining tuition required to complete their M.D. training. A five-year PhD degree study in Integrated Biology and Medicine, which incorporates key aspects of Duke and NUS graduate programmes, is also available for students wishing to develop a successful career in biomedical research( SONY VGP-BPS13A/S battery). [edit]Science Main article: Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore Faculty of Science The Faculty of Science (FOS) comprises the departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Mathematics, Pharmacy, Physics, and Statistics & Applied Probability. Listed below are the primary majors offered by the Faculty. Except for Computational Biology and Pharmacy which are strict 4-year honours programmes, all majors allow students to graduate with a Bachelor's degree( SONY VGP-BPS21A/B battery). Department of Biological Sciences Computational Biology – jointly supported by the School of Computing Environmental Studies (Specialisation in Environmental Biology) – jointly supported by the Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Life Sciences – jointly supported by the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine Life Sciences (Specialisation in Environmental Biology) Life Sciences (Specialisation in Biomedical Sciences) Life Sciences (Specialisation in Molecular and Cell Biology) Department of Statistics and Applied Probability( SONY VGP-BPS21B battery) Statistics Statistics (with specialisation in Biostatistics) Statistics (with specialisation in Finance and Business Statistics) The faculty also offers a spread of minors, multidisciplinary programmes and special programmes for the educational broadening and enhancement of the students. [edit]Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy Main article: Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy The Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy (LKYSPP) (李光耀公共政策学院) was formally established in 2004 as an autonomous graduate school of the National University of Singapore. Although the School was formally launched in 2004, it inherited NUS' Public Policy Programme( SONY VGP-BPS21 battery), which was established in 1992 in partnership with Harvard University’s John F Kennedy School of Government. LKYSPP offers three master degree programmes: [edit]NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS) was established in 2003. The principal purpose of NGS is "to promote integrative PhD research encompassing both laboratory work and coursework programmes which not only transcend ( SONY VGP-BPS21/S battery)traditional subject boundaries but also provides students with a depth of experience about science and the way it is carried out".[39] Students admitted to NGS are invited to apply for the A*STAR Pre-Graduate Scholarship.[40] NGS’ PhD programmes are firmly anchored in cross-disciplinary research. It offers a spectrum of research areas, spanning science, engineering, related aspects of medicine, and interactive & digital media. NGS also offers the following PhD degree programmes( SONY VGP-BPS13AS battery). • Joint NUS-Imperial College Phd Programme • NUS PhD-MBA University Scholars Programme Main article: University Scholars Programme The University Scholars Programme (USP) aims to develop the intellectual, leadership, and personal potential of promising students. Students in the Programme graduate with an honours degree from their faculty if they meet the minimum requirements by the home department or school and a certificate that recognizes them as University Scholars having participated in the programme( SONY VGP-BPS13S battery). USP students are scholars in the sense that they love learning, and though many may also be awarded financial aid in the form of scholarships or studentships. USP is an honours programme where students are concurrently enrolled in one of six faculties or schools – Arts and Social Sciences, Business, Computing, Design and Environment, Engineering, and Science. The students do 30% of their academic work with USP, and 70% in their home faculty or school where they do their majors( SONY VGP-BPS13B/S battery). USP classes are taught in seminar style, with class sizes ranging from 10 to 35 so as to allow maximum interaction between professors and students. USP modules focus on critical thinking, analysis and interdisciplinary thought. The programme emphasizes students' ability to communicate and, through analysis, make connections across diverse fields( SONY VGP-BPS13B/G battery). Starting from August 2011, this ten-year-old programme includes a residential component where USP students live and learn together in the new USP residential college in NUS's University Town. All USP students will stay at the USP residential college in Year One and a second year over the course of their studies. Entry to the programme is highly competitive. Application is by transcript( SONY VGP-BPS14 battery), essay, and interview with our professors and alumni. Students are admitted based on their academic potential and co-curricular achievements, together with their passion, motivation, and curiosity. [edit]Yong Siew Toh Conservatory of Music The Yong Siew Toh Conservatory of Music (YSTCM) (杨秀桃音乐学院) is a collaboration between NUS and the Peabody Institute of Johns Hopkins University. Singapore’s first conservatory of music, YSTCM was founded as the Singapore Conservatory of Music in 2001( SONY VGP-BPL14 battery). The School was renamed Yong Siew Toh Conservatory of Music in recognition of a gift from the family of the late Dr Yong Loo Lin in memory of his daughter. The Conservatory presently offers a Bachelor of Music (Honours) degree, with majors in Performance (Piano and Orchestral Instruments) and Composition. This is a four-year full-time music degree programme with an emphasis on music performance and music academics( SONY VGP-BPS14/B battery). [edit]Residential colleges [edit]NUS University Town The NUS University Town (UTown) opened its doors in August 2011. Located across the NUS Kent Ridge campus; this is where some 2,400 undergraduate students, 1,700 graduate students and 1,000 researchers will work, live, and learn in close proximity. There are two residential colleges (Cinnamon and Tembusu Colleges), an Education Resource Centre and a Graduate Residence( SONY VGP-BPS14/S battery). When fully completed, there will be another two residential colleges for undergraduate students. Cinnamon College Cinnamon College houses the University Scholars Programme. The USP residential college community is set to provide a stimulating environment for intellectual and personal growth, and the USP experience will be intensely reinforced through the integration of curriculum, learning-beyond–the-classroom activities, and residential programmes( SONY VGP-BPS14B battery). The USP residential college will house 600 students and contain the administrative and faculty offices for USP and teaching classrooms. USP students will take modules at the college and follow the current USP curriculum. They will be required to take eight multidisciplinary modules specially designed for USP students, including the Writing and Critical Thinking module and University Scholars Seminars( SONY VGP-BPS22 battery). Students will have various options to fulfill their USP advanced curriculum requirements that include individual research with faculty mentors, and industrial and entrepreneurial attachments. Students also get to participate in overseas programmes and exchanges with some of the best universities in the world. They will be part of a closely knitted community and network of USP alums, faculty, staff and students( SONY VGP-BPS22 battery). Tembusu College Tembusu College is one of the first two Residential Colleges in University Town, a new extension to the main NUS campus at Kent Ridge. Tembusu houses mainly undergraduates, in addition to resident faculty, distinguished visiting scholars, and a few graduate fellows. Freshmen (matriculating first-year students) enrolling in any NUS faculty or programme apply to the College at the same time they apply to NUS( SONY VGP-BPS18 battery). Entry is competitive (an essay-based application followed by an interview) as only 200–230 students can be enrolled in any given year. Some students from non-modular faculties (whose course requirements may be reduced or waived) and students from overseas exchange programmes add to the residential mix. Students from any NUS faculty are eligible to apply( SONY VGP-BPS22/A battery). The College offers five multi-disciplinary modules fulfilling the "University-Level Requirements" (2 General Education modules, 2 Breadth modules, and 1 Singapore Studies module) which most NUS undergraduates must read to graduate. Students read the rest of their modules in their home faculties. A University Town Residential Programme Certificate is issued to eligible students along with the regular degree scroll( SONY VGP-BPS22A battery). Students from non-modular faculties (i.e. Law, Medicine, and Dentistry) also belong to the College, but with course-work tailored to their specific programmes. The Rector of Tembusu College is Singapore's Ambassador-at-Large and former U.N. Ambassador Prof. Tommy Koh, who is also the former Dean of the NUS Faculty of Law( SONY Vaio VGN-CR120E/W battery). [edit]Teaching centres [edit]Centre for Development of Teaching and Learning The Centre for Development of Teaching and Learning (CDTL) was first established in 1984 as the Centre for Educational Technology (CET). It was renamed to CDTL in 1996. The Centre oversees functions such as: Facilitating informed reflection among faculty on[46]: concepts of teaching, learning, and university education, and teaching practices that are consistent with these concepts; encouraging and spearheading educational innovations and initiatives( SONY Vaio VGN-CR120E/R battery); conducting research on educational philosophy, pedagogical theory, and educational practices; assisting University administration in the formulation of educational policies in matters such as teacher appraisal, peer review, selecting outstanding educators, student feedback and student assessment( SONY Vaio VGN-CR120E/P battery); developing and implementing teacher education programmes for faculty and teaching assistants; providing educational consultation and assistance to faculty; and exploring and promoting pedagogically sound innovative applications of instructional technology to teaching and learning, in collaboration with CIT. Centre for Instructional Technology( SONY Vaio VGN-CR120E/L battery) The Centre for Instructional Technology (CIT) was formed in 1999 to drive the use of technology in teaching and learning at NUS. It provides for the exploration, development and application of digital and audio-visual technologies to support and enhance teaching and learning. This is done through the NUS-developed Integrated Virtual Learning Environment and by developing new applications/services and incorporating multimedia content in courses for academia. ( SONY Vaio VGN-CR120E battery) Centre for English Language Communication The Centre for English Language Communication (CELC) was established in 1979 as the English Language Proficiency Unit (ELPU). It is a non-faculty teaching department in the National University of Singapore. CELC focuses on four areas: Developing students' English Language Skills; Enhancing students' communication skills; Providing training in English for Academic purposes; and Researching issues related to language teaching and learning. [edit]Institute of Systems Science( SONY Vaio VGN-CR120 battery) A specialty training institute of NUS, the Institute of Systems Science (ISS) offers professional information technology continuing education to managers and IT practitioners. ISS is a lifelong learning centre for strategic IT management, software technology, and knowledge engineering. ISS offers postgraduate degree programs( SONY Vaio VGN-CR11H/B battery), professional development short courses and certification training programs such as the Certified Information Technology Project Manager (CITPM) course. ISS is also a research center in on-line is education – its ISS Virtual Institute offers e-learning courses in IT Security and Object Oriented Analysis & Design. [edit]NUS Extension NUS Extension is the continuing education arm of NUS. It offers a comprehensive suite of courses in the following learning platforms( SONY Vaio VGN-CR116E battery): Professional and Management (Staying Relevant) Enterprise Leadership (Cultivating Leaders) Entrepreneurship Development (Nurturing Entrepreneurs) Personal Enrichment (Enhancing the Individual) In addition to courses for open enrolment, NUS Extension offers training programmes that are specially tailored to meet the unique needs of each individual organisation.[48] NUS High School of Mathematics and Science Main article: NUS High School of Mathematics and Science NUS High School of Mathematics and Science Campus( SONY Vaio VGN-CR116 battery) NUS High School of Mathematics and Science is a school specializing in math and science, and provides secondary and pre-tertiary education to many students with an inclination to these fields. Being an independent department of NUS, NUS High School students are instructed in the modular system, with a curriculum accredited by NUS, and have access to certain NUS resources. Also, all NUS High School students have the privilege of electing to read any NUS modules from three faculties: Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences( SONY Vaio VGN-CR115E battery), Faculty of Engineering and Faculty of Science before matriculation as long as they have the necessary foundation knowledge, as opposed to students of other secondary institutions who can only read one or two modules at best. The campus is also part of the NUS fibre optic network with an underground extension linking it to the main network( SONY Vaio VGN-CR115 battery). Research Strategic research initiatives to help the university achieve its goal of knowledge creation include: Leveraging on available expertise to establish a base of research across a broad range of disciplines Building peaks of research excellence Growing global research links Forging strong links between research and graduate education Among the major research focuses at NUS are biomedical and life sciences, physical sciences, engineering, nanoscience and nanotechnology, materials science and engineering, infocommunication and infotechnology( SONY Vaio VGN-CR110 battery), humanities and social sciences, and defence-related research. One of several niche research areas of strategic importance to Singapore being undertaken at NUS is bioengineering. Initiatives in this area include bioimaging, tissue engineering and tissue modulation. Another new field which holds much promise is nanoscience and nanotechnology. Apart from higher-performance but lower-maintenance materials for manufacturing( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ battery), defence, transportation, space and environmental applications, this field also heralds the development of accelerated biotechnical applications in medicine, health care and agriculture. [edit]Research institutes and centres Currently, NUS hosts 21 university-level research institutes and centres in various fields such as research on Asia, risk management, logistics, engineering sciences, mathematical sciences, biomedical and life sciences, nanotechnology to marine studies. Besides that( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ11S battery), NUS also hosts three Research Centres of Excellence which are the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Centre for Quantum Technologies and Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore – a partner in Singapore's fifth Research Centre of Excellence (RCE). Besides University-level RICs, NUS also has close affiliation with many National Research Centres / Institutes. [edit]Major research facilities Comparative Medicine (CM) CM is set up to provide professional and technical service for laboratory animal care, veterinary medical services, and animal research project support for NUS staff and students( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ15T battery). National University Medical Institutes (NUMI) NUMI focuses its efforts on the development of centralized research facilities and services for the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine in NUS and developing research programs in cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Besides such centralized facilities, many Faculties and Departments have facilities and equipment which could be made available to other NUS colleagues. More details could be obtained from the respective Faculty / Department website( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ15G battery). Technology Commercialisation Industry Liaison Office The NUS Industry Liaison Office (ILO) manages the University’s technology transfer and promotes research collaborations with industry and partners. ILO manages NUS intellectual property, commercialises its intellectual assets and facilitates the spinning off of technologies into start-up companies. Ms Irene Cheong[51] is the Director of ILO( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ4000 battery). Some recent industry partnerships enabled by ILO include a research agreement with Agilent, a licensing agreement with Cambridge Display Technology (a Sumitomo Chemical Group company), and a partnership with the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics. NUS spin-off companies supported by ILO include BioMers, Gatekeeper Laboratories, Clearbridge BioMedics, Clearbridge VitalSigns[58], and BioLynx Technologies( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ460E battery). ILO has set up the Research to Market (R2M) portal[60], to showcase NUS technologies and engage with industry. Technology sectors include the life sciences, interactive digital media, physical sciences and multi-disciplinary technologies. Another activity organised by ILO is the Technology Commercialisation Forum[61] (TCF), an annual event that brings together industry( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ440N battery), academia, researchers, investors and entrepreneurs to examine trends and issues involved in commercialising technology. In 2012, ILO has collaborated with the Association of University Technology Managers (AUTM) to organise TCF concurrently with AUTM Asia[62]. ILO organises technology specific events, looking to facilitate technology commercialisation in industry sectors. TechLaunch[63] is an event that focuses on technologies in the field of augmented reality, media search, image processing, gaming, language processing, web analysis and video processing( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ440E battery). World rankings NUS is consistently ranked amongst the best universities in Asia and the world. The Academic Ranking of World Universities places it in the range of 100–150 among world universities. In 2011, Quacquarelli Symonds in its QS World University Rankings[67] ranked NUS 28th in the world and 3rd among Asian Universities. The 2011–12 Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked NUS 40th in the world,[69] and the 3rd in Asia( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ430E battery). In their 2011 rankings, Forbes ranked the NUS Business School's Master of Business Administration (MBA) programme has emerged top in Singapore and Asia on Forbes' list and placed fourth Internationally after IESE Business School. The Financial Times places NUS School of Business at 23rd in their global MBA ranking tables( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ280E battery). Globalisation Global classroom NUS uses technology to link up campuses on different continents. An example is the Singapore-MIT Alliance which utilises Internet 2 technology to bring students from Singapore and MIT together in one virtual classroom for lectures and interactions via videoconferencing. Other initiatives implemented includes Integrated Virtual Learning Environment, which is used for IT-based teaching and learning resources( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ190 battery). A secure Plug-and-Play environment provides wireless connectivity to the university’s computer network and the Internet on campus. [edit]Global networking NUS is a member of a bunch of organisations involved in education and research. These include International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU), Association of Pacific Rim Universities (APRU), ASEAN University Network (AUN), Global Enterprise for Micro-Mechanics and Molecular Medicine (GEM4) and Universitas 21 (U21) ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ150E battery). [edit]International teaching and research partners NUS has several formalized teaching and research collaborations[73]: Research and Teaching Institutes Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore German Institute of Science & Technology Joint Laboratories with Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy Risk Management Institute Singapore – MIT Alliance( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ160 battery) Yale-NUS, also known as Yale NUS College, is a liberal arts college in Singapore planned to open in August 2013, as a joint project of Yale University, and the National University of Singapore. Pericles Lewis, a professor at Yale, has been appointed the founding president, effective 1 July 2012( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ260E battery). [edit]Campus facilities and resources University Cultural Centre [edit]IT and computing services The IT facilities and network are generally provided by its central IT department, Computer Centre. The university’s optical fibre network is one of the largest campus networks in the Asia Pacific region.[citation needed] NUSNET is used in research, teaching, learning and administration. In 2004, a campus-wide grid computing network based on UD Grid MP was deployed, connecting at least 1,000 computers( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ140E battery). This becomes one of the largest such virtual supercomputing facilities in the region. [edit]Library services The NUS Libraries comprises 7 libraries, namely, the Central Library, the Chinese Library, the CJ Koh Law Library, the Hon Sui Sen Memorial Library, the Medical Library, the Music Library, and the Science Library. Its primary clients are the NUS and NUS-affiliated research institutes( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ11L battery), students, teaching, research and administrative staff members, as well as a sizeable group of external members. Its collection encompasses subjects in architecture, building and real estate, business, dentistry, engineering, computer science, the humanities and social sciences, law, medicine, music, nursing and science. As of June 2010, there are close to 1.5 million unique titles, and 23,290 microform resources in the collection. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ11Z battery) The Library Portal, a one-stop gateway, offers the university community 24-hour access via the Internet to a rich array of electronic collection and services provided by the NUS Libraries. Besides the rich resources, the NUS Libraries provide an environment conducive for individual research and spaces for group interaction and learning( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ11M battery). Student accommodation An internal shuttle bus in NUS There are about 6,000 residential places distributed between Halls of Residence and Student Residences on campus. There is a free Internal Shuttle Bus Service that plies the entire campus seven days a week. Rooms are furnished with beds, mattresses, wardrobes, study tables, bookshelves and fans. There is a very small number of air-conditioned single rooms with attached bathrooms( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ18M battery). Points for telephone, cable television and the university's computer network are available in each room. The accommodation is divided into single room (single-occupancy) or double room (double-occupancy). Laundry rooms equipped with washing machines and coin-operated tumble dryers are located in each student accommodation( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ18 battery). [edit]Halls of residence NUS has 6 Halls of Residence with about 3,000 residential places. Each hall has a Senior Common Room Committee (SCRC) comprising the Resident Fellows (staff). Headed by a Hall Master, which is tasked to look after residents' well being. Residents are represented by elected student members to the Junior Common Room Committee (JCRC), which helps to promote the hall's social and cultural life( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ210CE battery). Kent Ridge Hall The six Halls of Residence are: Eusoff Hall (345 single rooms; 70 double rooms) Kent Ridge Hall (507 single) King Edward VII Hall (350 single; 60 double) Raffles Hall (213 single; 128 double) Sheares Hall (509 single) Temasek Hall (345 single; 70 double) [edit]Student residences NUS also has 3 Student Residences for undergraduate students with clusters of 11 to 15 single rooms with their own kitchen and bathroom facilities. Kitchen and dining areas are equipped with basic cooking appliances. The newly built university town houses Graduate Residence for graduate students with the option of both apartments and single rooms. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ31S battery) Each residence has a team of Resident Assistants (senior students) and Resident Advisors (either an academic or non-academic staff) to assist with any concerns that students may have. The 3 Student Residences are: The École polytechnique (commonly known as Polytechnique or, in France, by the nickname X) is a state-run institution of higher education and research in Palaiseau, Essonne, France, near Paris. The Polytechnique is renowned for its four year undergraduate/graduate[2] Master's program. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ31Z battery) Called the Ingénieur polytechnicien (polytechnic engineer) program, this attracts the strongest students from the two-year post-secondary-school science and math preparatory programs for the grandes écoles, provides those who pass the famously selective entrance exam with a broad scientific education,[4] and opens the way for many of them to careers in positions of influence in government, industry, finance, and research. In addition to the 2000 polytechnic engineer students ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ31E battery) (of which only 1000 study on campus), there are 200 students pursuing two-year[5] Master's degrees and 500 doctoral students, for a relatively small total enrollment of 2700. The Polytechnique was established during the French Revolution[6] in 1794 by Gaspard Monge, and it became a military school under Napoleon in 1804. It is still under the control of the French Ministry of Defence today. Initially, the school was located in the Latin Quarter of central Paris( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ31J battery), and it moved to Palaiseau on the Saclay Plateau about 14 km (8.7 mi) southwest of Paris in 1976.[7] It is a founding member of the ParisTech grouping of leading Paris-area engineering schools, established in 2007. The Polytechnique is one of the grandes écoles that have traditionally prepared technocrats to lead French government and industry, and has been one of the most privileged routes into the elite divisions of the civil service known as the grands corps de l'état( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ31M battery). This role is evolving. Since 1995, Polytechnique has admitted a significant number[8] of international applicants to its polytechnic engineer program,[9] and 20% of each cohort are now foreign students.[10] The portion of graduates pursuing further university education, such as a second Master's degree or a doctorate, rather than entering the French civil service, has been growing in recent years to over 30%( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ31B battery). History The cadets of Polytechnique rushed to the defence of Paris against the foreign armies in 1814. A statue set in the honour courtyard of the school commemorates this deed. A copy was installed in West Point. The École has more than 200 years of tradition:[11] 1794: The École centrale des travaux publics is founded by Lazare Carnot and Gaspard Monge, during the French Revolution, at the time of the National Convention. It is renamed "École polytechnique" one year later( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ32 battery). 1805: Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte settles the École on Montagne Sainte-Geneviève, in the Quartier Latin, in central Paris (48.847747°N 2.349043°E), as a military academy and gives its motto Pour la Patrie, les Sciences et la Gloire (For the Nation, science and glory). 1814: Students took part in the fights to defend Paris from the Sixth Coalition( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ410 battery). 1830: Fifty students participated the July Revolution. 1914–1918: Students are mobilised and the school is transformed into a hospital. More than two hundred students were killed during the war. 1939–1945: Polytechnique is moved away to Lyon in the free zone. More than four hundred polytechnicians died for France during the Second World War (Free French, French Resistance, Nazi camps) ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ21 battery). 1970: The École becomes a state supported civilian institution, under the auspice of the Ministry of Defence. 1972: Women are admitted to Polytechnique for the first time. 1976: The École moves from Paris to Palaiseau (approx 25 km / 15 miles from Paris) 1985: The École starts delivering Ph.D. degrees. 1994: Celebration of the bicentennial chaired by President François Mitterrand 2000: A new cursus is set in place, passing to 4 years and reforming the polytechnicien curriculum 2005: The École starts delivering Master's degrees( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ21S battery). 2007: The École is a founding member of UniverSud Paris and ParisTech. Organization and administration Military status Polytechnique flag guard on Bastille Day Military Parade 2008. Polytechnique is a higher education establishment[12] run under the supervision of the French ministry of Defence, through the General Delegation for Ordnance[13] (administratively speaking, it is a national public establishment of an administrative character). Though no longer a military academy, it is headed by a general, and employs military personnel in executive, administrative and sport training positions. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ21M battery)Both male and female French undergraduate polytechniciens are regular officers[15] and have to go through a period of military training before the start of studies. However, the military aspects of the school have lessened with time, with a reduced period of preliminary military training, and fewer and fewer students pursuing careers as military officers after leaving the school. On special occasions( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ38M battery), such as the military parade on the Champs-Élysées on Bastille Day, the polytechniciens wear the 19th-century-style “grand uniform”, with the famous bicorne, or cocked hat, but students have not typically worn a uniform on campus since the elimination of the “internal uniform” in the mid-1980s( Sony VAIO VGN-SZ battery). [edit]Activities and teaching staff Polytechnique has a combined undergraduate-graduate general engineering teaching curriculum as well as a graduate school. In addition to the faculty coming from its local laboratories, it employs many researchers and professors from other institutions, including other CNRS, INRIA and CEA laboratories as well as the École Normale Supérieure and nearby institutions such as the École Supérieure d'Électricité (Supélec) ( Sony VGN-NR11S/S Battery), the Institut d'Optique or the Université Paris-Sud, creating a varied and high-level teaching environment.[18] Contrary to French public universities, the teaching staff at Polytechnique are not civil servants (fonctionnaires)[19] but contract employees operating under regulations different from those governing university professors. An originality of Polytechnique is that in addition to full-time teaching staff (exercice complet) ( Sony VGN-NR11M/S Battery), who do research at the École in addition to a full teaching service, there are partial-time teaching staff (exercice incomplet) who do not do research on behalf of the École and carry only a partial teaching load.[20] Part-time teaching staff are often recruited from research institutions (CNRS, CEA, INRIA...) operating inside the École campus, in the Paris region, or even sometimes elsewhere in France( Sony VGN-NR260E/S Battery). [edit]Academic Profile Benoît Mandelbrot during his speech at the ceremony when he was made an officer of the Legion of Honour on September 11, 2006, at the École polytechnique [edit]The Polytechnicien studies “The mission of the Ecole Polytechnique is to train students capable of devising and achieving complex and innovative projects at the highest level possible, thanks to a strong pluriscientific culture( Sony VGN-NR260E/T Battery). Our mission is also to train young men and women in leadership skills so that they can become tomorrow's outstanding scientists, researchers, managers and public officials.[21] ” The Polytechnicien program is broader than typical French university studies, often including topics beyond one's specialty. This focus on breadth rather than depth has been hotly debated over the years, but it nevertheless forms a characteristic of the Polytechnicien program. It is particularly useful for cross fertilization purposes between different fields( Sony VGN-NR260E/W Battery), as graduates from Polytechnique most often have abilities in several disciplines; for example, they must follow at least six different topics during their second year. Humanities and sports are also mandatory parts of the curriculum, adding to the differences with most French university programs. [edit]Admission The admission to Polytechnique in the polytechnicien cycle is made through a very selective entrance examination( Sony VGN-NR11Z/S Battery), and requires at least two years of preparation after high school in classes préparatoires. Admission includes a week of written examinations during the spring followed by oral examinations that are handled in batches (séries) over the summer.[22] About 400 French students are admitted each year. Foreign students, having followed a classe préparatoire curriculum (generally, French residents or students from former French colonies in Africa) can also enter through the same competitive exam (they are known as “EV1”) ( Sony VGN-NR11Z/T Battery). Foreign students can also apply through a “second track” (“EV2”) following undergraduate studies. In total, there are about 100 foreign students each year and 64 nationalities are represented.[23] Most of them come from Lebanon, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, China, Vietnam, Iran, Romania, Turkey and Russia, India but some also from Canada, Cuba, Singapore, Malaysia and the United States( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ21E battery). Finally, some foreign students come for a single year from other top institutions in Europe and the United States.[24] [edit]Curriculum Four years of study are required for the engineering degree:[25] one year of military service and scientific "common trunk" (respectively 8 months and 4 months), one year of multidisciplinary studies, and one year of specialized studies (“majors”). With the X2000 reform, a fourth year of studies, in another institution than Polytechnique, was introduced( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ21Z battery). First year The curriculum begins with 8 months during which French students undergo civilian or military service. In the past, military service lasted 12 months and was compulsory for all French students; the suppression of the draft in France made this requirement of Polytechnique somewhat anachronistic, and the service was recast as a period of “human and military formation” ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ21J battery). All the French students spend one month together in La Courtine in a military training center. By the end of this month, they are assigned either to a civilian service or to the Army, Navy, Air Force or Gendarmerie. Students who are assigned to a military service complete a two-month military training in French officer schools such as Saint-Cyr or École Navale. Finally, they are spread out over a wide range of units for a five month long assignment to a French military unit ( Sony VAIO VGN-FW11 battery) (which can include, but is not limited to, infantry and artillery regiments, naval ships and air bases).[26] While French students stay under military status during their studies at Polytechnique, and participate in a variety of ceremonies and other military events, for example national ceremonies, such as those of Bastille Day or anniversaries of the armistices of the World Wars, they do not undergo military training per se after having completed their service in the first year. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FW11M battery) They receive at the end of the first year the full dress uniform, which comprises black trousers with a red strip (a skirt for females), a coat with brass buttons and a belt, a small sword and a cocked hat (officially called a bicorne). Francophone foreign students do a civilian service. Civilian service can, for instance, consist of being an assistant in a high school in a disadvantaged French suburb( Sony VAIO VGN-FW11S battery). Then, a four-month period begins in which all students take the same five courses: Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Physics, Computer Science and Economics. Second year The second year is a year of pluridisciplinary studies. The set of disciplines spans most areas of science (mathematics, applied mathematics, mechanics, computing science, biology, physics, chemistry, economics) and some areas in the humanities ( Sony VAIO VGN-FW21E battery) (foreign languages, general humanities...). Students have to choose 8 courses in at least 6 different disciplines. Third year In the third year, students have to choose an in-depth program (programme d'approfondissement), which often focuses on a discipline or sometimes an interdisciplinary subject. This year is ended by a research internship (3 months to 5 months) ( Sony VAIO VGN-FW21J battery). Fourth year The fourth year is the beginning of more specialized studies: students not entering a Corps de l'État must join either a Master's program, a doctorate program, another ParisTech college or institute such as the École des Mines de Paris or ENSAE, or a specialization institute such as Supaéro in Toulouse or ENSPM in Rueil-Malmaison( Sony VAIO VGN-FW21L battery). The reason for this is that the generic education given at Polytechnique is more focused on developing thinking skills than preparing for the transition to an actual engineering occupation, which requires further technical education. Increasingly, students chose to spend their fourth year studying in a foreign university. About a quarter of 3rd year students chose this path in 2008( Sony VAIO VGN-FW41M battery). American universities are a favourite, but the Ecole Polytechnique has agreements with universities in a large set of countries. [edit]Class rank and career path Grades of the second year of the curriculum are used to rank the students. Traditionally, this exit ranking of the school had a very high importance, and some peculiarities of the organizations of studies and grading can be traced to the need for a fair playing ground between students( Sony VAIO VGN-FW41M/H battery). For French nationals, the ranking is actually part of a government recruitment program: a certain number of seats in civil or military Corps, including elite civil servant Corps such as the Corps des Mines, are open to the student body each year. At some point during their course of study, students specify a list of Corps that they would like to enter in order of preference( Sony VAIO VGN-FW21M battery), and they are enrolled into the highest one according to their ranking. The next stepping stone for Polytechnique graduates, or polytechniciens, on this path is to enter one of four technical civil service training schools: the École des Mines, the École des Ponts et Chaussées, the ENST, or the ENSAE, thus joining one of the civil service bodies known as the grands corps techniques de l'État. Those who pursue this path are known as X-Mines( Sony VAIO VGN-FW21Z battery), X-Ponts, X-Télécoms and X-INSEE, respectively, with the X prefix, for Polytechnique, identifying them as particularly elite members of their corps. Since the X2000 reform, the importance of the ranking has lessened. Except for the Corps curricula, universities and schools where the Polytechniciens complete their educations now base their acceptance decisions on transcripts of all grades( Sony VAIO VGN-FW32J battery). Tuition and financial obligations For French nationals, tuition is free as long as the full curriculum is completed, and a salary is received throughout the school years at the level of a reserve officer in training. French students, through the student board (Caisse des élèves or Kès), redistribute some of their salary to foreign students, most of whom also benefit from grants( Sony VAIO VGN-FW17W battery). There is no particular financial obligation for students following the curriculum, and then entering an application school or graduate program that Polytechnique approves of. However, French students who choose to enter a civilian or military corps after Polytechnique are expected to complete 10 years of public service following their admission to the school (i.e. their 3 years at school count towards their time of service) ( Sony VAIO VGN-FW31E battery). If a student enters a Corps but does not fulfill those 10 years of public service (e.g. resigns from his or her Corps), the tuition fees are due to the school. Sometimes, when an alumnus quits a Corps to join a private company, that company will pay for the tuition fees which are then called the pantoufle (slipper) ( Sony VAIO VGN-FW139E battery). [edit]The graduate school Polytechnique organizes various Master's programs, by itself or in association with other schools and universities (in the Paris region, École Normale Supérieure, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris VI, École Supérieure d'Électricité (Supélec), other member institutions of ParisTech, Toulouse area and foreign partner universities) on a wide variety of topics( Sony VAIO VGN-FW139E/H battery). Access to those programs is not restricted to polytechniciens, although they are invited to join them and they make up one half of the students. The following Master's programmes are offered: Applied Mathematics (Mathematics and Modelling – Probability Theory and Finance – Probability Theory and Aleatory Models) Chemistry (Molecular Chemistry) Complex Information Systems (Design and Management of Complex Information Systems) Computer Science (Fundamental Computer Science) Economics (Quantitative Economics & Finance [M1] – Economic Analysis and Policy – Economics of Energy, Environment, Sustainable Development - Economics of Markets and Organizations) ( Sony VAIO VGN-FW465J battery) Mathematics (Analysis, Arithmetic and Geometry) Mechanics (Materials and Structural Mechanics - Sustainable building Materials – Fluid Mechanics: fundamentals and applications – Oceans, Atmosphere, Climate, Space Observations) Molecular and Cellular Biology (Structural and Functional Engineering of Biomolecules) Physics and Applications ( Sony VAIO VGN-FW31M battery) (Fundamental Concepts in Physics: Theoretical, Quantum, Solid State, Liquid & Soft Matter Physics - Optics, Matter and Plasmas – Materials Science and Nano-Objects – Fusion Sciences - Quantum Devices - Nanosciences - High Energy Physics) Sciences, Technologies, Society (Project, Innovation, Conception – Network Industry and Digital Economy - LoPHiSS/Science of Cognition & Complex Systems) and Polytechnique takes part in two degrees awarded by ParisTech: Nuclear Energy Transportation and Sustainable Development: Master ParisTech – Fondation Renault About 50% of Master's students come from abroad( Sony VAIO VGN-FW31J battery). [edit]The doctoral program The school also has a doctoral program open to students with a master's degree or equivalent.[27] Doctoral students generally work in the laboratories of the school; they may also work in external institutes or establishments that cannot, or will not, grant doctorates. About 35% of doctoral students come from abroad( Sony VAIO VGN-FW31Z battery). International Rankings In international rankings, Polytechnique is often placed among the best universities of the world. The Academic Ranking of World Universities, also known as the Shanghai Rankings, places Polytechnique in 2010 at 201-300 worldwide, and 8-13 in France. The THE-QS World University Rankings and its successor QS World University Rankings[28] (From 2010 two separate rankings are produced by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the QS World University Rankings) ( Sony VGN-NR11Z Battery) have placed Polytechnique 36th in the 2011 rankings, #2 among French institutions, behind École Normale Supérieure. Polytechnique is known for its extremely competitive entrance exam. It is the most selective French engineering school.[32] In rankings by French newspapers, Polytechnique almost always secures first place among French institutions. According to salary surveys its graduates are among the highest paid of all French graduates( Sony VGN-NR11S Battery). Research It has many research laboratories operating in various scientific fields (physics, mathematics, computer science, economics, chemistry, biology, etc.), most operated in association with national scientific institutions such as CNRS, CEA, or also INRIA( Sony VGN-NR110E Battery).
The University of Manchester (informally Manchester University or Manchester) is a public research university located in Manchester, United Kingdom. It was formed in October 2004 by the merger of the Victoria University of Manchester (established 1851) and the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (established 1824) sony vgp-bps2 battery. It is a member of the Russell Group of research-intensive British universities, the N8 Group and a "red brick" university, its Victoria University predecessor having gained a royal charter in 1903. As of 2012, the University of Manchester has around 39,000 students and 10,400 staff, making it the largest single-site university in the United Kingdom. sony vgp-bps3 battery More students try to gain entry to the University of Manchester than to any other university in the country, with more than 60,000 applications for undergraduate courses alone.[5] The University of Manchester had a total income of £808.6 million in 2010–11, of which £196.2 million was from research grants and contracts. sony vgp-bps4 batteryIn the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise,[6] the University of Manchester came third in terms of research power (after Cambridge and Oxford) and eighth for grade point average quality when including specialist institutions.[7] It has been described as part of the English "Ivy League" by The Daily Telegraph, along with 11 other universities.[8] According to the 2012 Highfliers Report, Manchester is the most targeted university by the Top 100 Graduate Employers. sony vgp-bps5 battery In the 2011 Academic Ranking of World Universities, Manchester is ranked 38th in the world, 6th in Europe and 5th in the UK.[11] It is ranked 29th in the world, 8th in Europe and 7th in the UK in the 2011 QS World University Rankings. The University of Manchester and its antecedent institutions have 25 Nobel Laureates among their past and present students and staff, the third-highest number of any single university in the United Kingdom (after Cambridge and Oxford) sony vgp-bps7 battery. Four Nobel laureates are currently among its staff – Sir Andre Geim (Physics, 2010), Sir Kostya Novoselov (Physics, 2010), Sir John Sulston (Physiology and Medicine, 2002) and Joseph Stiglitz (Economics, 2001). History Main articles: UMIST and Victoria University of Manchester The Old Quadrangle at the University of Manchester's main campus on Oxford Road. The University of Manchester can trace its roots back to the formation of the Mechanics' Institute (later to become UMIST) in 1824 sony vgp-bpl7 battery, and its history is closely linked to Manchester's emergence as the world's first industrial city.[12] The English chemist John Dalton, together with Manchester businessmen and industrialists, established the Mechanics' Institute to ensure that workers could learn the basic principles of science. Similarly, John Owens, a Manchester textile merchant, left a bequest of £96,942 in 1846 sony vgp-bps8 battery (around £5.6 million in 2005 prices) [13] for the purpose of founding a college for the education of males on non-sectarian lines. His trustees established Owens College at Manchester in 1851. It was initially housed in a building, complete with Adam staircase, on the corner of Quay Street and Byrom Street which had been the home of the philanthropist Richard Cobden sony vgp-bps8a battery, and subsequently was to house Manchester County Court. In 1873 it moved to new buildings at Oxford Road, Chorlton-on-Medlock and from 1880 it was a constituent college of the federal Victoria University. The university was established and granted a Royal Charter in 1880 to become England's first civic university; it was renamed the Victoria University of Manchester in 1903 and absorbed Owens College the following year. sony vgp-bps8b batteryBy 1905, the two institutions were large and active forces in the area, with the Municipal College of Technology, the forerunner of the later UMIST, forming the Faculty of Technology of the Victoria University of Manchester while continuing as a technical college in parallel with the advanced courses of study in the Faculty. Although UMIST achieved independent university status in 1955, the two universities continued to work together. sony vgp-bpl8 batteryBefore the merger, Victoria University of Manchester and UMIST between them counted 23 Nobel Prize winners amongst their former staff and students. Manchester has traditionally been particularly strong in the sciences, with the nuclear nature of the atom being discovered at Manchester by Rutherford, and the world's first stored-program computer coming into being at the university sony vgp-bps9 battery. Famous scientists associated with the university include the physicists Osborne Reynolds, Niels Bohr, Ernest Rutherford, James Chadwick, Arthur Schuster, Hans Geiger, Ernest Marsden and Balfour Stewart. However, the university has also contributed in many other fields, such as by the work of the mathematicians Paul Erdős, Horace Lamb and Alan Turing; the author Anthony Burgess sony vgp-bps9/s battery; philosophers Samuel Alexander, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Alasdair MacIntyre; the Pritzker Prize and RIBA Stirling Prize winning architect Norman Foster and the composer Peter Maxwell Davies all attended, or worked in, Manchester. The Victoria University of Manchester and the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology formally agreed to merge into a single institution in March 2003 sony vgp-bps9a/s battery. 2004 to present The Sackville Street Building, formerly the UMIST Main Building The University of Manchester was officially launched on 1 October 2004 when the Queen handed over the Royal Charter.[17] Following the merger, the university was named Sunday Times University of the Year in 2006 after winning the inaugural Times Higher Education Supplement University of the Year prize in 2005 sony vgp-bps9/b battery. The founding President and Vice-Chancellor of the new university was Alan Gilbert, former Vice-Chancellor of the University of Melbourne, who retired at the end of the 2009-2010 academic year.[19] Gilbert's successor was Professor Dame Nancy Rothwell, who had held a chair in physiology at the university since 1994 sony vgp-bps9a/b battery. One of the university's aims stated in the Manchester 2015 Agenda is to be one of the top 25 universities in the world. This follows Alan Gilbert's aim for the university to 'establish it by 2015 among the 25 strongest research universities in the world on commonly accepted criteria of research excellence and performance'.[20] As of 2011, four Nobel laureates are currently among its staff: Andre Geim, Konstantin Novoselov, Sir John Sulston and Joseph E. Stiglitz sony vgp-bps9a battery. In August 2012, it was announced that the University of Manchester's Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences had been chosen to be the 'hub' location for a new BP International Centre for Advanced Materials. One Central Park The main site of the University contains the vast majority of its facilities and is often referred to simply as campus. Despite this, Manchester is not a campus university as the concept is commonly understood sony vgp-bps9b battery. It is centrally located and the buildings of the main site are integrated into the fabric of Manchester, with non-university buildings and major roads between them. Campus occupies an area shaped roughly like a boot: the foot of the boot is aligned roughly south-west to north-east and is joined to the broader southern part of the boot by an area of overlap between former UMIST and former VUM buildings;[23] it comprises two parts sony vgp-bpl9c battery: North campus, centred on Sackville Street South campus, centred on Oxford Road. These names are not officially recognised by the University, but are commonly used, including in parts of its website; another usage is Sackville Street Campus and Oxford Road Campus. They roughly correspond to the campuses of the old UMIST and Victoria University respectively, although there was already some overlap before the merger sony vgp-bpl9 battery. Fallowfield Campus is the main residential campus of the University. It is located in Fallowfield, approximately 2 miles (3 km) south of the main site. There are a number of other university buildings located throughout the city and the wider region, such as One Central Park (in the northern suburb of Moston) and Jodrell Bank Observatory (in the nearby county of Cheshire). The former is a collaboration between Manchester University and other partners in the sony vgp-bps10 batteryregion which offers office space to accommodate new start-up firms as well as venues for conferences and workshops. Major projects The atrium inside the new £38m Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre Following the merger, the University embarked on a £600 million programme of capital investment, to deliver eight new buildings and 15 major refurbishment projects by 2010, partly financed by a sale of unused assets. These include Sony VGP-BPS12 Battery: £60 m Flagship University Place building (new) £56 m Alan Turing Building: housing Mathematics, the Photon Sciences Institute and the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics (new) £50 m Life Sciences Research Building (A. V. Hill Building) (new) £38 m Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre (MIB) (new) £33 m Life Sciences and Medical and Human Sciences Building (Michael Smith Building) (new) £31 m Humanities Building - now officially called the "Arthur Lewis Building" (new) £20 m Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (WMIC) (new) Sony VGP-BPL12 Battery£18 m Re-location of School of Pharmacy £17 m John Rylands Library, Deansgate (new extension & refurbishment of existing building) £13 m Chemistry Building £10 m Functional Biology Building The EPSRC announced in Feb 2012 the formation of a National Institute for Graphene Research. The University of Manchester is the "single supplier invited to submit a proposal for funding the new £45m institute, £38m of which will be provided by the government" - (EPSRC & Technology Strategy Board) Sony VGP-BPS13 BatteryThe Old Quadrangle The buildings around the Old Quadrangle date from the time of Owens College, and were designed in a Gothic style by Alfred Waterhouse (and his son Paul Waterhouse). The first to be built (in 1873) was the John Owens Building (formerly the Main Building: the others were added over the next thirty years. In fact, the Rear Quadrangle is older than the Old Quadrangle Sony VGP-BPS13B/Q battery. Today, the museum continues to occupy part of one side (including the tower) and the grand setting of the Whitworth Hall is used for the conferment of degrees. Part of the old Christie Library (1898) now houses Christie's Bistro, and the remainder of the buildings house administrative departments. Main article: Contact Theatre Sony VGP-BPS13/Q batteryThe Contact Theatre largely stages modern live performance and participatory work for younger audiences. The present fortress-style building on Devas Street was completed in 1999 but incorporates parts of its 1960s predecessor. It features a unique energy-efficient system, using its high towers to naturally ventilate the building without the use of air conditioning Sony VGP-BPS13A/B battery. The colourful and curvaceous interior houses three performance spaces, a lounge bar and Hot Air, a reactive public artwork in the foyer. Jodrell Bank Observatory Main article: Jodrell Bank Observatory The Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics is a combination of the astronomical academic staff, situated in Manchester, and the Jodrell Bank Observatory in rural land near Goostrey, about ten miles (16 km) west of Macclesfield away from the lights of Greater Manchester Sony VGP-BPS13/S battery. The observatory boasts the third largest fully movable radio telescope in the world, the Lovell Telescope, constructed in the 1950s. It has played an important role in the research of quasars, pulsars and gravitational lenses, and has played a role in confirming Einstein's theory of General Relativity. Chancellors Hotel and Conference Centre Main articles: Manchester Conference Centre and Chancellors Hotel & Conference Centre Chancellors Hotel & Conference Centre Sony VGP-BPS13/B batteryFormerly named The Firs, the original house was built in 1850 for Sir Joseph Whitworth by Edward Walters, who was also responsible for Manchester’s Free Trade Hall and Strangeways Prison. Whitworth used The Firs mainly as a social, political and business base, entertaining radicals of the age such as John Bright, Richard Cobden, William Forster and T.H. Huxley at the time of the Reform Bill of 1867 Sony VGP-BPS13B/S battery. Whitworth, credited with raising the art of machine-tool building to a previously unknown level, supported the new Mechanics Institute in Manchester – the birthplace of UMIST - and helped to found the Manchester School of Design. Whilst living in the house, Whitworth used land to the rear (now the site of the University's botanical glasshouses) for testing his "Whitworth rifle" Sony VGP-BPS13A battery. In 1882, The Firs was leased to C.P. Scott, Editor of the Manchester Guardian. After Scott's death the house became the property of Owens College, and was the Vice-Chancellor's residence until 1991. The old house now forms the western wing of Chancellors Hotel & Conference Centre at the University. The newer eastern wing houses the circular Flowers Theatre, six individual conference rooms and the majority of the 75 hotel bedrooms Sony VGP-BPS13A/S battery. Organisation and administration The university's Whitworth Hall; this archway was the inspiration for the logo of the Victoria University of Manchester [edit]Faculties and schools Despite its size, the University of Manchester is divided into only four faculties, each sub-divided into schools: Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences consisting of the Schools of Medicine; Dentistry; Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work; Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; and Psychological Sciences Sony VGP-BPS13AS battery. Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences consisting of the Schools of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science; Chemistry; Computer Science; Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Science; Physics and Astronomy; Electrical & Electronic Engineering; Materials; Mathematics; and Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering Sony VGP-BPS13S battery. Faculty of Humanities includes the School of Arts, Histories and Cultures (incorporating Archaeology; Art History & Visual Studies; Classics and Ancient History; Drama; English and American Studies; History; Museology; Music; and Religions and Theology). The other Schools are Combined Studies; Education; Environment and Development; Architecture; Sony VGP-BPS13A/Q battery Languages, Linguistics and Cultures; Law; Social Sciences and the Manchester Business School. Faculty of Life Sciences unusually consisting of a single school. Finances In the financial year ending 31 July 2011, the University of Manchester had a total income of £808.58 million (2009/10 – £787.9 million) and total expenditure of £754.51 million (2009/10 – £764.55 million).[1] Key sources of income included £247.28 million from tuition fees and education contracts (2009/10 – £227.75 million) Sony VGP-BPS13A/R battery, £203.22 million from funding body grants (2009/10 – £209.02 million), £196.24 million from research grants and contracts (2009/10 – £194.6 million) and £14.84 million from endowment and investment income (2009/10 – £11.38 million).[1] During the 2010/11 financial year the University of Manchester had a capital expenditure of £57.42 million (2009/10 – £37.95 million). Sony VGP-BPS13AB batteryAt year end the University of Manchester had endowments of £158.7 million (2009/10 – £144.37 million) and total net assets of £731.66 million (2009/10 – £677.12 million). Academics The University of Manchester has the largest number of full-time students in the UK, unless the University of London is counted as a single university. It teaches more academic subjects than any other British university Sony VGP-BPS13B battery. Well-known figures among the University's current academic staff include computer scientist Steve Furber, economist Richard Nelson,[28] novelist Colm Tóibín[29] and biochemist Sir John Sulston, Nobel laureate of 2002. Research The 76 m Lovell Telescope at Jodrell Bank Observatory. The University of Manchester is a major centre for research and is a member of the Russell Group of leading British research universities. Sony VGP-BPS13B/B battery In the first national assessment of higher education research since the university’s founding, the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise, the University was ranked third in terms of research power (after Cambridge and Oxford) and sixth for grade point average quality among multi-faculty institutions[31] (eighth when including specialist institutions) Sony VGP-BPL21 batteryManchester has the largest research income of any British university (after Oxford, Imperial, UCL and Cambridge).[32] (these five universities have been informally referred to as the 'golden diamond' of research-intensive UK institutions).[33] Manchester has a particularly strong record in terms of securing funding from the three main UK research councils, EPSRC, MRC and BBSRC, being ranked fifth, Sony VGP-BPS21 battery7th[35] and first[36] respectively. In addition, the university is also one of the richest in the UK in terms of income and interest from endowments: in a recent estimate it was placed third, surpassed only by Oxford and Cambridge.[37] Despite the recent severe cuts in higher education Manchester remains at second place behind Oxford nationally in terms of total recurrent grants allocated by the HEFCE. Sony VGP-BPS21A batteryHistorically, Manchester has been linked with high scientific achievement: the university and its constituent former institutions combined had 25 Nobel Laureates among their students and staff, the third largest number of any single university in the United Kingdom (after Oxford and Cambridge) and the ninth largest of any university in Europe. Furthermore Sony VGP-BPS21B battery, according to an academic poll two of the top ten discoveries by university academics and researchers were made at the University (namely the first working computer and the contraceptive pill).[39] The university currently employs four Nobel Prize winners amongst its staff, more than any other in the UK. Sony VGP-BPS26 BatteryMedicine Old Medical School on Coupland Street (photographed in 1908), which now houses the School of Dentistry The origins of the Manchester Medical School go back to the The School of Anatomy established at Manchester Royal Infirmary by Joseph Jordan in 1814. Medical education has continued there since this time. The college was formally established in 1874 and is one of the largest in the country, Sony VGP-BPS26A Battery with over 400 medical students being trained in each of the clinical years and over 350 students in the pre-clinical/phase 1 years. Approximately 100 students who have completed pre-clinical training at the Bute Medical School (University of St Andrews) join the third year of the undergraduate medical programme each year. The university's Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences has links with a large number of NHS hospitals in the North West of England and maintains presences in its four base hospitals Sony VGP-BPS13 battery(without CD): Manchester Royal Infirmary (located at the southern end of the main university campus on Oxford Road), Wythenshawe Hospital, Hope Hospital and the Royal Preston Hospital. All are used for clinical medical training for doctors and nurses. In 1883, a dedicated department of pharmacy was established at the University and, in 1904, Manchester became the first British university to offer an Honours degree in the subject. The School of Pharmacy Sony VGP-BPS13B/Q battery(without CD) also benefits from the university's links with the Manchester Royal Infirmary and Wythenshawe and Hope hospitals. All of the undergraduate pharmacy students gain hospital experience through these links and are the only pharmacy students in the UK to have an extensive course completed in secondary care.[43] Moreover, the university is a founding partner of the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, established to focus high-end healthcare research in Greater Manchester Sony VGP-BPS13/Q battery(without CD). Future development plans include collaboration plans with Manchester City Football Club and the National Health Service (NHS) to establish a world-leading research facility on sports science and treatment in Sportcity. Further details of the plans are expected to be revealed in the summer of 2011 Sony VGP-BPS13A/B battery(without CD). Dentistry The university's Dental School is widely regarded as the leading institute for dental education in the UK. In the Times Higher Education Guide it was rated the best dental school in the UK in 2010 and 2011.[46] It is one of the best funded dental schools in the UK, due to its great emphasis on research and the modernising of learning. The university has also obtained multi-million pound backing to maintain its high standard of dental education. Sony VGP-BPS13/S battery(without CD) The number of applicants to the dental school far exceeds the number of places available; in 2011 there were 1000 applicants for 75places.[48] Graduates have enjoyed some of the best employment prospects of UK dental school graduates.[49] The Dental School's enquiry-based learning approach has proved popular with students and many other UK dental schools are now adopting this teaching style. Sony VGP-BPS13/B battery(without CD)The University Dental Hospital of Manchester is part of Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. The Dental Hospital was established in 1884 in association with the School of Medicine at Owens College. It was then at Grosvenor Street, Chorlton on Medlock and in 1892 removed to another house, in Devonshire Street Sony VGP-BPS13B/S battery(without CD). Fund raising was then slow in response to a public appeal and only in 1908 was the hospital able to occupy a new building on Oxford Road next to the Manchester Museum, designed in the Edwardian Baroque style by the architects Charles Heathcote & Sons. In 1905 the University established a degree and a diploma in dental surgery (these were first awarded in 1909 and 1908 respectively) Sony VGP-BPS13A battery(without CD). A contribution from Godfrey Ermen towards the cost of building the hospital is recorded on a stone tablet near the entrance. John Rylands University Library The John Rylands Library, from Deansgate: Spinningfield Square to left Main article: John Rylands University Library The university's library, the John Rylands University Library, is the largest non-legal deposit library in the UK, as well as being the UK's third-largest academic library after those of Oxford and Cambridge. It also has the largest collection of electronic resources of any library in the UK Sony VGP-BPS13A/S battery(without CD). The oldest part of the library, the John Rylands Library, founded in memory of John Rylands by his wife Enriqueta Augustina Rylands as an independent institution, is situated in a Victorian Gothic building on Deansgate, Manchester city centre. This site houses an important collection of historic books and other printed materials, manuscripts, including archives and papyri Sony VGP-BPS13S battery(without CD). The papyri are in various ancient languages and include the oldest extant New Testament document, Rylands Library Papyrus P52, commonly known as the St John Fragment. In April 2007 the Deansgate site reopened to readers and the public, following major improvements and renovations, including the construction of the pitched roof originally intended and a new wing in Spinningfield Sony VGP-BPS13A/Q battery(without CD). Manchester Museum Main article: Manchester Museum The entrance to the Manchester Museum The Manchester Museum holds nearly 4.25 million[53] items sourced from many parts of the world. The collections include butterflies and carvings from India, birds and bark-cloth from the Pacific, live frogs and ancient pottery from America, fossils and native art from Australia, mammals and ancient Egyptian craftsmanship from Africa, plants, coins and minerals from Europe, art from past civilisations of the Mediterranean Sony VGP-BPS13A/R battery(without CD), and beetles, armour and archery from Asia. In November 2004, the museum acquired a cast of a fossilised Tyrannosaurus rex called "Stan". The history of the museum goes back to 1821, when the first collections were assembled by the Manchester Society of Natural History and later increased by those of the Manchester Geological Society. Due to the society's financial difficulties and on the advice of the great evolutionary biologist Thomas Huxley, Owens College accepted responsibility for the collections in 1867 Sony VGP-BPS13AB battery(without CD). The college commissioned Alfred Waterhouse, the architect of London’s Natural History Museum, to design a museum building to house these collections for the benefit of students and the public on a new site in Oxford Road. The Manchester Museum was finally opened to the public in 1888. Whitworth Art Gallery Main article: Whitworth Art Gallery The Whitworth Art Gallery Sony VGP-BPS13B battery(without CD)The Whitworth Art Gallery is home to collections of internationally famous British watercolours, textiles and wallpapers, as well as of modern and historic prints, drawings, paintings and sculpture. It contains some 31,000 items in its collection. A programme of temporary exhibitions runs throughout the year, with the Mezzanine Court serving as a venue for showing sculpture. It was founded by Robert Darbishire with a donation from Sir Joseph Whitworth in 1889 Sony VGP-BPS13B/B battery(without CD), as The Whitworth Institute and Park. 70 years later in 1959 the gallery became officially part of the University of Manchester.[55] In October 1995 a Mezzanine Court in the centre of the building was opened. This new gallery, designed chiefly for the display of sculptures, won a RIBA regional award Sony VGP-BPL21 battery(without CD). Rankings and reputation According to The Sunday Times, "Manchester has a formidable reputation spanning most disciplines, but most notably in the life sciences, engineering, humanities, economics, sociology and the social sciences".[5] The 2009 THE - QS World University Rankings found Manchester overall 26th in the world. It was also ranked by the same report 5th internationally by employer reviews Sony VGP-BPS21 battery(without CD) (along with MIT and Stanford and ahead of Yale and Cornell) by receiving a maximum 100% rating which the university has retained since 2008. The separate 2011 QS World University Rankings[66] found that Manchester had slipped to 29th overall in the world (in 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings and QS World University Rankings parted ways to produce separate rankings) Sony VGP-BPS21A battery(without CD). The Academic Ranking of World Universities 2011 published by the Institute of Higher Education of Shanghai Jiao Tong University ranked Manchester 5th in the UK, 6th in Europe and 38th in the world. If US universities are excluded then the ARWU places Manchester as 10th in the world for 2011. According to the ARWU rankings for 2009 the university is 9th in Europe for natural sciences and 4th in engineering Sony VGP-BPS21B battery(without CD). Similarly the HEEACT 2009 rankings for scientific performance place Manchester 5th in Europe for engineering,[70] 8th for natural sciences and 3rd for social sciences. And finally THES ranks Manchester 6th in Europe for technology,[73] 10th for life sciences and 7th for social sciences.[75] More recently a survey by the Times Higher Education Supplement has shown that Manchester is placed 6th in Europe in the area of Psychology & Psychiatry. Sony VGP-BPS14/B Battery According to a further ranking by SCImago Research Group Manchester is ranked 5th in Europe amongst higher education institutions in terms of sheer research output for 2011.[77] In terms of research impact a further ranking places Manchester 6th in Europe.[78] Manchester is also one of only seven universities in Europe which are rated Excellent in all seven main academic departments (Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, Psychology Sony VGP-BPS14B Battery, Economics and Political Science) by the 2010 Centre for Higher Education's Development's Excellence Rankings. The Manchester Business School is currently ranked 29th worldwide (4th nationally) by the Financial Times. The latest THES rankings place Manchester 11th in Europe with respect to research volume, income and reputation[81] and 7th in the UK Sony VGP-BPS14/S Battery. According to the High Fliers Research Limited's survey, University of Manchester students are being targeted by more top recruiters for graduate vacancies than any other UK university students for three consecutive years (2007–2009). Furthermore the university has been ranked joint 20th in the world for 2009 according to the Professional Ranking of World Universities. Sony VGP-BPL14/B Battery Its main compilation criterion is the number of Chief Executive Officers (or number 1 executive equivalent) which are among the "500 leading worldwide companies" as measured by revenue who studied in each university. The ranking places the University only behind Oxford nationally. Manchester is ranked 5th among British universities according to a popularity ranking which is based on the degree of traffic that a university's website attracts Sony VGP-BPL14 Battery. Also a further report places Manchester within the top 20 universities outside the US. Manchester was also given a prestigious award for Excellence and Innovation in the Arts by the Times Higher Education Awards 2010.[87] At a recent ranking undertaken by the Guardian, Manchester is placed 5th in the UK in international reputation behind the usual four: Oxbridge, UCL and Imperial.[88] Furthermore, according to the latest QS World University Rankings Sony VGP-BPL14B Battery, Manchester is ranked 4th in Europe strictly in terms of both academic and employer reputation. However, while as a rule world rankings (such as the ARWU, THES and HEEACT[90]) typically place the university within the top 10 in Europe, national studies are less complimentary; The Times 'Good University Guide 2011’[91] ranked Manchester 30th out of 113 Universities in the UK Sony VGP-BPL14/S Battery, ‘The Complete University Guide 2012' in association with The Independent placed it at 29th out of 116 universities[92] whilst ‘The Guardian University Guide 2012’ ranked Manchester at 41st out of 119 universities in the UK.[93] This apparent paradox is mainly a reflection of the different ranking methodologies employed by each listing: global rankings focus on research and international prestige, whereas national rankings are largely based on teaching and the student experience Sony VGP-BPS14 Battery. Manchester University Press Main article: Manchester University Press Manchester University Press is an academic publishing house which exists as part of the university. It publishes academic monographs as well as textbooks and journals, the majority of which are works from authors based elsewhere in the international academic community, and is the third largest university press in England after Oxford University Press and Cambridge University Press Sony VGP-BPL15/B Battery. Main article: University of Manchester Students' Union The University of Manchester Students' Union (UMSU) is the representative body of students at the University of Manchester and is the UK's largest students' union. It was formed out of the merger between UMIST Students' Association (USA) and University of Manchester Union (UMU) when the parent organisations UMIST and the Victoria University of Manchester merged on 1 October 2004 Sony VGP-BPS15/B Battery. Unlike many other students' unions in the UK, it does not have a president, but is instead run by a 14 member executive team (eight full-time, six voluntary) who share joint responsibility. Sport The University's Boat Club is one of many Athletic Union Clubs that Manchester offers.[94] Unlike some universities, the University of Manchester operates its own sports clubs via the Athletics Union. Student societies on the other hand are operated by the Students' Union Sony VGP-BPL15/S Battery. Today the university can boast more than 80 health and fitness classes while over 3,000 students are members of the 44 various Athletic Union clubs. The sports societies in Manchester vary widely in their level and scope. Many of the more popular sports have several university teams as well as departmental teams which may be placed in a league against other teams within the university. Common teams include Sony VGP-BPS15/S Battery: lacrosse, korfball, dodgeball, hockey, rugby league, rugby union, football, basketball, netball and cricket. The Manchester Aquatics Centre, the swimming pool used for the Manchester Commonwealth Games is also on the campus. The university competes annually in 28 different sports against Leeds and Liverpool universities in the Christie Cup, which Manchester has won for seven consecutive years. Sony VGP-BPS15 Battery The university has also achieved considerable success in the BUCS (British University & College Sports) competitions, with the mens water polo 1st team winning the national championships in both 2009 and 2010. It was positioned in eighth place in the overall BUCS rankings for 2009/10 The Christie Cup is an inter-university competition between Liverpool, Leeds and Manchester in numerous sports since 1886 Sony VGP-BPS18 battery. After the Oxford and Cambridge rivalry, the Christie's Championships is the oldest Inter–University competition on the sporting calendar: the cup was a benefaction of Richard Copley Christie. Every year elite sportsmen and sportswomen at the university are selected for membership of the XXI Club, a society that was formed in 1932 and exists to promote sporting excellence at the university. Most members have gained a Full Maroon for representing the university and many have excelled at a British Universities or National level Sony VGP-BPS22 Battery. University Challenge Since merging as the University of Manchester, the university has consistently reached the latter stages on the BBC2 quiz programme University Challenge. The team has progressed to the semi-finals every year of the competition since 2005. In 2006, Manchester beat Trinity Hall, Cambridge, to record the university's first triumph in the competition Sony VPCEH13FX/B Battery. The year after, the university finished in second place after losing out to the University of Warwick in the final. In 2009, the team battled hard in the final against Corpus Christi College, Oxford. At the gong, the score was 275 - 190 to Corpus Christi College after an extraordinary performance from Gail Trimble. However, the title was eventually given to the University of Manchester after it was discovered that Corpus Christi team member Sam Kay had graduated eight months before the final was broadcast Sony VPCEH13FX/L Battery, so that the team was disqualified. Manchester reached the semi-finals in the 2010 competition before being beaten by Emmanuel College, Cambridge. The university did not enter the 2011 series for a unknown reason. However, Manchester did enter a year later and won University Challenge 2012. Student housing Ashburne Hall, a catered accommodation offered mainly to undergraduate students, though some places are reserved for postgraduate students Sony VPCEH13FX/P BatteryBefore they merged, the two former universities had for some time been sharing their residential facilities. Main campus Whitworth Park Halls of Residence These halls are owned by the University of Manchester and house 1,085 students of that university. It is most notable for the unique triangular shape of the accommodation blocks which gave rise to the nickname of "Toblerones", after the chocolate bar Sony VPCEH13FX/W Battery. The designer of these unique 'Toblerone' shaped buildings took his inspiration from the hill which has been there since 1962, when as a result of a nearby archaeological dig (led by John Gater) the hill was created from the excavated soil. A consequence of this triangular design was a much reduced cost for the contracted construction company Sony VPCEH15EG/B Battery. Due to a deal struck between the University and Manchester City Council, which meant that the council would pay for the roofs of all student residential buildings in the area, Allan Pluen's team is believed to have saved thousands on the final cost of the halls. They were built in the mid 1970s. It is also said by alumni, that the then University of Victoria got a grant for building the halls, and the then government would pay for the roof if they paid for the rest, hence they made very large roofs and not many bricks Sony VPCEH1AJ Battery. Dilworth House, one of the Whitworth Park halls of residence The site of the halls was previously occupied by many small streets whose names have been preserved in the names given to the halls. Grove House is a much older building and has been used by the University for many different purposes over the last sixty years. Its first occupants in 1951 were the Appointments Board and the Manchester University Press.[99] The shops in Thorncliffe Place were part of the same plan and include banks and a convenience store Sony VPCEH1E1E Battery. Notable people associated with the halls are Friedrich Engels whose residence on the site is commemorated by a blue plaque on Aberdeen House; the physicist Brian Cox; Irene Khan, Secretary general of Amnesty International; and Big Brother winner Omar Chaparro. Sackville Street Sony VPCEH1J1E BatteryThe former UMIST Campus has five halls of residence near to Sackville Street building (Weston, Lambert, Fairfield, Chandos, and Wright Robinson), and several other halls within a 5-15 minute walk away, such as the Grosvenor group of halls. Other accommodation The former Moberly Tower has been demolished. There are also Vaughan House (once the home of the clergy serving the Church of the Holy Name)and George Kenyon Hall at University Place Sony VPCEH1J8E Battery; Crawford House and Devonshire House adjacent to the Manchester Business School and Victoria Hall in Higher Cambridge Street. [edit]Fallowfield and Victoria Park Campuses The Fallowfield Campus, situated 2 miles (3.2 km) south of the main university campus (the Oxford Road Campus), is the largest of the university's residential campuses. The Owens Park group of halls with its landmark tower lies at the centre of it, while Oak House is another large hall of residence. Woolton Hall is also on the Fallowfield campus next to Oak House Sony VPCEH1L0E BatterySony VPCEH1L8E Battery. Allen Hall is a traditional hall situated near Ashburne Hall (Sheavyn House being annexed to Ashburne). Richmond Park is also a relatively recent addition to the campus. Victoria Park Campus, comprises several halls of residence. Among these are St Anselm Hall with Canterbury Court and Pankhurst Court, Dalton-Ellis Hall, Hulme Hall (including Burkhardt House), St Gabriel's Hall and Opal Gardens Hall. St Anselm Hall is the only all-male hall left in the United Kingdom Sony VPCEH1L9E Battery. Main article: List of University of Manchester people Many notable and famous people have worked or studied at one or both of the two former institutions that merged to form the University of Manchester, including 25 Nobel prize laureates. Some of the best-known include John Dalton (founder of modern atomic theory), Ludwig Wittgenstein (considered one of the most significant philosophers of the 20th century), George E. Davis (founder of the discipline of Chemical Engineering) Sony VPCEH1M1E Battery, Bernard Lovell (a pioneer of radio astronomy), Alan Turing (one of the founders of computer science and artificial intelligence), Tom Kilburn and Frederic Calland Williams (who developed Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM) or "Baby", the world's first stored-program computer at Victoria University of Manchester in 1948), Irene Khan (current Secretary General of Amnesty International), the author Anthony Burgess and Robert Bolt Sony VPCEH1M9E Battery (two times Academy Award winner and three times Golden Globe winner for screenwriting Lawrence of Arabia and Doctor Zhivago). Additionally, a number of politicians are associated with the university, including the current Presidents of The Republic of Ireland, Belize, Iceland and Trinidad and Tobago, as well as several ministers among others in the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Canada and Singapore and also Chaim Weizmann, a chemist and the first President of Israel Sony VPCEH1S0E Battery. A number of well-known actors also studied at the University of Manchester, including Benedict Cumberbatch, leading actor in the BBC television drama Sherlock. [edit]Nobel prize winners Overall, there have been 25 Nobel Prizes awarded to staff and students past and present, with some of the most important discoveries of the modern age being made in Manchester. Chemistry Ernest Rutherford (awarded Nobel prize in 1908), for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances Sony VPCEH1S1E Battery. Arthur Harden (awarded Nobel prize in 1929), for investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes. Walter Haworth (awarded Nobel prize in 1937), for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C. George de Hevesy (awarded Nobel prize in 1943), for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes Sony VPCEH1S8E Battery. Robert Robinson (awarded Nobel prize in 1947), for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids. Alexander Todd (awarded Nobel prize in 1957), for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes. Melvin Calvin (awarded Nobel prize in 1961), for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants Sony VPCEH1S9E Battery. John Charles Polanyi (awarded Nobel prize in 1986), for his contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes. Michael Smith (awarded Nobel prize in 1993), for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies Sony VPCEH1Z1E Battery. Physics Joseph John (J. J.) Thomson (awarded Nobel prize in 1906), in recognition of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases. William Lawrence Bragg (awarded Nobel prize in 1915), for his services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays. Niels Bohr (awarded Nobel prize in 1922), for his fundamental contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics Sony VPCEH2C0E Battery. Charles Thomson Rees (C. T. R.) Wilson (awarded Nobel prize in 1927), for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour. James Chadwick (awarded Nobel prize in 1935), for the discovery of the neutron. Patrick M. Blackett (awarded Nobel prize in 1948), for developing cloud chamber and confirming/discovering positron Sony VPCEH2D0E Battery. Sir John Douglas Cockcroft (awarded Nobel prize in 1951), for his pioneer work on the splitting of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles and also for his contribution to modern nuclear power. Hans Bethe (awarded Nobel prize in 1967), for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars Sony VPCEH2E0E Battery. Nevill Francis Mott (awarded Nobel prize in 1977), for his fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems. Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov (awarded Nobel prize in 2010), for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene.[100] Physiology and Medicine Archibald Vivian Hill (awarded Nobel prize in 1922), for his discovery relating to the production of heat in muscle. One of the founders of the diverse disciplines of biophysics and operations research Sony VPCEH2F1E Battery. Sir John Sulston (awarded Nobel prize in 2002), for his discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'. In 2007, Sulston was announced as Chair of the newly founded Institute for Science, Ethics and Innovation (iSEI) at the University of Manchester Sony VPCEH2H1E Battery. Economics John Hicks (awarded Nobel prize in 1972), for his pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory. Sir Arthur Lewis (awarded Nobel prize in 1979), for his pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries. Joseph E. Stiglitz (awarded Nobel prize in 2001), for his analyses of markets with asymmetric information Sony VPCEH2J1E Battery. Currently, Professor Joseph E. Stiglitz heads the Brooks World Poverty Institute (BWPI) at the University of Manchester. The University of Bristol (informally Bristol) is a public research university located in Bristol, United Kingdom.[8] One of the British red brick universities, it received its Royal Charter in 1909, although its predecessor institution, University College, Bristol, had been in existence since 1876 Sony VPCEH2L9E Battery. Bristol has been named inside the global top 30 by the QS World University Ranking.[11] It has an average of 14 applicants for each undergraduate place, and average A-level attainment of successful entrants equivalent to four grade As.[citation needed] For the most popular courses, such as Economics and Law, the applicant to place ratio is 40:1. Sony VPCEH2M1E Battery The University had a total income of £408.8 million in 2010/11, of which £106.7 million was from research grants and contracts.[13] It is the largest independent employer in Bristol.[14] Current academics include 18 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences, 10 Fellows of the British Academy, 13 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 31 Fellows of the Royal Society Sony VPCEH2M9E Battery. Bristol is a member of the Russell Group of research-intensive British universities,[16] the European-wide Coimbra Group and the Worldwide Universities Network, of which the University's Vice-Chancellor Prof. Eric Thomas was Chairman from 2005 to 2007. The earliest antecedent of the university was the engineering department of the Merchant Venturers’ Technical College (founded as a school as early as 1595) Sony VPCEH2N1E Battery which became the Engineering faculty of Bristol University.[19] The University was also preceded by Bristol Medical School (1833) and University College, Bristol, founded in 1876,[10] where its first lecture was attended by only 99 students.[20] The University was able to apply for a Royal Charter due to the financial support of the Wills and Fry families, who made their fortunes in tobacco plantations and chocolate, respectively Sony VPCEH2P0E Battery. The Wills Family made a vast fortune from the tobacco industry and gave generously to the city and University. The Royal Charter was gained in May 1909, with 288 undergraduates and 400 other students entering the University in October 1909. Henry Overton Wills III became its first chancellor.[10] The University College was the first such institution in the country to admit women on the same basis as men.[10] However, women were forbidden to take examinations in medicine until 1906. Sony VPCEH2Q1E BatteryHistorical development Main article: History of the University of Bristol Since the founding of the University itself in 1909, it has grown considerably and is now one of the largest employers in the local area, although it is smaller by student numbers than the nearby University of the West of England.[23] Bristol does not have a campus but is spread over a considerable geographic area. Most of its activities Sony VPCEH2S9E Battery, however, are concentrated in the area of the city centre, referred to as the "University Precinct". It is a member of the Russell Group of research-led UK universities, the Coimbra Group of leading European universities and the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN). The Wills Memorial Building (School of Earth Sciences) on Park Street, Bristol. The tower was cleaned in 2006–2007 Sony VPCEH2Z1E Battery. Most of the buildings here are used by the University. The Wills Memorial Building is left of centre. Viewed from the Cabot Tower on Brandon Hill The Victoria Rooms. Comprising the world renowned School of Music. The School of Medical Sciences Royal Fort and the Physics department The School of Geography The Faculty of Engineering Queen's Building Early years After the founding of the University College in 1876, Government support began in 1889. After mergers with the Bristol Medical School in 1893 and the Merchant Venturers' Technical College in 1909, Sony VPCEH3B1E Battery this funding allowed the opening of a new Medical School and an Engineering School—two subjects that remain among the University's greatest strengths. In 1908, gifts from the Fry and Wills families, particularly £100,000 from Henry Overton Wills III (£6m in today's money), were provided to endow a University for Bristol and the West of England, provided that a Royal Charter could be obtained within two years Sony VPCEH3D0E Battery. In December, 1909, the King granted such a Charter and erected the University of Bristol. Henry Wills became its first Chancellor and Conwy Lloyd Morgan the first Vice-Chancellor. Wills died in 1911 and in tribute his sons George and Harry built the Wills Memorial Building, starting in 1913 and finally finishing in 1925. Today, it houses parts of the academic provision for earth sciences and law, and graduation ceremonies are held in its Great Hall Sony VPCEH3N1E Battery. The Wills Memorial Building is a Grade II* listed building. In 1920, George Wills bought the Victoria Rooms and endowed them to the University as a Students' Union. The building now houses the Department of Music and is a Grade II* listed building. At the point of foundation, the University was required to provide for the local community. This mission was behind the creation of the Department of Extra-Mural Adult Education in 1924 to provide courses to the local community Sony VPCEH3N6E Battery. This mission continues today; a new admissions policy specifically caters to the 'BS' postcode area of Bristol.[29] Among the famous names associated with Bristol in this early period is Paul Dirac, who graduated in 1921 with a degree in engineering, before obtaining a second degree in mathematics in 1923 from Cambridge. For his subsequent pioneering work on quantum mechanics, he was awarded the 1933 Nobel Prize for Physics. Later in the 1920s Sony VPCEH3T9E Battery, the H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory was opened by Ernest Rutherford. It has since housed several Nobel Prize winners: Cecil Frank Powell (1950); Hans Albrecht Bethe (1967); and Sir Nevill Francis Mott (1977). The Laboratory stands on the same site today, close to the Bristol Grammar School and the city museum Sony VPCEJ1E1E Battery. Sir Winston Churchill became the University's third Chancellor in 1929, serving the University in that capacity until 1965. He succeeded Richard Haldane who had held the office from 1912 following the death of Henry Wills. During World War II, the Wills Memorial was bombed, destroying the Great Hall and the organ it housed. It has since been restored to its former glory, complete with oak panelled walls and a new organ Sony VPCEJ1J1E Battery. Post-war development In 1946, the University established the first drama department in the country.[10] In the same year, Bristol began offering special entrance exams and grants to aid the resettlement of servicemen returning home. Student numbers continued to increase, and the Faculty of Engineering eventually needed the new premises that were to become Queen's Building in 1955 Sony VPCEJ1L1E Battery. This substantial building housed all of the University's engineers until 1996, when Electrical Engineering and Computer Science moved over the road into the new Merchant Venturers' Building to make space for these rapidly expanding fields. Today, Queen's Building caters for most of the teaching needs of the Faculty and provides academic space for the "heavy" engineering subjects (civil, mechanical, and aeronautical) Sony VPCEJ1M1E Battery. With unprecedented growth in the 1960s, particularly in undergraduate numbers, the Student's Union eventually acquired larger premises in a new building in the Clifton area of the city, in 1965. This building was more spacious than the Victoria Rooms, which were now given over to the Department of Music. The new Union provides many practice and performance rooms, some specialist rooms, as well as three bars Sony VPCEJ1S1E Battery: Bar 100; the Mandela (also known as AR2) and the Avon Gorge. Whilst spacious, the Union building is thought by many to be ugly and out of character compared to the architecture of the rest of the Clifton area, having been mentioned in a BBC poll to find the worst architectural eyesores in Britain. The University has proposed relocating the Union to a more central location as part of its development 'masterplan'. Sony VPCEJ1Z1E Battery More recently, plans for redevelopment of the current building have been proposed. The 1960s were a time of considerable student activism in the United Kingdom, and Bristol was no exception. In 1968, many students marched in support of the Anderson Report, which called for higher student grants. This discontent culminated in an 11-day sit-in at the Senate House (the administrative headquarters of the University) Sony VPCEJ25FG/B Battery. A series of Chancellors and Vice-Chancellors led the University through these decades, with Henry Somerset, 10th Duke of Beaufort taking over from Churchill as Chancellor in 1965 before being succeeded by Dorothy Hodgkin in 1970 who spent the next 18 years in the office. As the age of mass higher education dawned, Bristol continued to build its student numbers. The various undergraduate residences were repeatedly expanded and, more recently Sony VPCEJ2B1E Battery, some postgraduate residences have been constructed. These more recent ventures have been funded (and are run) by external companies in agreement with the University. Since 1988, there have been only two further Chancellors: Sir Jeremy Morse, then chairman of Lloyds Bank who handed over in 2003 to Brenda Hale, the first female Law Lord. One of the few Centres for Deaf Studies in the United Kingdom was established in Bristol in 1981, followed in 1988 by the Norah Fry Centre for research into learning difficulties Sony VPCEJ2D1E Battery. Also in 1988, and again in 2004,[39] the Students' Union AGM voted to disaffiliate from the National Union of Students (NUS). On both occasions, however, the subsequent referendum of all students reversed that decision and Bristol remains affiliated to the NUS. In 2002, the University was involved in argument over press intrusion after details of the son of then-Prime Minister Tony Blair's application to university were published in national newspapers. As the number of postgraduate students has grown Sony VPCEJ2E1E Battery (particularly the numbers pursuing taught Master's Degrees), there eventually became a need for separate representation on University bodies and the Postgraduate Union (PGU) was established in 2000.[40][dead link] Universities are increasingly expected to exploit the intellectual property generated by their research activities and, in 2000, Bristol established the Research and Enterprise Division (RED) to further this cause (particularly for technology-based businesses) Sony VPCEJ2J1E Battery. In 2001, the university signed a 25-year research funding deal with IP2IPO, an intellectual property commercialisation company.[41] In 2007, research activities were expanded further with the opening of the Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation and Science (ACCIS) and The Bristol Institute for Public Affairs (BIPA). In 2002, the University opened a new Centre for Sports, Exercise and Health in the heart of the University precinct. At a cost, local residents are also able to use the facilities. Sony VPCEJ2L1E BatteryExpansion of teaching and research activities continues. In 2004, the Faculty of Engineering completed work on the Bristol Laboratory for Advanced Dynamics Engineering (BLADE). This £18.5m project[44][dead link] provides cutting-edge technology to further the study of dynamics and is the most advanced such facility in Europe. It was built as an extension to the Queen's Building and was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in March 2005 Sony VPCEJ2S1E Battery. In January, 2005, The School of Chemistry was awarded £4.5m by the Higher Education Funding Council for England to create Bristol ChemLabS: a Centre for Excellence in Teaching & Learning (CETL), with an additional £350k announced for the capital part of the project in February, 2006. Bristol ChemLabS stands for Bristol Chemical Laboratory Sciences; it is the only Chemistry CETL in the UK Sony VPCEJ2Z1E Battery. September 2009 saw the opening of the University's Centre for Nanoscience and Quantum Information. This £11 million state of the art building is dubbed as the quietest building in the world and has other technologically sophisticated features such as self-cleaning glass. Advanced research into quantum computing, nanotechnology, materials and other disciplines are being undertaken in the building Sony VPCEJ3T1E Battery. There is also a plan to significantly redevelop the centre of the University Precinct in the coming years. The first step began in September 2011, with the start of construction of a state-of-the-art Life Sciences building. In a time of heavy financial pressures on all Universities, this £50 million project is a clear statement that Bristol is committed to world class research and teaching facilities Sony VPCEJM1E Battery. 2003 admissions controversy Main article: University of Bristol admissions controversy The University has been regarded as being elitist by some commentators,[49] taking 41% of its undergraduate students from non-state schools, according to the most recent 2009/2010 figures, despite the fact that such pupils make up just 7% of the population and 18% of 16+ year old pupils across the UK. The high ratio of undergraduates from non-state school has led to some tension at the university Sony VPCEL1E1E Battery. In late February and early March 2003, Bristol became embroiled in a row about admissions policies, with some private schools threatening a boycott based on their claims that, in an effort to improve equality of access, the University was discriminating against their students. These claims were hotly denied by the University. In August, 2005, following a large-scale survey Sony VPCEL2S1E Battery, the Independent Schools Council publicly acknowledged that there was no evidence of bias against applicants from the schools it represented. The University has a new admissions policy, which lays out in considerable detail the basis on which any greater or lesser weight may be given to particular parts of an applicant's backgrounds—in particular, what account may be taken of which school the applicant hails from Sony VPCEL3S1E Battery. This new policy also encourages greater participation from locally resident applicants. Campus The Great Hall of the Wills Memorial Building, here used for an award ceremony for the Queen Elizabeth's Hospital. Some of the University of Bristol's buildings date to its pre-charter days when it was University College Bristol. These buildings were designed by Charles Hansom, the younger brother of Joseph Hansom, Joseph being the inventor of the Hansom Cab Sony VPCS11V9E/B Battery. These buildings suffered being built in stages due to financial pressure. George Oatley added to them a tower in memory of Albert Fry which can still be seen on University Road. The first large scale building project the University of Bristol undertook on gaining a charter was the Wills Memorial Building which it was hoped would be a symbol of academic permanence for the University and a memorial to the chief benefactor of the University Henry Overton Wills Sony VPCF115FG/B Battery. It was requested to the architect George Oatley that the building be built to last at least 400 years but the site purchased, at the top of Park Street suffered from an awkward slope and a desirability to link the building with the Museum and Art Gallery situated adjacent to the plot. The architecture critic Roger Gill has stated that the building is "remarkable in size" but noted that the "ambience of a medieval University was strangely lacking" Sony VPCF117HG/BI Battery. He goes on to criticise the building as a "sham" and a "folly".[56] The armorials on the Founder's Window represent all of the interests present at the founding of the University of Bristol including the Wills and Fry families. The Tyndalls Park Estate and Royal Fort House were also purchased from the trustees of the Tyndall family allowing the University to expand Sony VPCF119FC Battery. Many Departments in the Faculty of Arts are housed in large Victorian houses which have been converted for teaching. Goldney gardens entered the property of the University of Bristol through George Wills who had hoped to build an all male hall of residence there. This was prevented due to the moral objection of the then warden of Clifton Hall House who objected to the idea of male and female residences being in such close proximity Sony VPCF11JFX/B Battery. University records show that Miss Starvey was prepared to resign over the issue and that she had the support of the then Chancellor Conwy Lloyd Morgan.[58] Eventually land was purchased in Stoke Bishop allowing Wills Hall to be bought, allowing the building of what has been described as a "quasi-Oxbridge" hall, to which was added the Dame Monica Wills Chapel added by George Wills' widow after his death Sony VPCF11M1E Battery. The Gardens of Goldney Hall were acquired by the Wills family Burwalls, a mansion house on the other side of the Avon Gorge, was used as a halls of residence in the past and was a home of Sir George Oatley. The building is now used to house the Centre for Continuing Education.[59] Many of the more modern buildings, including Senate House and the newer parts of the HH Wills Physics Laboratory Sony VPCF11M1E/H Battery, were designed by Raplh Brentnall after funds from the University Grants Committee. He is also responsible for the extension to the Wills Memorial Building library which was completed to such standard that few now realise that is an extension to the original building.[60] Brentnall oversaw the rebuilding of the Great Hall of the Wills Memorial Building after it was partly destroyed during the Bristol Blitz of World War II Sony VPCF11S1E Battery. The buildings of St Michael's Hill were rebuilt using hundreds of old photographs in order to recreate the original houses. The flats at Goldney Hall were designed by Michael Grice and received an award from the Civic Trust for their design.[61] Bristol University owns some of the best examples of Georgian architecture in the city, the best examples being Royal Fort House, Clifton Hill House and Goldney Hall despite some additions. Sony VPCF11Z1E Battery The Victoria Rooms which house the Music Department were designed by Charles Dyer and is seen as a good example of a Greek revival movement in British architecture. The tympanum of the building depicts a scene from The Advent of Morning designed by Jabez Tyley. Its major feature was a large organ which has since been destroyed by fire Sony VPCY119FJ Battery. Academic reputation Bristol is known for academics, excellent facilities, and a desirable location. League tables usually place Bristol within the top ten universities in the United Kingdom and it attracts many academically gifted students. For example, the 21 July 2011 edition of Times Higher Education reported that Bristol was fifth in a UK league table for the highest proportion of students with A-level grades AAB or better. Sony VPCY11AFJ Battery Internationally, the 2011 QS World University Rankings[64] placed Bristol at 30th overall in the world, moving up three places from its position in the 2009 THE-QS World University Rankings (in 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings and QS World University Rankings parted ways to produce separate rankings). The rankings also placed Bristol at 15th in the world in terms of reputation with employers, placing higher than several American Ivy League universities Sony VPCY11AGJ Battery, including Princeton University, Cornell and UPenn.[65] Another international ranking, the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Academic Ranking of World Universities, placed Bristol 70th globally in 2011 [66] The Times Higher Education World University Ranking placed Bristol at 66th in 2011.[67] According to data published in The Telegraph Bristol has the third-highest percentage of 'good honours' of any UK university, behind Oxford and Cambridge. Sony VPCY11AHJ Battery In the 2010 Centre for Higher Education's Development's Excellence Rankings, Bristol is one of only four UK Universities (Oxford, UCL and Manchester) to be rated Excellent in all seven departments.[69] However Bristol gained some of the lowest scores for student satisfaction in the 2008 National Student Survey and The Daily Telegraph have reported of student complaints about teaching quality Sony VPCY11M1E Battery. This has led to the recent deterioration in the University's rankings in the UK league tables, although it still ranks highly in international league tables. The following courses offered by University of Bristol, managed to reach top 5 in the Times ranking (2008): Computer Science(3rd); Electrical and Electronic Engineering(3rd); Civil Engineering(5th); Biological Sciences(3rd); Mathematics (3rd); and Psychology (4th) Sony VPCY11S1E Battery. Furthermore, the QS World University Rankings place Bristol in the world's top 100 universities for all subject areas in 2011: Arts and Humanities (57th), Natural Sciences (40th), Engineering & IT (83rd), Social Sciences (65th) and Life Sciences (70th).[72] A further breakdown of the QS World University Natural Sciences Ranking shows the following: Earth Sciences (25th),[73] Mathematics (35th), Environmental Sciences (39th), Physics (41st),[76] and Chemistry (48th) Sony VPCY11V9E Battery. In addition, Bristol is particularly strong in the field of social sciences, particularly in Economics, Finance and Management, and was recently rated 4th in the 2008 Guardian University Guide for Business and Management Studies.[78] In 2011, The Guardian also ranked Bristol as 3rd in the UK for Geography, just behind 2nd place Oxford[79] and ranked Bristol as 1st in the UK for Music. Sony VPCY11V9E/S BatteryBristol is also known for its research strength, having 15 departments gaining the top grade of 5* in the 2001 Research Assessment Exercise. Overall, 36 out of 46 departments rated gained the top two ratings of 5 or 5*, and 76% of all the academic staff working in departments scored these top two levels.[81][82] In terms of teaching strength, Bristol had an average Teaching Quality Assessment score of 22.05/24 before the TQA was abolished.[83] For admission in October 2010 Sony VPCY218EC/BI Battery, Bristol reported an average of 10.2 applications per place with the average A-level score on admission being 478.5.[84] Bristol's drop-out rate is also lower than the benchmark set by HEFCE of no more than 3.1%. Degrees Bristol awards a range of academic degrees spanning bachelor's and master's degrees as well as junior doctorates and higher doctorates. The postnominals awarded are the degree abbreviations used commonly among British universities Sony VPCY21S1E/L Battery. The University is part of the Engineering Doctorate scheme,[133] and awards the Eng. D. in systems engineering, engineering management, aerospace engineering and non-destructive evaluation.[134] Bristol notably does not award by title any Bachelor's degrees in music, which is available for study but awarded B.A. (although it does award M.Mus. and D.Mus.), nor any degree in divinity, since divinity is not available for study (students of theology are awarded a B.A.) Sony VPCY21S1E/P Battery. Similarly, the University does not award B.Litt. (Bachelor of Letters), although it does award both M.Litt. and D.Litt. In regulations, the University does not name M.D. or D.D.S. as higher doctorates, although they are in many universities.[135] as these degrees are normally accredited professional doctorates Sony VPCY21S1E/SI Battery. The degrees of D.Litt., D.Sc., D.Eng., LL.D. and D.Mus., whilst having regulations specifying the grounds for award,[136] are most often conferred as honorary degrees (in honoris causa). Those used most commonly are the D.Litt., D.Sc. and LL.D., with the M.A. (and occasionally the M.Litt.) also sometimes conferred honorarily for distinction in the local area or within the University Sony VPCYA15EC/B Battery. Governance Main article: Governance of the University of Bristol In common with most UK universities, Bristol is headed formally by the Chancellor, currently Baroness Hale of Richmond and led on a day-to-day basis by the Vice-Chancellor, currently Prof Eric Thomas, who is the academic leader and chief executive. There are two Pro Vice-Chancellors and three ceremonial Pro-Chancellors Sony VPCYA15EC/R Battery. The Chancellor may hold office for up to ten years and the Pro-Chancellors for up to three, unless the University Court determines otherwise, but the Vice-Chancellor and Pro-Vice-Chancellors have no term limits. The Vice Chancellor is supported by a Deputy Vice-Chancellor. Responsibility for running the University is held at an executive level by the Vice-Chancellor, but the Council is the only body that can recommend changes to the University's statutes and Charter,[143] with the exception of academic ordinances SONY VGN-FZ11E battery. These can only be made with the consent of the Senate, the chief academic body in the University which also holds responsibility for teaching and learning, examinations and research and enterprise.[143][144] The Chancellor and Pro Chancellors are nominated by Council and appointed formally by Court, whose additional powers are now limited to these appointments and a few others, including some lay members of Council SONY VGN-FZ11L battery. Finally, Convocation, the body of all staff, ceremonial officers and graduates of the University, returns 100 members to Court and one member to Council,[138] but is otherwise principally a forum for discussion and to ensure graduates stay in touch with the University. The University of Bristol Union building Main article: University of Bristol Union The University has a Students' Union, the University of Bristol Union, which claims to have the largest Students' Union building in the country. From this location, the student radio station BURST (Bristol University Radio Station) SONY VGN-FZ11M battery broadcasts and the student paper Epigram has its office. In terms of student life, the Union is responsible for the organisation of the annual freshers' fair, the coordination of Bristol Student Community Action, which organises volunteering projects in the local community, and the organisation of entertainment events and student societies. Bristol Improv are a society which regularly performs improvisational comedy for students and locals alike in a number of free shows every month SONY VGN-FZ11S battery. Previous presidents have included Sue Lawley and former Liberal Democrat MP Lembit Öpik. There is a separate union for postgraduate students, as well as an athletic union, which is a member of the British Universities & Colleges Sport. In distinction to the 'blues' awarded for sporting excellence at Oxford and Cambridge, Bristol's outstanding athletes are awarded 'reds' SONY VGN-FZ11Z battery. Halls of residence Main article: Halls of residence at the University of Bristol Wills Hall Accommodation for students is primarily in the central precinct of the University and two areas of Bristol: Clifton and Stoke Bishop.[150] In Stoke Bishop, Wills Hall on the edge of the Clifton Downs was the first to be opened, in 1929, by then-Chancellor Winston Churchill. Its original quadrangle layout has been expanded twice, in 1962 and 1990.[150] Churchill Hall, named for the Chancellor SONY VGN-FZ130E/B battery, followed in 1956, then Badock Hall in 1964. At the time of Badock Hall's establishment, some of the buildings were called Hiatt Baker Hall, but two years later, Hiatt Baker moved to its own site and is now the largest hall in the University. The first self-catering hall in Stoke Bishop was University Hall, established in 1971 with expansion in 1992. The University's newest undergraduate residence, Durdham Hall, was opened in Stoke Bishop in 1994 SONY VGN-FZ130E battery. All of the main halls elect groups of students to the Junior Common Room to organise the halls social calendar for the next year. Goldney Hall In Clifton, Goldney Hall was built first in the early 18th century by a wealthy merchant family of the same surname and eventually became part of the University in 1956. It is a popular location for filming, with The Chronicles of Narnia, The House of Eliott and Truly, Madly, Deeply, as well as episodes of Only Fools and Horses and Casualty, being filmed there. SONY VGN-FZ150E battery The Grotto in the grounds is a Grade I listed building.[155] Clifton Hill House is another Grade I listed building now used as student accommodation in Clifton. The original building was constructed between 1745 and 1750 by Isaac Ware, and has been used by the University since its earliest days in 1909. Manor Hall comprises five separate buildings, the principal of which was erected from 1927–1932 to the design of George Oatley following a donation from Henry Herbert Wills SONY VGN-FZ15G battery. Clifton Hill House One of its annexes, Manor House, has recently been refurbished and officially 'reopened' in 1999. Goldney Hall has beautiful gardens and modern accommodation complexes. Clifton Hill House has more dated facilities, but as with all the Clifton residences also possesses attractive gardens. Manor Hall houses the largest and most dated rooms, some dating back to the early 20th century SONY VGN-FZ15L battery. The hall's gardens are breathtakingly attractive, and complement what is a historically beautiful hall. On the central precinct sits The Hawthorns, a student house accommodating 115 undergraduate students.[158] The house started life as a collection of villas built somewhere between 1888 and 1924[159] that were later converted, bit by bit, into a hotel by John Dingle.[160] The Hawthorns also houses conferencing facilities, the staff refectory and bar SONY VGN-FZ15M battery, the Accommodation Office and the Student Houses Office. Several of the residences in the central precinct are more recent and have been built and are managed by third-party organisations under exclusivity arrangements with the University. These include Unite House and Chantry Court, opened in 2000 and 2003 respectively by the UNITE Group, as well as Dean's Court (2001, postgraduates only) and Woodland Court (2005), both run by the Dominion Housing Group SONY VGN-FZ15S battery. Symbols In common with other universities in the United Kingdom, Bristol uses its particular pattern of academic dress as well its logo and coat of arms to represent itself. [edit]Academic dress Main article: Academic dress of the University of Bristol The University specifies a mix of Cambridge and Oxford academic dress. For the most part, it uses Oxford-style gowns and Cambridge-style hoods, which are required to be 'University red' (see the logo at the top of the page) SONY VGN-FZ15T batteryLogo and arms The University coat of arms In 2004, the University unveiled its new logo. The icons in the logo are the sun for the Wills family, the dolphin for Colston, the horse for Fry and the ship-and-castle from the mediaeval seal of the City of Bristol, as also used in the coat of arms. The shape of the whole logo represents the open book of learning.[7] This logo has replaced the University arms shown, but the arms continue to be used where there is a specific historical or ceremonial requirement SONY VGN-FZ17 battery. The arms comprise: argent on a cross quadrate gules the arms of the City of Bristol between in pale and a sun in splendour (for Wills) and an open book proper, leaved and clasped or, and inscribed with the words Nisi quia Dominus, and in fesse to the sinister a dolphin embowed (for Colston), and to the dexter a horse courant (for Fry), both of the third SONY VGN-FZ17G battery. The inscription on the book is the Latin opening of the 124th Psalm, "If the Lord Himself had not (been on our side...)". Notable people Bristol is associated with 11 Nobel Laureates, and current academics include 18 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences, 10 Fellows of the British Academy, 13 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 31 Fellows of the Royal Society SONY VGN-FZ17L battery. Sir Michael Berry, knighted in 1996, one of the discoverers of quantum mechanics' 'geometric phase' John Rarity who, in 2001, set a then world-record 1.9 km range for free-space secure key exchange using quantum cryptography David May, founder of XMOS and lead architect for the transputer Mark Horton, a British maritime and historical archaeologist and one of the presenters of the BBC's Coast television series SONY VGN-FZ18 batteryPatricia Broadfoot, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Gloucestershire, and Nigel Thrift, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Warwick both were previously faculty at Bristol. Anthony Epstein, co-discoverer of the Epstein-Barr virus, was Professor of Pathology at the University from 1968–1982. Historical academics include Sir John Lennard-Jones, discoverer of the Lennard-Jones potential in physics and Alfred Marshall SONY VGN-FZ180E battery, one of the University College's Principals and influential economist in the latter part of the 19th century.[176] Rohit Parikh lectured in the mathematics department from 1965 to 1967, as did Brian Rotman for twenty years. University of Bristol is associated with 2 Ig Nobel Prizes. Sir Michael Berry shared the award (with Andre Geim, a Nobel Laureate) for using magnets to levitate a frog. Professor Gareth Jones also shared an Ig Nobel prize for scientifically documenting fellatio in fruit bats SONY VGN-FZ18E battery. Alumni Main article: Alumni of the University of Bristol Notable alumni of the University of Bristol include writers Dick King-Smith, Angela Carter and David Nicholls, author of the novel Starter for Ten, turned into a screenplay set in the University of Bristol. Other high-profile former students include BBC News' Chief Political Correspondent James Landale (who founded the Bristol University independent newspaper, Epigram) SONY VGN-FZ18G battery, editor-in-chief of the Telegraph Media Group William Lewis (journalist), illusionist Derren Brown, author of business books Mark Simmons (author), Global Economist Robert Barro, author, commentator and Executive Vice Chair of the Work Foundation Will Hutton, Serial award winning entrepreneur Mike Bennett (businessman) of digital agency E3 Media (digital agency) SONY VGN-FZ18M battery, former IMF Director Dominique Strauss-Kahn, Prince of Monaco Albert II, TV newsreader Alastair Stewart, as well as musician James Blunt. Radio 4 presenter Sue Lawley was also a student there, whilst former Liberal Democrat MP Lembit Öpik was President of Bristol University Students' Union during his time there. The University also has a comedy pedigree. Little Britain stars Matt Lucas and David Walliams, SONY VGN-FZ18S battery attended the university, as did Simon Pegg (of Hot Fuzz fame), Chris Morris, creator of the controversial Brass Eye and Jon Richardson. Other comedy stars include Laura Crane-Brewer of The Office fame and Chris Langham, of The Thick of It fame, standup comic Marcus Brigstocke, and Radio 4 favourite Danny Robbins. More recently, Bristol students established a satirical newspaper, The Tart, SONY VGN-FZ18T battery which received national press attention. Notable alumni from the Film and Television Production department include film directors Mick Jackson, Michael Winterbottom, Marc Evans, Christopher Smith, Alex Cox and Peter Webber amongst many others.
Brown University is an American private Ivy League research university located in Providence, Rhode Island, United States. Founded in 1764 prior to American independence from the British Empire as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations early in the reign of King George III (1760–1820) Sony PCG-71313M battery, Brown is the third oldest institution of higher education in New England and seventh oldest in the United States. Brown was the first college in the nation to accept students regardless of religious affiliation.[6] Academically, Brown consists of The College, Graduate School, Alpert Medical School, and the School of Engineering. Brown's international programs are organized through the Watson Institute for International Studies Sony PCG-71212M battery. The New Curriculum, instituted in 1969, eliminated distribution requirements and allows any course to be taken on a satisfactory/no credit basis.[further explanation needed] In addition, there are no pluses or minuses in the letter grading system. The school has the oldest undergraduate engineering program in the Ivy League (1847). Pembroke College, Brown's women's college Sony PCG-71311M battery, merged with the university in 1971. While Brown is considered a small research university with 689 full-time faculty and 2,000 graduate students, five of its professors and two of its alumni have been honored as Nobel Laureates. The faculty added 100 new professors in the past 10 years under the Boldly Brown campaign Sony PCG-71213M battery. Completed concentrations of undergraduates by area are Social Sciences (42%), Humanities (26%), Life Sciences (17%), and the Physical Sciences (14%).[7] Brown's main campus is located on College Hill on the East Side of Providence. Several of the buildings on the Brown campus from its founding 18th century period through the 20th century offer fine representation of the Georgian style of American colonial era architecture. Sony PCG-61211M battery The university's 37 varsity athletic teams are known as the Brown Bears. The school colors are seal brown, cardinal red, and white. Brown's mascot is the bear, which dates back to 1904.[9] The costumed mascot named "Bruno" frequently makes appearances at athletic games. People associated with the University are known as Brunonians Sony VAIO VPCF24Q1E battery. Serving as Brown's 18th president from 2001 and to the end of the 2011 fiscal year, Ruth J. Simmons is the first permanent female president of the university. She is also the first African American and second female president of an Ivy League institution. President Simmons will remain as a Professor of Africana Studies and Comparative Literature Sony VAIO VPCF13M1E/H battery. History Main article: History of Brown University Founding First Brown President and Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation James Manning. Detail from an oil painting by Cosmo Alexander, 1770; in University Hall, Brown University, Providence, R.I. Brown owes its founding to the support of learning among a Baptist Church association but in 1762, the Baptist Minister Morgan Edwards was at first ridiculed for suggesting the founding of a college Sony VAIO VPCF12Z1E/BI battery. In his Materials for a History of the Baptists in Rhode Island, Edwards wrote:"The first mover [Edwards, himself] for it [a Baptist college] in 1762 was laughed at as a projector of a thing impracticable. Nay, many of the Baptists themselves discouraged the design (prophesying evil to the churches in case it should take place) from an unhappy prejudice against learning." Sony VAIO VPCF12S1E/B battery Nonetheless, Edwards joined several others as an original fellow or trustee for the chartering of the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (the former name for Brown University), the first Baptist college in the original thirteen colonies, and now one of the Ivy League universities. Sony VAIO VPCF13Z8E/BI batteryIn 1763, The Reverend James Manning, a Baptist minister, and an alumnus of the College of New Jersey (predecessor to today's Princeton University), was sent to Rhode Island by the Philadelphia Association of Baptist Churches in order to found the college.[12] At the same time, local Congregationalists, led by the theologist Ezra Stiles, were working toward a similar end. Sony VAIO VPCF13Z8E battery The inaugural board meeting of the Corporation of the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island & Providence Plantations was held in the Old Colony House in Newport, Rhode Island. Former colonial governors of Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins and Samuel Ward, as well as the Reverend Isaac Backus and the Reverend Samuel Stillman, were among those who played an instrumental role in Brown's foundation and later became American revolutionaries Sony VAIO VPCF13M1E/B battery. On March 3, 1764, a charter was filed to create the College in Warren, Rhode Island, reflecting the work of both Stiles and Manning. The college gained its charter by grant of King George III. This copper-plate engraving from 1795 is the first known image of Brown. The original campus was a single academic building that was later named University Hall Sony VAIO VPCF1318E/H battery. The charter had more than sixty signatories, including the brothers John, Nicholas and Moses of the Brown family, who would later inspire the College's modern name following a gift bestowed by Nicholas Brown, Jr. The college's mission, the charter stated, was to prepare students "for discharging the Offices of Life with usefulness & reputation" by providing instruction "in the Vernacular and Learned Languages Sony VAIO VPCF13J0E/H battery, and in the liberal Arts and Sciences."[13] The charter required that the makeup of the board of 36 trustees include, 22 Baptists, five Friends, four Congregationalists, and five Church of England members, and by 12 Fellows, of whom eight, including the President, should be Baptists "and the rest indifferently of any or all denominations Sony VAIO VPCF13E8E battery." It specified that "into this liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests, but on the contrary, all the members hereof shall forever enjoy full, free, absolute, and uninterrupted liberty of conscience." One of the Baptist founders, John Gano, had also been the founding minister of the First Baptist Church in the City of New York. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition remarks that Sony VAIO VPCF13E4E battery"At the time it was framed the charter was considered extraordinarily liberal" and that "the government has always been largely non-sectarian in spirit."[14] In commemoration of this history, each spring faculty and the graduating class proceed down the hill, in academic dress, to the grounds of the First Baptist Meeting House (erected in 1774, "for the publick Worship of Almighty GOD and also for holding Commencement in") for the conferral of the bachelors degree. Sony VAIO VPCF12M1E/H batteryJames Manning was sworn in as the College's first president in 1765. His tenure lasted until 1791. During his presidency, the College moved to its present location on College Hill in the East Side of Providence in 1770 and construction of the first building, the College Edifice, began. This building was renamed University Hall in 1823 Sony VAIO VPCF12F4E/H battery. Hope College (left) was built in 1822, while Manning Hall (right) was built in 1834. The Brown family — Nicholas Sr., John, Joseph, and Moses,— were instrumental in the move to Providence, funding and organizing much of the construction of the new buildings on the former Rev. Chad Brown farm. The family's connection with the college was strong: Joseph Brown became a professor of Physics at the University, and John Brown served as treasurer from 1775 to 1796 Sony VAIO VPCF12E1E/H battery. In 1804, a year after John Brown's death, the University was renamed Brown University in honor of John's nephew, Nicholas Brown, Jr., who was a member of the class of 1786 and in 1804 contributed $5,000 toward an endowed professorship. In 1904, the John Carter Brown Library was opened as a research center on Americas based on the libraries of John Carter Brown and his son John Nicholas Brown Sony VAIO VPCF11Z1E/BI battery. The Brown family was involved in various business ventures in Rhode Island, and made a small part of its wealth in businesses related to the slave trade. The family itself was divided on the issue. John Brown had unapologetically defended slavery, while Moses Brown and Nicholas Brown Jr. were fervent abolitionists. In recognition of this complex history, under President Ruth Simmons Sony VAIO VPCF24M1E battery, the University established the University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice in 2003. Brown began to admit women when it established a Women's College in Brown University in 1891, which was later named Pembroke College in Brown University. "The College" (the undergraduate school) merged with Pembroke College in 1971 and became co-educational Sony VAIO VPCF23S1E battery. The language of the Brown University charter has long been interpreted by the university as discouraging the founding of a business school or law school. Brown continues to be one of only two Ivy League colleges with neither a business school nor a law school (the other being Princeton). Nevertheless, since recently Brown does offer an Executive MBA program in conjunction with one of the leading Business Schools in Europe; IE Business School in Madrid. Sony VAIO VPCF231S1E battery In this partnership, Brown provides the traditional coursework while IE provides most of the business related subjects. American Revolution John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence. The signers included Brown's first chancellor Stephen Hopkins. Hopkins wears a hat and stands in the back of the room near the door on the left Sony VAIO VPCF23Q1E battery. Stephen Hopkins, Chief Justice and Governor of the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, was a Delegate to the Colonial Congress in Albany in 1754 and to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1776. He was a signatory to the United States Declaration of Independence on behalf of the state of Rhode Island. He also served as the first chancellor of Brown from 1764 to 1785 Sony VAIO VPCF23M1E battery. His house is a minor historical site, located just off the main green at Brown. National Park Service map of the Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route (W3R) In 1781, allied American and French armies under the command of General George Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau, who led troops sent by King Louis XVI of France, embarked on a 600-mile (970 km) march from Rhode Island to Virginia, where they fought and defeated British forces sent by King George III of the United Kingdom on the Yorktown, Virginia peninsula Sony VAIO VPCF22S8E battery. The victory ended the major battles of the American Revolutionary War. Prior to the march, Brown University served as an encampment site for French troops, and the College Edifice, now University Hall, was turned into a military hospital.[18] Other founders of Brown who played significant roles in the American revolutionary effort included John Brown in the Gaspee Affair, Chief Justice Dr. Joshua Babcock as major general in the state militia and William Ellery as a signatory to the Declaration of Independence Sony VAIO VPCF22S1E battery. James Mitchell Varnum, who graduated with honors in Brown's first graduating class of 1769, served as one of General George Washington's Continental Army Brigadier Generals and later as Major General in command of the entire Rhode Island militia.[19] David Howell, who graduated with an A.M. in the same year as General Varnum, served as a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1782 to 1785 Sony VAIO VPCF22M1E battery. In 1786, President James Manning was elected and served as representative for Rhode Island to the seventh session of the United States in Congress Assembled, held in New York. In that capacity, he served on the Grand Committee, which proposed fundamental amendments to the Articles of Confederation and presaged the Constitution of the United States. Sony VAIO VPCF22L1E batteryNew curriculum In 1850, Brown President Francis Wayland wrote: "The various courses should be so arranged that, insofar as practicable, every student might study what he chose, all that he chose, and nothing but what he chose."[21] In 1969, the adoption of the New Curriculum marked a milestone in the University's institutional history and is seen as a significant step towards realizing Wayland's vision Sony VAIO VPCF22J1E battery. The curriculum was the result of a paper written by Ira Magaziner and Elliot Maxwell entitled "Draft of a Working Paper for Education at Brown University."[22] The paper came out of a year-long Group Independent Study Project (GISP) involving 80 students and 15 professors. The group was inspired by student-initiated experimental schools, especially San Francisco State College Sony VAIO VPCF11S1E/B battery, and sought ways to improve education for students at Brown. The philosophy they formed sought to "put students at the center of their education" and to "teach students how to think rather than just teaching facts."[23] Poster celebrating Brown's 150 year anniversary in 1914 The paper made a number of suggestions for improving education at Brown, including a new kind of interdisciplinary freshman course that would introduce new modes of inquiry and bring faculty from different fields together Sony VAIO VPCF11M1E/H battery. Their goal was to transform the survey course, which traditionally sought to cover a large amount of basic material, into specialized courses that would introduce the important modes of inquiry used in different disciplines.[24] Following a student rally in support of reform, President Ray Heffner appointed the Special Committee on Curricular Philosophy with the task of developing specific reforms. These reforms, known as the Maeder Report (after the chair of the committee) Sony VAIO VPCF11D4E battery, were then brought to the faculty for a vote. On May 7, 1969, following a marathon meeting with 260 faculty members present, the New Curriculum was passed. Its key features included the following:[23] Modes of Thought courses aimed at first-year students Interdisciplinary University courses Students could elect to take any course Satisfactory/No Credit Distribution requirements were dropped The University simplified grades to ABC/No Credit, eliminating pluses, minuses and D's. Furthermore, "No Credit" would not appear on external transcripts. Except for the Modes of Thought courses, a key component of the reforms which have been discontinued, these elements of the New Curriculum are still in place Sony VAIO VPCF11C5E battery. Additionally, due to the school's proximity and close partnership with the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD), Brown students have the opportunity to take up to four courses at RISD and have the credit count towards a Brown degree. Likewise, RISD students can also take courses at Brown. Since the two campuses are effectively adjacent to each other, the two institutions often partner to provide both student bodies with services Sony VAIO VPCF11C4E/B battery (such as the local Brown/RISD after-hours and downtown transportation shuttles).[25][26] In July 2007 the two institutions announced the formation of the Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program, which allowed students to pursue an A.B. degree at Brown and a B.F.A. degree at RISD simultaneously, a five-year program. The first students in the new program matriculated in 2008. Sony VAIO PCG-31114V batteryBrown University seal as a detail on a university building As recently as 2006, there has been some debate on reintroducing plus/minus grading to the curriculum. Advocates argue that adding pluses and minuses would reduce grade inflation and allow professors to give more specific grades,[28] while critics say that this plan would have no effect on grade inflation while increasing unnecessary competition among students and violating the principle of the New Curriculum. Sony VAIO PCG-31113V battery Ultimately, the addition of pluses and minuses to the grading system was voted down by the College Curriculum Council.[30] The University is currently in the process of broadening and expanding its curricular offerings as part of the "Plan for Academic Enrichment." The number of faculty has been greatly expanded. Seminars aimed at freshmen have begun to be offered widely by most departments. Sony VAIO PCG-31114M batteryAs a part of the re-accreditation process, Brown University is undergoing an expansive reevaluation of its undergraduate education offerings through the newly appointed Task Force on Undergraduate Education. This Task Force is charged with assessing the areas of general education, concentrations, advising, and pedagogy and assessment. Sony VAIO PCG-31113M batteryPresidents Main article: List of Presidents of Brown University 18th Brown President Ruth J. Simmons, 2001 – 2012. Brown's second President, Jonathan Maxcy, 1792–1802, was also an alumnus (A.B. 1787). The current president of the University is Ruth J. Simmons. She is the 18th president of Brown University and first African American president of an Ivy League institution. According to a November 2007 poll by The Brown Daily Herald, Simmons enjoys a more than 80% approval rating among Brown undergraduates. Sony VAIO PCG-31112M battery On September 15, 2011, Simmons announced her plans to step down as president at the end of her term in June 2012. She has plans to remain at Brown as a professor of Comparative Literature and Africana Studies.[34] On March 2, 2012 it was officially announced that Dr. Christina Hull Paxson would replace Simmons and become the 19th president of Brown University as of July 1, 2012 Sony VAIO PCG-31111M battery. Academics The College Main article: The College of Brown University Robinson Hall, now home to the Department of Economics, was the main university library in the 1800s. Founded in 1764, The College is the oldest school of Brown University. Nearly 6,000 undergraduate students are currently enrolled in the college, and approximately 80 concentrations (majors) are offered. Completed concentrations of undergraduates by area are Social Sciences (42%) Sony VAIO PCG-41112M battery, Humanities (26%), Life Sciences (17%), and the Physical Sciences (14%).[7] The concentrations with the greatest number of students are Biology, History, and International Relations.[36] Brown is one of the few schools in the United States with an undergraduate concentration (major) in Egyptology. Undergraduates can also design an independent concentration if the existing standard programs do not fit their interests Sony VAIO PCG-41111M battery. 35% of undergraduates pursue graduate or professional study immediately, 60% within 5 years, and 80% within 10 years.[37] For the Class of 1998, 75% of all graduates enrolled in a graduate or professional degree program since graduating from Brown.[38] The most degrees acquired were a Master's (35%) in any field, a Medical (28%), Doctoral (22%), or a Law (14%) degree SONY VAIO PCG-21212M battery, in highest order.[38] There are not many who pursued the Ph.D compared to a Master's (for instance, business), or a Medical degree. The highest fields of employment for graduates of the College are Business (36%), Education (19%), Health/Medical (6%), Arts (6%), Government (6%), and Communications/Media (5%) in highest order SONY VAIO PCG-21211M battery. Graduate School Main article: Brown University Graduate School Established in 1887, The Graduate School currently houses around 2,000 students studying over 50 disciplines. 20 different master's degrees are offered as well as Ph.D. degrees in over 40 subjects ranging from applied mathematics to public policy. Alpert Medical School Main article: Alpert Medical School Med-Ed Building: The new home of Brown Alpert Medical School SONY VAIO PCG-51212M batteryThe University's medical program started in 1811, but the school was suspended by President Wayland in 1827 after the program's faculty declined to live on campus (a new requirement under Wayland). In 1975, the first M.D. degrees from the new Program in Medicine were awarded to a graduating class of 58 students SONY VAIO PCG-51211M battery. In 1991, the school was officially renamed the Brown University School of Medicine, then renamed once more to Brown Medical School in October 2000.[39] In January 2007, self-made entrepreneur Warren Alpert donated $100 million to Brown Medical School on behalf of the Warren Alpert Foundation, tying Sidney Frank for the largest single monetary contribution ever made to the University SONY VAIO PCG-51112M battery. In recognition of the gift, the faculty of Brown University approved changing the name of the Brown Medical School to The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University. It is currently ranked 29th among U.S. medical schools in research and 28th in primary care according to US News and World Report.[40] Admissions to Alpert is one of the most competitive in the nation, with only less than 2% of those applying through the Standard Route accepted in 2008 (5,902 applications for 94 spots) SONY VAIO PCG-51111M battery. The medical school is known for its eight-year Program in Liberal Medical Education (PLME), which was started in 1984 and is one of the most selective programs in the nation. Each year, approximately 60 high school students matriculate into the PLME out of an applicant pool of about 1,600. Since 1976, the Early Identification Program (EIP) has encouraged Rhode Island residents to pursue careers in medicine by recruiting sophomores from Providence College SONY VAIO PCG-81212M battery, Rhode Island College, the University of Rhode Island, and Tougaloo College. In 2004, the school once again began to accept applications from premedical students at other colleges and universities via AMCAS like most other medical schools. The medical school also offers combined degree programs leading to the M.D./Ph.D., M.D./M.P.H. and M.D./M.P.P. degrees Sony VAIO PCG-81112M battery. School of Engineering Main article: Brown University School of Engineering Brown has the oldest engineering program in the Ivy League. In 1916, multiple Departments of Engineering were consolidated into the Division of Engineering. As part of a broader growth initiative, in 2010, the Division of Engineering was authorized to begin operating as the School of Engineering SONY VAIO PCG-71111M battery. Research centers and institutes Marine Biological Laboratory Main article: Marine Biological Laboratory The Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) is an independent research institution established in 1882 at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The laboratory is linked to 54 current or past Nobel Laureates at its research or teaching faculty. Since 2005, the MBL and Brown University have collaborated in a Ph.D.-awarding Graduate Program in Biological and Environmental Sciences SONY VAIO PCG-7196M battery, which brings together faculty from both institutions. In 2010, the joint program was extended to include more professors participating in the partnership. The current faculty includes those from the Ecosystems Center, the Bay Paul Center, the Program in Cellular Dynamics, and the Marine Resources Center. Watson Institute for International Studies Main article: Watson Institute for International Studies SONY VAIO PCG-7195M batteryThe Watson Institute The Watson Institute for International Studies, usually referred to as the Watson Institute, is a center for the analysis of international issues at Brown University. Its original benefactor was Thomas Watson, Jr., former Ambassador to the Soviet Union and president of IBM. Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women Main article: Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women The Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women, was established at Brown in 1981 as a research center on gender SONY VAIO PCG-7194M battery. It was named in honor of Pembroke College (Brown University), a decade after its merger with Brown University, and to recognize the history of women's efforts to gain access to higher education. Along with its numerous academic programs, including its sponsorship of post-doctoral research fellowships, the undergraduate concentration in Gender and Sexuality Studies SONY VAIO PCG-7192M battery, and the annual Pembroke Seminar, the Pembroke Center also organizes a number of programs throughout the year to recognize the historical achievements of women. Leading historian and social scientist Joan Wallach Scott was founding director of the Center. The Pembroke Center is affiliated with the Sarah Doyle Women's Center SONY PCG-8113M battery. [edit]Computing Several projects of note involving hypertext and other forms of electronic text have been developed at Brown, including FRESS, Brown University Interactive Language (BRUIN), Hypertext Editing System, and Women Writers Project. In addition, the Computer Science department at Brown is home to The CAVE. This project is a complete virtual reality room, one of few in the world SONY PCG-8112M battery , and is used for everything from three-dimensional drawing classes to tours of the circulatory system for medical students. In 2000, a group of students from the university's Technology House converted the south side of the Sciences Library into a giant video display which allowed bystanders to play Tetris, the largest of its kind ever in the Western Hemisphere. Constructed from 11 custom-built circuit boards SONY PCG-7134M battery , a 12-story data network, a personal computer running Linux, a radio-frequency video game controller, and over 10,000 Christmas lights, the project was named La Bastille and could be seen for several miles. Academics, administration, and ranking U.S. News & World Report ranked Brown 15th among national universities in its 2011 edition (published in August 2010) SONY PCG-7131M battery . Undergraduates make up a larger proportion of the student body at Brown than at any of the other Ivy League universities, leading some Brown administrators to question the fairness of the ranking in light of the University's focus on undergraduate education.[65] The same edition also ranked Brown 6th among national universities for undergraduate teaching,[66] and 6th in a high school guidance counselor ranking of which universities "offer the best education to their students SONY PCG-7122M battery." Internationally, in 2011 Brown ranked 49th in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked Brown 65th. In 2008 QS World University Rankings placed Brown at 27th. According to the 2005 paper Academic Ranking of World Universities – Methodologies and Problems by the rankers, Brown's PCP (performance per-capita) score is equal to that of Columbia University, at 32.1, or 28th in the world SONY PCG-7121M battery . Brown ranked 7th in the country (between Princeton and Columbia) in a study of high school seniors' revealed preferences for matriculation conducted by economists at Harvard, Wharton, and Boston University, and published in 2005 by the National Bureau of Economic Research.[72] The 2008 Center for College Affordability and Productivity (CCAP) ranked Brown 5th in the country among national universities SONY PCG-7113M battery." Brown ranked 5th in the country in Newsweek/The Daily Beast's "America's Brainiac Schools". The rankings are calculated based on the number of prestigious scholarships, adjusted for population size, won by students, including Rhodes Scholarships, Truman Scholarships, Marshall Scholarships, Gates Scholarships (since 2001), and the number of students receiving Fulbright scholarships (since 1993) SONY PCG-7112M battery . Also factored in are scores on admissions tests, admission rates, and the proportion of students in the top 10% of their graduating high school class. The 4 schools besting Brown were, in order of rank, Yale University, Princeton University, Harvard University, and Stanford University.[81] As it had in 2007 and 2010, the 2011 Princeton Review email poll of college students ranked Brown 1st in the country for "Happiest Students." SONY PCG-8Z3M battery Brown is 3rd in the country (tied with Stanford) in the number of students awarded Fulbright grants, according to the October 2010 ranking compiled by the Chronicle of Higher Education. Graduate programs that ranked the top 10 in the 2010 US News & World Report graduate school rankings included applied mathematics at 5th[49] and growth economics at 8th.[61] Those that are ranked in the top 20 are history at 14th,[60] economics at 17th, English at 13th, engineering at 20th, mathematics at 14th,[50] and computer science at 20th SONY PCG-8Z2M battery. Admission and financial aid Corliss Brackett House, Brown's Undergraduate Admissions Office Brown is one of the most selective universities in the world. The admission rate for the undergraduate class of 2015 was 8.7 percent.[84] For the class of 2014, 96 percent of accepted students were in the top 10 percent of their high school class, and 38 percent were either valedictorian or salutatorian.[85] Brown began using the Common Application in the Fall of 2008 SONY PCG-8Z1M battery. The Graduate School is also intensely competitive, with graduate programs accepting 18% of the 7,283 students who applied in 2008. The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University accepted less than 2% of more than 5,000 applicants. Brown is need-blind for all domestic applicants. Brown's financial aid policy eliminates loans for all students whose family incomes are under $100,000, as well as all parental contributions for families whose incomes fall under $60,000. SONY PCG-8Y3M battery For these purposes, income is calculated by summing the adjusted gross income plus all untaxed income. In 2012, the program awarded need-based scholarships worth around $90 million.[91] According to the university, Brown seeks diverse applicants from "all walks of life, backgrounds, interests, and cultural heritages" but has "no quotas of any kind". SONY PCG-8Y2M batteryCampus Brown is the largest institutional landowner in Providence,[93] with properties in the East Side and the Jewelry District. Unlike some other schools, there are also no clear physical landmarks to determine where Brown's campus begins or ends.[93] There is no official designation of different campus areas from the University, but the institution's buildings can be roughly categorized as follows SONY PCG-7Z1M battery . Main campus Further information: List of Brown University buildings Built in 1770, University Hall is the oldest building on Brown's campus. Brown's main campus is located atop College Hill, in the East Side, across the Providence River from downtown Providence. This is the where the University was relocated in 1770 after it was first established in Warren, Rhode Island, in 1764. The main campus consists of 235 buildings and covers 143 acres (0.58 km2) SONY PCG-6W2M battery . A salient feature of Brown's campus is that many of the academic departments reside in smaller, Victorian-era houses that the University has acquired over the years from the surrounding neighborhood. The main campus area can be subdivided further into the inner, traditional campus greens and the outer neighborhood. The two greens, the Main Green and Ruth J. Simmons Quadrangle (formerly "Lincoln Field"), are large grass fields perpendicular to each other SONY PCG-5J5M battery . These two areas contain many of the larger and more traditional academic and dormitory buildings, including University Hall (1770). This part of the main campus is enclosed by brick and rod iron fence, with the Van Wickle Gates serving as the prominent entrance on College Street. It is this area that is featured in most publications and photographs of Brown's campus SONY PCG-5K2M battery . Outside of the gates, but still considered part of the main campus, are other University buildings and libraries that have been built at Brown over the centuries. This includes the Wriston Quad to the south of the Main Green; the John Hay Library and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Library directly across the street from the Van Wickle Gates; and the Sciences Library and Thomas J. Watson SONY PCG-5K1M battery, Sr. Center for Information Technology (CIT) adjacent to the Soldiers Memorial Gate. Because this area is not confined by the gates, Brown has been able to acquire larger plots of land and construct much larger buildings as the University has expanded. Adjacent to Brown's main campus, and further down the Hill to the west by the Providence River, is the campus of the Rhode Island School of Design. Thayer Street, which runs through Brown's campus SONY PCG-5J4M battery , is a commercial district that hosts many restaurants and shops popular with students and faculty from Brown and RISD. Pembroke Campus Andrews Hall on the Pembroke Campus When Pembroke College merged with Brown in 1971, the campus was absorbed as part of Brown's overall campus. For the most part, the campus is made up of dormitories, although notable exceptions include: Alumnae Hall, which houses a dance floor and a small University-run diner known as The Gate SONY PCG-5J1M battery; Smith-Buonano hall, the gymnasium of Pembroke College that was later renovated to contain many classrooms; and Pembroke Hall, the original classroom building for Pembroke College and now home to the Cogut Center for the Humanities and the Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women. Furthermore, the campus has its own dining hall, Verney-Woolley Dining Hall, the second of Brown's main dining halls SONY PCG-5G2M battery . Somewhere between 25 and 30% of the incoming Freshman class lives on Pembroke, though there are also many upperclassmen. The Walk and surrounding area The Brown Walk connects Pembroke Campus to the main campus. It's a newer green space, extending north from Waterman Street. It is bordered by the building at 155 Angell St. (home to the Africana Studies Department and the Rites and Reason Theatre) and the UEL (Urban Environmental Lab, a.k.a. The Center for Environmental Studies, also facing Angell St) Sony VAIO PCG-8131M battery among other things. Between Pembroke Campus and Main Campus, next to the Brown Bookstore, the Granoff Center for the Creative Arts opened in January, 2011. [edit]East Campus The East Campus was originally the main campus location of Brown's former neighbor Bryant College. Brown purchased Bryant's East Side campus in 1969 for $5.0 million when the latter school was moving to a new location. This added 10 acres (40,000 m2) of land and additional 26 buildings adjacent to the main campus area. The area was officially designated East Campus in 1971 Sony VAIO PCG-8152M battery. Other areas On the East Side: Also on the Hill, but further to the south and away from the main campus area, is Wickenden Street, another commercial district offering restaurants and shops. Brown Stadium, built in 1925 and home to the football team, is located approximately a mile to the northeast of the main campus. Marston Boathouse, the home of the crew teams, lies on the Blackstone/Seekonk River, to the southeast of campus Sony VAIO PCG-31311M battery. Elsewhere in Providence: More recently, Brown has expanded into the Jewelry District, located in southern downtown Providence, by acquiring and renovating five buildings to serve as administrative and research facilities. Outside of Providence: Brown also owns a 376-acre (1.52 km2) property, the Mount Hope Grant, in Bristol, which is the setting of the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology's Collection Research Center Sony VAIO PCG-31111M battery. John Hay Library Main article: John Hay Library The John Hay Library The John Hay Library is the second oldest library on campus. It was named for John Hay (class of 1858, private secretary to Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of State under two Presidents) at the request of his friend Andrew Carnegie, who contributed half of the $300,000 cost of the building.[95] Constructed with Vermont white marble in an English Renaissance style Sony VAIO PCG-8112M battery, the library was dedicated on November 10, 1910 and had an estimated collection of 300,000 volumes.[96] It is now the repository of Brown University archives, rare books and manuscripts, and special collections. Noteworthy among the latter are the Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection[97] (described as "the foremost American collection of material devoted to the history and iconography of soldiers and soldiering"), the Harris Collection of American Poetry and Plays Sony VAIO PCG-7186M battery (described as "the largest and most comprehensive collection of its kind in any research library"), the Lownes Collection of the History of Science (described as "one of the three most important private collections of books of science in America"), and (for popularity of requests) the papers of H.P. Lovecraft. The Hay Library is home to one of the broadest collections of incunabula (15th-century printed books) Sony VAIO PCG-7171M battery in the Americas, as well as such rarities as the manuscript of Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four and a Shakespeare First Folio. There are also three books bound in human skin.[98] The Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women manages the Elizabeth Weed Feminist Theory Papers and the Christine Dunlap Farnham Archives, both rich resources for feminist scholars Sony VAIO PCG-9Z1M battery. John Carter Brown Library The John Carter Brown Library Main article: John Carter Brown Library The John Carter Brown Library, founded in 1846, is administered separately from the University, but has been located on the Main Green of the campus since 1904. It is generally regarded as the world's leading collection of primary historical sources pertaining to the Americas before 1825. It houses a very large percentage of the titles published before that date about the discovery Sony VAIO PCG-5S1M battery, settlement, history, and natural history of the New World. The "JCB", as it is known, publishes Bibliotheca Americana, the main bibliography in the field. Typical of its noteworthy holdings is the best preserved of the seven surviving copies of Bay Psalm Book, the first extant book printed in British North America. There is also a very fine Shakespeare First Folio, added to the collection by John Carter Brown's widow Sony VAIO PCG-5P1M battery (a Shakespeare enthusiast) on the grounds that it includes The Tempest, a play set in the New World. The JCB holdings comprise more than 50,000 early titles and about 16,000 modern books, as well as prints, manuscripts, maps, and other items in the library's specialty. The JCB occupies a Beaux-Arts style building designed by Shepley, Rutan, and Coolidge. The 1904 edifice was expanded in 1990 by architects Hartman-Cox of Washington, D.C Sony VAIO PCG-5N2M battery. Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology Main article: Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology Manning Hall, Home to the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology The exhibition galleries of the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown's teaching museum, are located in Manning Hall on the campus's main green. Its one million artifacts, available for research and educational purposes, are located at its Collections Research Center in Bristol, RI. The museum's goal is to inspire creative and critical thinking about culture by fostering Sony VAIO PCG-3C2M battery interdisciplinary understanding of the material world. It provides opportunities for faculty and students to work with collections and the public, teaching through objects and programs in classrooms and exhibitions. The museum sponsors lectures and events in all areas of anthropology, and also runs an extensive program of outreach to local schools Sony VAIO PCG-8161M battery. Sustainability Brown University has committed to "minimize its energy use, reduce negative environmental impacts and promote environmental stewardship."[99] The Energy and Environmental Advisory Committee has developed a set of ambitious goals for the university to reduce its carbon emissions and eventually achieve carbon neutrality Sony VAIO PCG-8141M battery. The Brown is Green website collects information about Brown's progress toward greenhouse gas emissions reductions and related campus initiatives like courses, research, projects and student groups.[100] Brown received an A- on the 2009 College Sustainability Report Card, developed by the Sustainable Endowments Institute. Brown was one of only 15 schools to receive a grade above a B+. There were no schools in the report that received an "A". Sony VAIO PCG-3J1M battery Brown has a number of active environmental leadership groups on campus.[102] These groups have begun a number of campus-wide environmental initiatives—including promoting the reduction of supply and demand of bottled water and investigating a composting program. [edit]Boldly Brown Under President Ruth Simmons, the University has launched Boldly Brown: The Campaign for Academic Enrichment. This campaign consists of re-evaluating the existing curriculum and raising money for greater academic ambition Sony VAIO PCG-3H1M battery. The money will be used for academic programs, research, new facilities, biology and medicine, students who need financial assistance, and expanding the faculty and staff. In June 2009, it was announced that the campaign had met its goal 19 months ahead of target, with record levels of giving despite the global economic crises of the fiscal year. The total sum raised currently stands at over US$1.5 billion. Sony VAIO PCG-3F1M batteryStudent life Atmosphere Brown University has recently been ranked #1 for America's Happiest College Students, according to the Princeton Review 2010 rankings.[104] Brown was also named "the most fashionable school in the Ivy League" by the fashion trade journal Women's Wear Daily on the basis that students on campus seem to have the strongest sense of personal style. Sony VAIO PCG-3C1M batteryAthletics Main article: Brown Bears Brown vs. Harvard, September 2009 Brown is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Ivy League athletic conference. It sponsors 37 varsity intercollegiate teams. Its athletic programs have been featured in the College Sports Honor Roll as one of the top 20 athletic programs in the country according to U.S. News & World Report. Brown Women's Rowing Team has won 6 national titles in the last 12 years Sony VAIO PCG-9Z2L battery, the Men's Rowing Team perennially finishes in the top 5 in the nation and swept the Eastern Sprints in 2009. Brown Football's reemergence, and its surge in northeast college popularity generally, is credited to its historic 1976 Ivy League championship team, which was Brown's first Ivy League Football Champions. The 1976 "Magnificent Andersons," so named for its coach, John Anderson, was 8–1, tying it with Yale Sony VAIO PCG-9Z1L battery, which the 1976 Brown team defeated head to head that year, and included an ABC Sports televised football game, defeating Harvard 16–14. Since the 1976 football championship season, Brown Football has won three Ivy League championships under the most successful coach in its history, Phil Estes: 1999, 2005, and 2008. Brown's Men's Soccer program is consistently ranked in the top 25 and has won 18 Ivy League titles overall, including 8 of the last 12 Sony VAIO PCG-9131L battery. Recent graduates play professionally in Major League Soccer and overseas. The Men's Lacrosse team also has a long and storied history, and more recently the program has again attained national rankings and exposure. In 2007, Brown won its first Ivy League baseball championship in school history. Brown's Varsity Equestrian team won the Ivy League Championships for the past two years in a row, and has consistently performed extremely well within the team's zone and region. Sony VAIO PCG-8161L battery Brown also features several competitive intercollegiate club sports, including Sailing, Ultimate, and Women's Rugby teams. In 2005, the Men's Club Ultimate Frisbee team, Brownian Motion, won the National Championships. [edit]Student organizations See also: Category:Brown University organizations There are over 300 registered student organizations on campus with diverse interests. The Student Activities Fair, during the orientation program, provides first-year students the opportunity to become acquainted with the wide range of organizations Sony VAIO PCG-8152L battery. Residential and Greek Societies A fraternity house in Wriston Quadrangle 12.7% of Brown students are in fraternities or sororities. There are 10 residential Greek houses: six all-male fraternities (Alpha Epsilon Pi, Delta Tau, Delta Phi, Theta Delta Chi, Sigma Chi, and Phi Kappa Psi), two sororities (Alpha Chi Omega and Kappa Alpha Theta), one co-ed fraternity (Zeta Delta Xi), and one co-ed literary society (Alpha Delta Phi). All recognized Greek letter organizations live on-campus in University-owned dorm housing Sony VAIO PCG-8141L battery. All ten Greek houses are overseen by the Greek Council and are located on Wriston Quadrangle. An alternative to fraternity life at Brown are the program houses, which are organized around various themes. As with Greek houses, the existing residents of each house take applications from students, usually at the start of the Spring semester. Examples of program houses include: St. Anthony Hall (located in King House), Buxton International House Sony VAIO PCG-8131L battery, the Machado French/Hispanic House, Art House, Technology House, Harambee (African culture) House, Culinary Arts (Cooking) House and Interfaith House. Currently, there are three student cooperative houses at Brown. Two of the houses, Watermyn and Finlandia on Waterman Street, are owned by the Brown Association for Cooperative Housing (BACH), an independent non-profit corporation owned and operated by house members Sony VAIO PCG-81312L battery. The third co-op, West House, is located in a Brown-owned house on Brown Street. All three houses also run a vegetarian food co-op for residents and non-residents. Secret Societies Secret societies at Brown originated as literary clubs in the mid-18th century, and primarily existed to organize debates among their members. One early literary club was the Pronouncing Society, which disbanded in the mid-1770s. Another was Athenian at Queen's, founded in 1776 but also dissolved shortly afterwards Sony VAIO PCG-81214L battery. The Philermenian Society (founded as the Misokosmian Society) arose in 1794.[110] In reaction to the Federalist Philermenians, a Democratic-Republican club called the United Brothers Society organized in 1806.[111] In 1824 a third group, the Franklin Society, was formally recognized by the university president, and counted as honorary members Thomas Jefferson, John Quincy Adams, and Henry Clay. Sony VAIO PCG-81115L battery However, by the Civil War, most of these organizations had dissipated on account of newer Greek letter fraternities.[113] There remains some dispute over the presence of these groups today, and at least one student organization, Pacifica House, claims descent from early secret societies. The Undergraduate Council of Students, Brown's student government, also reflects this historical legacy Sony VAIO PCG-81114L battery. The UCS originated as the Cammarian Club in 1893, a semi-secret senior society that served as an intermediary between the student body and the administration, and which ritualistically "tapped" 15 new men each year until its dissolution after World War II. Traditions Main article: Brown University traditions Though the early history of Brown as a men's school includes a number of unusual hazing traditions, the University's present-day traditions tend to be non-violent while maintaining the spirit of zaniness Sony VAIO PCG-81113L battery. Van Wickle Gates Front view of the Van Wickle Gates Main article: Van Wickle Gates The Van Wickle Gates, dedicated on June 18, 1901, have a pair of center gates and a smaller gate on each side. The side gates remain open throughout the year, while the center gates remain closed except for two occasions each year. At the beginning of the academic year, the center gates open inward to admit students during Convocation. At the end of the second semester, the gates open outward for the Commencement Day procession. Sony VAIO PCG-7142L battery A traditional superstition is that students who pass through the gates for a second time before graduation do not graduate. The Brown University Band famously flouts this tradition by marching in the yearly commencement procession. Undergraduate members, however, walk through the gates backwards, thereby avoiding the hex Sony VAIO PCG-7141L battery. [edit]Josiah S. Carberry Main article: Josiah S. Carberry One of Brown's most notable traditions is keeping alive the spirit and accomplishments of Josiah S. Carberry, the fictional Professor of Psychoceramics (the equally fictional study of cracked pots), who was born on a University Hall billboard in 1929. He is the namesake of "Josiah's", a University-run campus eatery. "Josiah" is also the name of the University's electronic library catalog Sony VAIO PCG-71111L battery. According to Martha Mitchell's Encyclopedia Brunoniana, "On Friday, May 13, 1955, an anonymous gift of $101.01 was received by the University from Professor Carberry to establish the Josiah S. Carberry Fund in memory of his 'future late wife.' A condition of the gift was that, henceforth, every Friday the 13th would be designated 'Carberry Day,' and on that day friends of the University would deposit their loose change in brown jugs to augment the fund Sony VAIO PCG-61411L battery, which is used to purchase 'such books as Professor Carberry might or might not approve of.'"[119] Students have followed this tradition ever since, and the fund currently has over $10,000 in it. Mitchell writes, "Professor Carberry has been the subject of articles in a number of periodicals, including The New York Times, which proclaimed him 'The World's Greatest Traveler' on the front page of its Sunday travel section in 1974, and in Yankee magazine Sony VAIO PCG-61112L battery, where he was 'The Absent-Bodied Professor' in 1975. A recent honor which came to Professor Carberry was the award to him of an Ig Nobel Prize at the First Annual Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony in 1991. At this event sponsored by M.I.T. and the Journal of Irreproducible Results, Carberry, the 1991 Ig Nobel Interdisciplinary Research Prize laureate, was cited as 'bold explorer and eclectic seeker of knowledge, for his pioneering work in the field of psychoceramics, the study of cracked pots Sony VAIO PCG-61111L battery. Spring Weekend Main article: Spring Weekend Starting in 1950, Brown replaced the traditional Junior Week and Junior Prom, which were discontinued during World War II, with Spring Weekend, which featured athletic contests and dances. Concerts featuring invited performers began in 1960, including Bob Dylan, U2, Bruce Springsteen, Janis Joplin, James Brown and Snoop Dogg Sony VAIO PCG-5T4L battery. [edit]Alma Mater Main article: Brown University Alma Mater The "Alma Mater" was written by James Andrews DeWolf (Class of 1861) in 1860, who named it "Old Brown" and set it to the tune of "Araby's Daughter" (which was later known as "The Old Oaken Bucket"). The song was renamed "Alma Mater", after the incipit, in 1869.[123] It is sung and played after varsity athletic victories and at formal events such as Convocation and Commencement Sony VAIO PCG-5T3L battery. Notable alumni and faculty Main article: List of Brown University people General James Mitchell Varnum, class of 1769, painted posthumously in 1804 by Charles Willson Peale John Hay, class of 1858, was private secretary to Abraham Lincoln, man of letters, Ambassador to the Court of St. James's, and influential Secretary of State under Presidents McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt Sony VAIO PCG-5T2L batteryBrown University's alumni include numerous politicians, prominent academics, authors, journalists, activists, businessmen, computer science pioneers, media company heads, stage and film actors, and royalty. Its prominent alumni include Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court and Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes (1881), father of American public school education Horace Mann (1819), philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr. (1897) Sony VAIO PCG-5S3L battery, Secretary of State John Hay (1852), philosopher, civil libertarian, and Amherst College president Alexander Meiklejohn, first president of the University of South Carolina Jonathan Maxcy (1787), Bates College founder Oren B. Cheney (1836), Governor of Wyoming Territory and Governor of Nebraska John Milton Thayer (1841), longest-serving University of Michigan president (1871–1909) James Burrill Angell (1849) Sony VAIO PCG-5S2L battery, notable University of California president (1899–1919) Benjamin Ide Wheeler (1875), Morehouse College's first African-American president John Hope (1894), magazine editor John F. Kennedy, Jr. '83, diplomat Richard Holbrooke '62, presidential advisor Ira Magaziner, founder of The Gratitude Network and The Intersection event Randy Haykin '85, legendary IBM chairman and CEO Thomas Watson Sony VAIO PCG-5S1L battery, Jr. '37, CNN founder and America's Cup yachtsman Ted Turner '60, McKinsey & Co. co-founder and father of modern management consulting Marvin Bower '25, Bank of America chairman and CEO Brian Moynihan '81, Group of Thirty member and Citibank chairman William R. Rhodes '57, Chase Bank chairman and CEO Willard C. Butcher '48, Tiffany & Co CEO Walter Hoving '20, Motorola and Eastman Kodak chairman and CEO George M. C. Fisher (ScM '64, PhD '66) Sony VAIO PCG-5R2L battery, NASDAQ first president and CEO Gordon Macklin '50, Quadrangle Group founder and Treasury Department "Car Czar" for auto industry reorganization Steven Rattner '74, Apple Macintosh and Mac OS designer Andy Hertzfeld '75, architect of Intel 386, 486, and Pentium microprocessors John H. Crawford '75, Apple Computer CEO (1983–1993) John Sculley '61 Sony VAIO PCG-5R1L battery, NASA head during first seven Apollo missions Thomas O. Paine '42, chief scientist NASA Mars and lunar programs James B. Garvin '78, National Security Council director of counter-terrorism RP Eddy '94, inventor of the first silicon transistor Gordon Kidd Teal '31, former Securities and Exchange Commissioner, Annette Nazareth '78, Rockefeller Center and Tribune Tower architect Raymond Hood (1902). Horace Mann, class of 1819, regarded as the father of American public education Sony VAIO PCG-5P4L batteryCharles Evans Hughes, class of 1881 John D. Rockefeller, Jr., class of 1897, philanthropist who gave away half a billion dollars during his life Alumni in the arts and media include composer and synthesizer pioneer Wendy Carlos '62, actress Jo Beth Williams, actress Laura Linney '86, actor John Krasinski, actor Randall Batinkoff '90, tv personality Karyn Bryant '90, composer Rusty Magee, '01, singer-composer Mary Chapin Carpenter '81, musicians Damian Kulash '98 and Dhani Harrison '02 Sony VAIO PCG-5P2L battery, independent movie producer Pompatus of Love DJ Paul '90, composer Duncan Sheik '92, singer Lisa Loeb '90, New Yorker humorist and Marx Brothers screenwriter S.J. Perelman '25, novelists Nathanael West '24, Jeffrey Eugenides '83, Rick Moody '83, Edwidge Danticat (MFA '93), and Marilynne Robinson '66, playwrights Sarah Ruhl '97, Lynn Nottage '86, Richard Foreman '59, Alfred Uhry '58, and Nilo Cruz (MFA '94) Sony VAIO PCG-5N4L battery, Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative reporter and author James Risen '77, political pundit Mara Liasson, film directors Todd Haynes '85, Doug Liman '88, and Davis Guggenheim '86, and director-actor Tim Blake Nelson '86, 20th Century Fox Film Group president Tom Rothman '76, Black Entertainment Television chairman and CEO Debra L. Lee '76, HBO Sports president Ross Greenburg '77, MTV Films and Nick Movies president Scott Aversano '91 Sony VAIO PCG-5N2L battery, CNN US News Operations president Jonathan Klein '80, and Bravo TV president Lauren Zalaznick '84. English actress Emma Watson, best known for her role as Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter films, is a member of the class of 2013. Other notable alumni include Pro Football Hall of Fame sportscaster Chris Berman '77, Penn State football coach Joe Paterno '50, Heisman Trophy namesake John W. Heisman '91, Pollard Award namesake and first black All-American and NFL head coach Fritz Pollard '19 Sony VAIO PCG-51513L battery. Notable prominent academics include Dartmouth College president Jim Yong Kim '82, Nobel Laureates Craig Mello '82 and Jerry White '87, Cooley-Tukey FFT algorithm co-originator John Wilder Tukey '36, Gurney Professor of History and Political Science at Harvard Adam Ulam '44, physicist Lewis E. Little '62, Lasker Award winning biologist and founder of microbial pathogenesis Stanley Falkow (PhD '59), MIT computer science department chair John Guttag '71 Sony VAIO PCG-51511L battery, MIT neuroscience department chair Mark F. Bear (B.A. '78, Ph.D '84), Penn psychologist, Lasker Award winner and cognitive therapy originator Aaron Beck '50, John Bates Clark Medal winning MIT economist Jerry A. Hausman '68, University of Chicago School of Law dean Daniel Fischel, Chicago Booth economist Randall Kroszner '84, Stanford Law School dean Larry Kramer (legal scholar), '80, and Arthur L. Horwich Sony VAIO PCG-51412L battery. Current governors include Governor of Louisiana Bobby Jindal '91, Delaware Jack Markell '82, and Rhode Island Lincoln Chafee '75. As of 2010, Brown counts a total of 689 tenured faculty members. According to The Brown Daily Herald, in the 1980s there were only approximately 450 tenured faculty members at Brown. However, given its size, the Brown faculty has always been a small but elite group of world class researchers Sony VAIO PCG-51411L battery. Notable past or current faculty have included Nobel Laureates Lars Onsager, George Stigler, Vernon L. Smith, George Snell and Leon Cooper, Fields Medal winning mathematician David Mumford, mathematician Ulf Grenander, Pulitzer Prize winning historian Gordon S. Wood, Sakurai Prize winning physicist Gerald Guralnik for co-elucidation of the Higgs mechanism, award-winning physicist John M. Kosterlitz of the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition Sony VAIO PCG-51312L battery, computer scientist and inventor of hypertext Andries van Dam, computer scientist Robert Sedgewick, prominent engineers Daniel C. Drucker, L. Ben Freund, and Mayo D. Hersey, BrainGate inventor John Donoghue (Ph.D 79'), neuroscientist Mark F. Bear (B.A '78, Ph.D '82), biologist and prominent advocate of biological evolution Kenneth R. Miller, first president of the American Sociological Association Lester Frank Ward, economists Hyman Minsky, Peter MacAvoy Sony VAIO PCG-51311L battery, who was a former member of the US Council of Economic Advisers, William Poole (economist), Ross Levine, Oded Galor and Peter Howitt (economist), former Prime Minister of Italy and former EU chief Romano Prodi, former President of Brazil Fernando Cardoso, former President of Chile Ricardo Lagos, writers Carlos Fuentes, Chinua Achebe, Robert Coover, and Keith Waldrop, former Presidents of the American Philosophical Association Jaegwon Kim and Ernest Sosa Sony VAIO PCG-51211L battery, philosophers Curt Ducasse, Roderick Chisholm, and Martha Nussbaum, linguist Hans Kurath, political scientist James Morone and Senior Fellow Sergei Khrushchev. The University of Hong Kong (or HKU, Chinese: 香港大學) is the oldest tertiary institution in Hong Kong. Its motto is "Sapientia et Virtus" in Latin, meaning "wisdom and virtue", and "明德格物" in Chinese. The medium of instruction in most classes is English. Sony VAIO PCG-41112L batteryThe school adopts the problem-based learning teaching strategy which aims to train students' problem solving skills. HKU has many great achievements in Humanities, Legal subjects, Political science, Biological science and Medicine, attaining high positions in various University rankings. According to QS World University Rankings 2011/2012, it was at 22nd in the world and the best in Hong Kong as well as Asia. Sony VAIO PCG-3A4L batteryIn the 2011–2012 Times Higher Education World University Rankings cooperating with Thomson Reuters as the new data supplier since 2010, it was ranked 34th in the world and 2nd in Asia (after the The University of Tokyo). Origins The main building in 1912 The Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (香港華人西醫書院) was founded in 1887 by the London Missionary Society, with its first graduate (in 1892) being Sun Yat-sen (孫中山). Sun later led the Chinese Revolution (1911) Sony VAIO PCG-3A3L battery, which changed China from an empire to a republic. The Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese was the forerunner of the School of Medicine of the University of Hong Kong, which started in 1911. The University of Hong Kong was founded in 1911 when Governor Sir Frederick Lugard proposed to establish a university in Hong Kong to compete with the other Great Powers opening universities in China, most notably Prussia, which had just opened Tongji University in Shanghai Sony VAIO PCG-3A2L battery. The colonial Hong Kongers shared British values and allowed Britain to expand its influence in southern China and consolidate its rule in Hong Kong. HKU Sir Hormusjee Naorojee Mody Parsi businessman Sir Hormusjee Naorojee Mody learned of Lugard's plan and pledged to donate HK$150,000 towards the construction and HK$30,000 towards other costs. The Hong Kong Government and the business sector in southern China Sony VAIO PCG-3A1L battery, which were both equally eager to learn "secrets of the West's success" (referring to technological advances made since the Industrial Revolution), also gave their support. The Swire Group also contributed funds, partly wishing to bolster its corporate image following the death of a passenger on board one of its ships, Fatshan, and the subsequent unrest stirred by the Self-Government Society. Sony VAIO PCG-394L batteryAlong with other donors including the United Kingdom government and companies such as HSBC, Lugard finally had enough to build the university. Lugard laid the foundation stone of the main building on 16 March 1910 and hoped that the university would educate more Chinese people in British "imperial values", as opposed to those of other Western powers Sony VAIO PCG-393L battery. December 1916: first congregation The university was formally established in 1911 and had its opening ceremony in 1912. As Lugard felt that Chinese society at the time was not suited to ideals such as communism, the university originally emulated the University of Manchester in emphasising the sciences over the humanities. It opened with only a Faculty of Medicine, which had evolved from the Hong Kong College of Medicine.[7] However, within a year the Faculties of Engineering and Arts Sony VAIO PCG-391L battery (which then did not offer sociology and philosophy degrees) were established. In December 1916, the university held its first congregation, with 23 graduates and five honorary graduates. Move towards Chinese cultural education, and WW2 Student residences in 1946, with damage from WWII visible After the 1925–26 Canton-Hong Kong strikes, the government moved towards greater integration of Eastern culture, increasing the number of Chinese courses. In 1927, a degree in Chinese was created Sony VAIO PCG-384L battery. Donations from wealthy businessmen Tang Chi Ngong and Fung Ping Shan – for whom campus buildings are named after – triggered an emphasis on Chinese cultural education. In 1941, the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong led to the damage of university buildings, and the university closed until 1945. The university was founded as an all-male institution. Women students were admitted for the first time only ten years later Sony VAIO PCG-383L battery. In 1937, the Queen Mary Hospital opened and has served as the university's teaching hospital ever since. Post-WW2 After World War II, the university reopened and underwent structural developments as post-war reconstruction efforts began in earnest, requiring more investment in law and social sciences. The Faculty of Social Sciences was established in 1967 and the Law Department in 1969. The student population in 1961 was 2,000, four times more than in 1941 Sony VAIO PCG-382L battery. In 1982, the Faculty of Dentistry, based at the Prince Philip Dental Hospital, was established. It remains to this day Hong Kong's only faculty training dental professionals. In 1984, both the School of Architecture and School of Education became fully-fledged faculties, and in the same year a separate Faculty of Law was created. The Faculty of Business and Economics was established in 2001 as the university's tenth and youngest faculty Sony VAIO PCG-381L battery. After 1989, the Hong Kong government began emphasizing local tertiary college (大專) education, retaining many local students who would have studied abroad in the United Kingdom. In preparation for the 1997 handover, it also greatly increased student places and course variety. Consequently, the 2001 student population had grown to 14,300 and degree courses on offer numbered over a hundred Sony VAIO PCG-7185L battery. HKU has nurtured the largest number of research postgraduate students in Hong Kong, making up approximately 10% of the total student population. All ten faculties and departments provide teaching and supervision for research (MPhil and PhD) students with administration undertaken by the Graduate School Sony VAIO PCG-7184L battery. 2001: 90th anniversary The year 2001 marked the 90th Anniversary of HKU. Growing with Hong Kong: HKU and its Graduates – The First 90 Years was published by the University Press in 2002 as an impact study on HKU's graduates in different fields of Hong Kong. [edit]2006: renaming of Faculty of Medicine In January 2006, despite protest from some students and various alumni, the Faculty of Medicine was renamed as the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine "as a recognition of the generosity" of Mr. Li Ka Shing and his Foundation Sony VAIO PCG-7183L battery, who pledged HK$1 billion in support of the university "general development as well as research and academic activities in medicine". 2011: 818 incident On 16 August 2011 Communist Party of China Vice Premier Li Keqiang began a three day visit to promote development between Hong Kong and mainland China.[8][9] The school was locked down and mishandled by the local police force causing the Hong Kong 818 incident. Sony VAIO PCG-7182L batteryIn a statement to the HKU community, the university’s Vice-Chancellor, Professor Lap-chee Tsui, admitted that the security arrangements could have been better planned and organized, and apologized to the university’s students and alumni for not having been able to prevent the unhappy incident. He assured them that "the University campus belongs to students and teachers, and that it will always remain a place for freedom of expression". Sony VAIO PCG-7181L batteryOn 30 August 2011, the university’s Council resolved to set up a panel to review issues arising from the State leader’s visit, in order to improve arrangements and establish appropriate mechanisms and policies for university events in the future in a manner that would be consistent with its commitment to freedom of expression Sony VAIO PCG-7174L battery. Reputation and rankings There are various published university rankings produced using different methodologies and criteria. HKU has a positive evaluation in many such rankings. The result of some major rankings in the world are shown below: ARWU (2010): Among the 201-300th in the world; 2-4th in Hong Kong. QS World University Rankings (2011-12): 22nd in the world and first in Asia. Times Higher Education World University Rankings (2011-12): 34th in the world and second in Asia. (after the University of Tokyo) Sony VAIO PCG-7173L batteryShield, motto and coat of arms HKU's Shield & Motti , granted in 1913 HKU's coat of arms, granted in 1984 The design of the university's Shield was proposed to the College of Arms by the university in October 1912.[15] On 14 May 1913, the Shield, along with 2 motti (1 in Latin, 1 in Chinese) were granted by the College of Arms.[15] The field resembles the lions on the Coat of arms of England, whereas the book on the shield is a common reference to university's role in learning and knowledge Sony VAIO PCG-7172L battery. The Latin motto Sapientia et Virtus translated in to English as "Wisdom and Virtue". The Chinese motto on the pages of the opened book, written from right to left, top to bottom in accandance with traditional Chinese writing direction, contains 2 phrases: 明德 (ming tak) and 格物 (kak mat), meaning "illustrious virtue" and "the investigation of things" respectively Sony VAIO PCG-7171L battery. The first phrase ming tak makes homage to the opening sentence of classic Confucian Classical Chinese literature the Great Learning, in which the author discusses the 3 great duties of a ruler – illustrious virtue, the renewal of the people, and repose in the highest good.[15] The second phrase kak mat is a reference to the writing of Confucian scholar Zhu Xi 致知在格物 (lit. exhausting by examination the principles of things and affairs) The phrase occurs in discussion regarding how wise rulers set about cultivating wisdom and virtue Sony VAIO PCG-7162L battery. If one desires to rectify his hearts, he must first sought to be sincere in their thoughts. Wishing to be sincere in their thoughts, he must first extended to the utmost their knowledge. Such extension of knowledge lay in the investigation of things. In 1981, the year of the university's 70th anniversary, an application was made to the College of Arms for a full coat of arms, which was granted in 1984, comprising the original shield and motti with the addition of a crest Sony VAIO PCG-7161L battery, supporters, a helmet and compartment. The supporters of the coat of arms are a Chinese dragon and a lion representing Britain, indicating the university's aspiration to blend East and West, from the foundation by British people in Hong Kong and the later development of the university's research and studies in both west and east culture and technology, whereas the compartment is an allusion to Hong Kong Island, where the university is located Sony VAIO PCG-7154L battery. Eliot Hall and Meng Wah Complex Sun Yat-Sen statue in the Lily Pond The university's main campus covers 160,000 square metres of land on Bonham Road and Pok Fu Lam Road in the Mid-levels of Hong Kong Island. HKU buildings are some of the few remaining examples of British Colonial architecture in Hong Kong. The Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine is situated 4.5 km southwest of the main campus, in the Southern District near Sandy Bay and Pok Fu Lam. The medical campus includes Queen Mary Hospital, the William M.W. Mong Building and research facilities Sony VAIO PCG-7153L battery. The Faculty of Dentistry is situated in the Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Sai Ying Pun. The university also operates the Kadoorie Agricultural Research Center, which occupies 95,000 square metres of land in the New Territories, and the Swire Institute of Marine Science at the southern tip of the d'Aguilar Peninsula on Hong Kong Island Sony VAIO PCG-7152L battery. Main building Main building corridor The oldest structure in the University of Hong Kong was sponsored by Sir Hormusjee Naorojee Mody and designed by Architect Messrs Leigh & Orange.[16] Constructed between 1910 and 1912, it comprised two courtyards in the post-renaissance style built with red brick and granite. The main elevation is articulated by four turrets with a central clock tower Sony VAIO PCG-7151L battery (a gift from Sir Paul Chater in 1930). Two courtyards were added in the south in 1952 and one floor in the end block in 1958. It was originally used as classrooms and laboratories for the Faculty of Medicine and Engineering and is now the home of departments within the Faculty of Arts. The central Great Hall (Loke Yew Hall) is named after Mr. Loke Yew, a benefactor of the university in its early years. It became a declared monument in 1984. Sony VAIO PCG-7148L battery[edit]Swire Building In around 1980, the Swire Group sponsored the building of a new residential hall in the eastern extremity of the campus. Because of the sponsorship, the new student residence was named Swire Building. The building was officially opened by Mr. John Anthony Swire, C.B.E. on 11 November 1980. In the first open day of Swire Hall, orange was used as the background colour Sony VPCW21M2E/WI battery. Luckily, no other halls used orange as their hall colour. Hence, in 1983, orange was chosen to be the hall colour of Swire Hall in the second Annual General Meeting. In 1983, Mrs. J. Lau (Director of Centre Media Resources) provided a design of hall logo. The Swire Hall Students’ Association, HKUSU, then made some amendments to that design. The logo shows the words ‘S’ and ‘H’, which is the abbreviation of Swire Hall at that time Sony VPCW21C7E battery. The design of the word ‘S’ looks like two hands holding together, signifying that all hall-mates should cooperate with each others. This promotes the hall motto ‘Unity and Sincerity’. Hung Hing Ying Building Hui Oi-Chow Science Building (Office for Faculty of Education) Financed by Sir Paul Chater, Professor G. P. Jordan and others, it was opened in 1919 by the Governor of Hong Kong Sir Reginald Stubbs and housed the student union. After World War II, the building was used temporarily for administrative purposes. The East Wing was added in 1960. The building was converted into the Senior Common Room in 1974 Sony VPCW12S1E/WZ battery. It was named in honour of Mr Hung Hing Ying in 1986 for his family's donations to the university. The building was subsequently used again for administrative purposes, and now houses the Department of Music. The two-storey Edwardian style structure is characterised by a central dome and the use of red brick to emulate the main building opposite. The building was declared a monument in 1995 Sony VPCW12S1E/W battery. [edit]Tang Chi Ngong Building The idea to establish a school of Chinese was proposed between the two World Wars. Construction of the premises began in 1929 with a donation from Mr Tang Chi-ngong, father of the philanthropist Sir Tang Shiu-kin, after whom the building was named. It was opened by Governor of Hong Kong Sir William Peel in 1931 and since then further donations have been received for the endowment of teaching Chinese language and literature Sony VPCW12S1E/T battery. The building has been used for other purposes since the 1970s but the name remained unchanged. At present, it houses the Centre of Asian Studies. This three-storey flat-roofed structure is surfaced with Shanghai plaster and was declared a monument in 1995. [edit]University Museum and Art Gallery Main article: University Museum and Art Gallery The Fung Ping Shan Museum The three-storey Fung Ping Shan Museum was erected in 1932 as a library for Chinese books. Named after its donor, the building consists of masonry on the ground level surmounted by a two-storey red-brick structure with applied ornamental columns topped by a pediment over its entrance Sony VPCW12S1E/P battery. Since 1962, the Chinese books collection, now known as the Fung Ping Shan Library, was transferred to the University's new Main Library and the whole building was converted into a museum for Chinese art and archaeology. Among its collections are ceramics, pottery and bronzes. In 1996, the lowest three floors of the new T. T. Tsui Building were added to the old building to form the University Museum and Art Gallery Sony VPCW11S1E/W battery. The TT Tsui Building Robert Black College The Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building and Pillar of Shame [edit]Centennial Campus To prepare for the new four-year undergraduate curriculum, HKU is developing a Centennial Campus on the west of the main campus. The construction of the campus started in late 2009, and will be completed in 2012, the first year of the introduction of the new academic structure in Hong Kong. In 2012, the Faculty of Arts, the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Social Science will be moved into the Centennial Campus Sony VPCW11S1E/T battery. Administration The University's Chancellor is the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, Leung Chun-ying. The Pro-Chancellor is David Li. The Chairman of the University Council is Dr. Leong Che Hung. The Vice-Chancellor and President is Professor Lap-Chee Tsui. The Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Provost is Professor Roland T. H. Chin, and the Pro-Vice-Chancellors and Vice-Presidents are Professors S. P. Chow, J. G. Malpas Sony VPCW11S1E/P battery, Paul K. H. Tam and Amy B. M. Tsui. The academic staff population is over 800. Professor Ian Davies was the Vice-Chancellor for two years before a worldwide search culminated in the selection of Professor Lap-Chee Tsui as the new head of the University in 2002. The business school (now the Faculty of Business and Economics) was founded by Gordon Redding Sony VPCYA1S1E/B battery. Research and endowment The university is a founding member of Universitas 21, an international consortium of research-led universities. HKU benefits from a large operating budget supplied by high levels of government funding compared to many Western countries. Since 1991, the Research Grants Council (RGC) has granted the University of Hong Kong a total of HK$893 million Sony VPCYA1V9E/B battery, which is second highest after Chinese University of Hong Kong. HKU professors were among the highest paid in the world as well, having salaries far exceeding those of their U.S. counterparts in private universities. However, with the reduction of salaries in recent years, this is no longer the case. 100 members of academic staff (>10% of professoriate staff) from HKU are ranked among the world's top 1% of scientists by the ISI, by means of the citations recorded on their publications Sony VPCY22Z5008B battery. [edit]Demographics According to the latest profile indicators [2], the student population of the University was 21,652 in 2008–2009, comprising 11,962 undergraduates, 7,326 taught postgraduates and 2,364 research postgraduates. There were 2,068 non-local students (2008–2009) studying at the university Sony VPCY21S1E/SI battery. HKU attracts some of the best students from the World in Hong Kong. For the last five years, the university has admitted less than 50% of all the Hong Kong A-level Grade-A students. It accepts most of its undergraduate students from Form 7 graduates of local secondary schools through the Joint University Programmes Admissions System (JUPAS) Sony VPCY21S1E/L battery. The University also operates an Early Admissions Scheme (EAS) which allows Form 6 students with at least 6 Grade A in the HKCEE (local schools) or at least 6 A* in GCSE or IGCSE (international schools) results to join the university without sitting the Hong Kong A-Level Examination. In 2009, over 50% of all Early Admissions Scheme applicants put HKU as their first choice Sony VPCY21S1E/G battery. [edit]Academic units Centennial College The Centennial College (Chinese: 明德學院) was established on 7 March 2012. It pays tribute to the University of Hong Kong in recognising the 100 years of commitment the University has made to academic excellence. The College is continuing the efforts to encourage a lifetime of self-cultivation for today's generation of students. It will provide unique, multifaceted, self-financed, 4-year bachelor degree programmes for HKALE Sony VPCY11S1E/S battery, HKDSE and other graduates beginning in September, 2012. Academic programmes that will be offered include: a Bachelor of Professional Accounting (Honours) degree course and a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) degree course with majors in Integrated Business, Language and Communication, China Studies and Global Studies Sony VPCY11S1E battery. HKU School of Professional and Continuing Education HKU SPACE Admiralty Learning Centre HKU SPACE was established in 1956 to provide continuing education on a wide range of subjects, for instance, Japanese language courses and Mandarin language courses. HKU SPACE runs its programmes without subsidy from the Hong Kong Government and has recently evolved into a community college-type institution, somewhat similar to community colleges in the US. Sony VPCZ11X9E/B battery[edit]HKU School of Professional and Continuing Education Community College HKU SPACE Community College was established in March 2000. It mainly provides sub-degree programmes for Form 5 or Form 7 graduates to further their studies. There are three main streams of programmes provided, they are Higher Diploma Programmes (2-year and 3-year full time), Pre-Associate Degree (1-year full time) and Associate Degree (2-year full time) Sony VPCZ11Z9E/B battery. Libraries HKU Libraries (HKUL) was established in 1912 and is the oldest academic library in Hong Kong with over 2.3 million holdings. A web-based library catalogue, DRAGON, allows one to search HKUL's books, journals and other resources. HKUL now comprises the Main Library and six specialist branch libraries, the Dental, Education, Fung Ping Shan (East Asian Language), Yu Chun Keung Medical, Lui Che Woo Law and the Music Library. They are located in buildings around the campus with varying opening hours Sony VPCZ12M9E/B battery. [edit]HKUL Digital Initiatives The HKUL Digital Initiatives, through its digitization projects, has opened up online access to local collections originally in print format. The first HKUL Digital Initiative, ExamBase, was launched in 1996 and other projects of scholarly interests were introduced. More digital projects are being developed to provide continuous access to digital content and services Sony VPCZ12X9E/X battery. It provides open access to Chinese and English academic and medical periodicals published in Hong Kong. Student organisations The Students' Union There are two officially recognised student bodies, giving opportunities for students to participate in extracurricular activities. The Hong Kong University Students' Union (HKUSU) principally serves the undergraduate students. This organization is renowned amongst student activists, having been the main driving force behind evicting a chancellor in recent years Sony VPCZ12Z9E/X battery. There was controversy when the head of the Students' Union, Ayo Chan, said that some of the protesters involved in the Tiananmen Square Massacre had acted irrationally.[20] Many students thought his remarks were offensive and he was ousted by a vote in under one week. The Postgraduate Students Association (PGSA) represents the postgraduate students Sony VPCZ138GA battery. People affiliated with HKU See also: List of graduates of the University of Hong Kong and List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of Hong Kong The University of Hong Kong has educated many notable people. One of them was Dr Sun Yat-sen, founding president of the Republic of China, who was a graduate of the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, the predecessor of HKU. Over 40 principal officials, permanent secretaries Sony VPCZ13M9E/B battery, and Executive Council/Legislative Council members of the Hong Kong SAR Government are HKU graduates. HKU graduates also form the senior management teams of many large organisations in the private sector. Study abroad programme In 2009, the Times Higher Education Supplement ranked the University of Hong Kong 24th in the world. Student welfare is served by several units, including the Centre of Development and Resources for Students (CEDARS) Sony VPCZ13M9E/X battery, which provides guidance for most areas of student life including career counselling; and University Health Service, which provides health care, referrals and preventive services. This student run organization offers more than 100 clubs and associations catering to the student population. Through the Exchange Buddy Program, students from abroad can choose to be matched with a local student whom they can correspond with prior to their departure for Hong Kong Sony VPCZ13V9E battery. These local students greet the visiting students upon arrival at the airport, assist with settling into student residence and offer advice and support during their stay.[21] More than 3,000 students have participated in the exchange programmes through universities spanning 18 countries around the world with the support of the University Grants Committee, the University of Hong Kong Foundation for Educational Development and Research Sony VPCZ13X5003B battery, the Hongkong Bank Foundation, the UBC Alumni Association (Hong Kong), the Dr. Lee Shiu Scholarships for Hong Kong and South-East Asia Academic Exchange, Shell (Hong Kong) Limited, and the C.V. Starr Scholarship Fund and other donations.[22] Development In addition to increased academic research and development, HKU aims to promote continuing education to the public, through improved links between the University and the HKU SPACE|School of Professional and Continuing Education (SPACE) Sony VPCZ13V9E/X battery. HKU is also trying to better its alumni and external network for financially sustainable development.
Carnegie Mellon University (also known as Carnegie Mellon or simply CMU) is a private research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. The university began as the Carnegie Technical Schools, founded by Andrew Carnegie in 1900. In 1912, the school became Carnegie Institute of Technology and began granting four-year degrees. In 1967 HP Pavilion dv6-1299lx battery, the Carnegie Institute of Technology merged with the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research to form Carnegie Mellon University. The university's 140-acre (0.57 km2) main campus is 3 miles (4.8 km) from Downtown Pittsburgh and abuts the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, Schenley Park, and the campus of the University of Pittsburgh in the city's Oakland and Squirrel Hill neighborhoods, partially extending into Shadyside HP Pavilion dv6-1299ez battery. Carnegie Mellon has seven colleges and independent schools: the Carnegie Institute of Technology (engineering), College of Fine Arts, Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Mellon College of Science, Tepper School of Business, H. John Heinz III College and the School of Computer Science HP Pavilion dv6-1299es batteryHistory Andrew Carnegie Post-Civil War industrialists accumulated unprecedented wealth and some were eager to found institutions in their names as part of philanthropy campaigns using portions of their vast wealth. Washington Duke at Duke University, Ezra Cornell at Cornell University, Johns Hopkins at Johns Hopkins University, Leland Stanford at Stanford University HP Pavilion dv6-1299er battery, and Cornelius Vanderbilt at Vanderbilt University are several notable examples of Andrew Carnegie's gospel of wealth mentality and Carnegie Mellon University is one such result. Carnegie Mellon predecessor institution, Carnegie Technical Schools, was founded in 1900 in Pittsburgh by the Scottish American industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie HP Pavilion dv6-1299eo battery, who wrote the time-honored words "My heart is in the work", when he donated the funds to create the institution. Carnegie's vision was to open a vocational training school for the sons and daughters of working-class Pittsburghers (Many of whom worked in his mills). The campus began to take shape in the Beaux-Arts architecture style of Henry Hornbostel HP Pavilion dv6-1299ef battery, winner of the 1904 competition to design the original institution and later the founder of what is now the Carnegie Mellon School of Architecture. The name was changed to the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1912, and the school began offering four-year degrees. In 1965, it merged with Andrew Mellon's Mellon Institute of Industrial Research to become Carnegie Mellon University HP Pavilion dv6-1299ea battery. In addition, Carnegie founded Carnegie Mellon's coordinate women's college, Margaret Morrison Carnegie College in 1903 (which closed in 1973). Andrew W. Mellon There was little change to the campus between the first and second World War. A 1938 master plan by Githens and Keally suggested acquisition of new land along Forbes Avenue, but the plan was not fully implemented HP Pavilion dv6-1295el battery. The period starting with the construction of the Graduate School of Industrial Administration building (1952) and ending with Wean Hall (1971) saw the institutional change from Carnegie Institute of Technology to Carnegie Mellon University. New facilities were needed to respond to the University's growing national reputation in artificial intelligence, business, robotics and the arts HP Pavilion dv6-1291es battery. In addition, an expanding student population resulted in a need for improved facilities for student life, athletics and libraries. The campus finally expanded to Forbes Avenue from its original land along Schenley Park. A ravine long known as "the cut" was gradually filled in to campus level, joining "the Mall" as a major campus open space HP Pavilion dv6-1290ev battery. Hamerschlag and Roberts Halls are two of the teaching facilities of the College of Engineering The buildings of this era reflect current attitudes toward architectural style. The International Style, with its rejection of historical tradition and its emphases on functionalism and expression of structure, had been in vogue in urban settings since the 1930s HP Pavilion dv6-1290es battery. It came late to the Carnegie campus because of the hiatus in building activity and a general reluctance among all institutions of higher education to abandon historical styles. By the 1960s, it was seen as a way to accomplish the needed expansion and at the same time give the campus a new image. Each building was a unique architectural statement that may have acknowledged the existing campus in its placement, but not in its form or materials HP Pavilion dv6-1290en battery. During the 1970s and 1980s, the tenure of University President Richard M. Cyert (1972–1990) witnessed a period of unparalleled growth and development. The research budget soared from roughly US$12 million annually in the early 1970s to more than US$110 million in the late 1980s. The work of researchers in new fields like robotics and software engineering helped the university build on its reputation for innovation and practical problem solving HP Pavilion dv6-1290ec battery. President Cyert stressed strategic planning and comparative advantage, pursuing opportunities in areas where Carnegie Mellon could outdistance its competitors. One example of this approach was the introduction of the university's "Andrew" computing network in the mid-1980s. This pioneering project, which linked all computers and workstations on campus, set the standard for educational computing and established Carnegie Mellon as a leader in the use of technology in education and research HP Pavilion dv6-1288la battery. On April 24, 1984, cmu.edu, Carnegie Mellon's Internet domain became among the first six .edu URLs. Present Wean Hall, home of the world's first internet-enabled soda vending machine.[6] In the 1990s and into the 2000s (decade), Carnegie Mellon solidified its status among elite American universities, consistently ranking in the top 25 in US News and World Report rankings. Carnegie Mellon is distinct in its interdisciplinary approach to research and education. Through the establishment of programs and centers that are outside the limitations of departments or colleges HP Pavilion dv6-1285es battery, the university has established leadership in fields such as computational finance, information systems management, arts management, product design, behavioral economics, human-computer interaction, entertainment technology, and decision science. Within the past two decades, the university has built a new university center, theater and drama building (Purnell Center), business school building (Posner Hall) HP Pavilion dv6-1282et battery, student union and several dormitories. Baker Hall was renovated in the early 2000s (decade), and new chemistry labs were established in Doherty Hall soon after. Several computer science buildings, such as Newell Simon Hall, also were established, renovated or renamed in the early 2000s (decade). The university has most recently completed building the Gates Hillman Complex and continues renovating historic academic and residence halls HP Pavilion dv6-1280us battery. The Gates Hillman Complex, opened for occupancy on August 11, 2009, sits on a 5.6-acre (23,000 m2) site on the university's West Campus, surrounded by Cyert Hall, the Purnell Center for the Arts, Doherty Hall, Newell-Simon Hall, Smith Hall, Hamburg Hall and the Collaborative Innovation Center. It contains 318 offices as well as labs, computer clusters HP Pavilion dv6-1280sn battery, lecture halls, classrooms and a 250-seat auditorium. The Gates Hillman Complex was made possible by a $20 million lead gift from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and an additional $10 million grant from The Henry L. Hillman Foundation. The Gates Hillman Complex and the Purnell Center for the Arts are connected by the Randy Pausch Memorial Footbridge. HP Pavilion dv6-1280ev batteryOn April 15, 1997, Jared L. Cohon, former dean of Yale University's School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, was elected president by Carnegie Mellon's Board of Trustees. During Cohon's presidency, Carnegie Mellon has continued its trajectory of innovation and growth. He leads a strategic plan that aims to leverage the University's strengths to benefit society in the areas of biotechnology and life sciences, information and security technology HP Pavilion dv6-1280et battery, environmental science and practices, the fine arts and humanities, and business and public policy. On July 1, 2003, Carnegie Mellon launched Insp!re Innovation, a $1 billion comprehensive fundraising campaign. Half of the campaign goal is intended for the endowment to provide long-lasting support for faculty, students and breakthrough innovations. As of June 30, 2012, the campaign had brought in $1.07 billion, with $546.2 million going toward Carnegie Mellon’s endowment HP Pavilion dv6-1280es battery. It also enabled the university to establish 26 endowed professorships, 84 endowed fellowships and 205 endowed scholarships.[8] On September 7, 2011, William S. Dietrich II, the former chairman of Dietrich Industries, Inc., a subsidiary of Worthington Industries, Inc., pledged a gift of $265 million, effective on October 6, 2011, upon his death. In response to this gift HP Pavilion dv6-1280ep battery, Carnegie Mellon renamed the College of Humanities of Social Sciences as the Marianna Brown Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences after William Dietrich's mother.[9] New York’s Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg, and New York University’s President John Sexton on April 23rd, 2012, announced an historic agreement between New York City, New York’s MTA, and a consortium of world-class academic institutions, and private technology companies, that will lead to the creation in New York of a Center for Urban Science and Progress (CUSP) HP Pavilion dv6-1280el battery. The Center for Urban Science and Progress (CUSP) is an applied science research institute which will be a partnership of top institutions from around the globe, led by NYU and NYU-Poly with a consortium of world-class universities including: The University of Warwick, Carnegie Mellon University, the City University of New York, the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, and the University of Toronto HP Pavilion dv6-1277la battery. Peer institutions of Carnegie Mellon's institutional research and analysis program include Caltech, Cornell, Duke, Emory, Georgia Tech, MIT, Northwestern, Princeton, Rice, RPI, Stanford, Penn and Washington University. Campus Carnegie Mellon's 140-acre (0.57 km2) main campus is three miles (5 km) from downtown Pittsburgh, between Schenley Park and the Squirrel Hill HP Pavilion dv6-1277el battery, Shadyside, and Oakland neighborhoods. Carnegie Mellon is bordered to the west by the campus of the University of Pittsburgh. Carnegie Mellon owns 81 buildings in the Oakland and Squirrel Hill neighborhoods of Pittsburgh. For decades the center of student life on campus was "Skibo Hall", the University's student union. Built in the 1950s, Skibo Hall's design was typical of Mid-Century Modern architecture, but was poorly equipped to deal with advances in computer and internet connectivity HP Pavilion dv6-1275la battery. The original Skibo was razed in the summer of 1994 and replaced by a new student union that is fully wi-fi enabled. Known as University Center, the building was dedicated in 1996. A large grassy area known as "the Cut" forms the backbone of the campus, with a separate grassy area known as "the Mall" running perpendicular. The Cut was formed by filling in a ravine (hence the name) with soil from a nearby hill that was leveled to build the College of Fine Arts building HP Pavilion dv6-1275eg battery. The northwestern part of the campus (home to Hamburg Hall, Newell-Simon Hall, Smith Hall, and Gates Hillman Complex) was acquired from the United States Bureau of Mines in the 1980s. In 2006, Carnegie Mellon Trustee Jill Gansman Kraus donated the 80-foot (24 m)-tall sculpture Walking to the Sky, which was placed the lawn facing Forbes Ave between the University Center and Warner Hall HP Pavilion dv6-1270st battery. The sculpture was controversial for its placement, the general lack of input that the campus community had, and its aesthetic appeal. A panoramic view of Carnegie Mellon University's Pittsburgh campus from the College of Fine Arts Lawn. From left to right: College of Fine Arts, Hunt Library, Baker and Porter Hall, Hamerschlag Hall, University of Pittsburgh's Cathedral of Learning (in the background), Wean Hall and Doherty Hall, Purnell Center, and the University Center. Also visible are "The Fence," and the "Walking to the Sky" sculpture HP Pavilion dv6-1270ss battery. Beyond Pittsburgh In addition to its Pittsburgh campus, Carnegie Mellon has a branch campus in the Middle East, Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar, which offers a full undergraduate curriculum with degree programs in computer science, business administration and information systems. It also has graduate-level extension campuses in Mountain View, California in the heart of Silicon Valley (offering masters programs in Software Engineering and Software Management) HP Pavilion dv6-1270la battery. The Tepper School of Business maintains a satellite center in downtown Manhattan and the Heinz College maintains one in Adelaide, Australia and one in Washington, DC. Carnegie Mellon also maintains the Carnegie Mellon Los Angeles Center in North Hollywood, California where students in the Master of Entertainment Industry Management program are required to relocate to Los Angeles in their second year and attend classes at this facility HP Pavilion dv6-1270ev battery. Carnegie Mellon's Information Networking Institute offers graduate programs in Athens, Greece and Kobe, Japan, in collaboration with Athens Information Technology and the Hyogo Institute of Information Education Foundation, respectively. In the fall of 2007, the cities of Aveiro and Lisbon, Portugal were added to the Information Networking Institute's remote locations. The Institute for Software Research International (ISRI) offers graduate programs in Coimbra, Portugal HP Pavilion dv6-1270et battery.The Entertainment Technology Center offers graduate programs in Portugal, Japan, and Singapore. The Human-Computer Interaction Institute offers a masters degree in conjunction with the University of Madeira, in Portugal. In media, entertainment, and culture The Carnegie Mellon University campus in Pittsburgh has served as the locale for many motion pictures. Alumnus George A. Romero filmed Creepshow (1982) in and around Margaret Morrison Hall. Much of the on-campus scenes in the 2000 film Wonder Boys HP Pavilion dv6-1270eq battery, starring Michael Douglas and Tobey Maguire, were filmed in Carnegie Mellon's campus. Other movies filmed at Carnegie Mellon include The Mothman Prophecies, Dogma, Lorenzo's Oil, The Dark Knight Rises, and Flashdance. The university is also featured prominently in the film Smart People, starring Sarah Jessica Parker and Dennis Quaid, and in the anime Summer Wars. It was also referenced on an episode of The Simpsons HP Pavilion dv6-1270el battery, Weeds, and in the movie Mean Girls 2. Carnegie Mellon was identified as the university "Rat" went to in the science fiction movie The Core, as well as the university that one of the astronauts attended in the film Deep Impact. The play Pippin was originally conceived by Stephen Schwartz as a student musical performed by the Scotch'n'Soda student theatre troupe.[13] Schwartz also collaborated with drama student John-Michael Tebelak to expand his master's thesis project titled Godspell HP Pavilion dv6-1270eg battery, created under the direction of Lawrence Carra, into a musical. While enrolled at Carnegie Mellon, acting students Michael McKean and David Lander (class of 1969) created the characters "Lenny & Squiggy". The pair continued performing the characters in live comedy routines before joining the cast of the TV series Laverne and Shirley. In 2008, Carnegie Mellon professor Randy Pausch's "Last Lecture" became a pop culture phenomenon HP Pavilion dv6-1270ec battery. Based on a lecture he gave in September 2007 - shortly after he learned his cancer had metastasized - his book quickly rose to the top of bestseller lists around the country. Named in Time Magazine's "Time 100" list of influential people, he died in July 2008 from pancreatic cancer. Carnegie Mellon also established and administers the Robot Hall of Fame in partnership with the Carnegie Science Center HP Pavilion dv6-1268tx battery. Schools and divisions Margaret Morrison Hall, home of the Carnegie Mellon School of Architecture The Carnegie Institute of Technology includes seven engineering departments: Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Engineering and Public Policy, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, and two institutes, the Information Networking Institute and the Institute for Complex Engineered Systems HP Pavilion dv6-1268nr battery. The College of Fine Arts is the second oldest college of fine arts in the United States (behind the Maryland Institute College of Art), and today it is a federation of schools with professional training programs in the visual and performing arts: Architecture, Art, Design (ranked #1 MFA program in Multimedia and Visual Communication), Drama and Music HP Pavilion dv6-1266el battery. The college shares research projects, interdisciplinary centers and educational programs with other units across the university. The college initiated several interdisciplinary program which facilitate graduate student research and enrich their knowledge. The H. John Heinz III College offers top-ranked masters degrees in Public Policy and Management, Health Care Policy and Management, Biotechnology and Management, Medical Management, Public Management HP Pavilion dv6-1265tx battery, Arts Management, Entertainment Industry Management, Information Systems Management, Information Technology, and Information Security Policy and Management. It consists of the School of Information Systems & Management and the School of Public Policy & Management. It also offers various Ph.D. and executive education programs HP Pavilion dv6-1264tx battery. The Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences is the university's liberal and professional studies college and emphasizes the study of the human condition through rigorous analysis and technology. Departments include Economics, English, History, Modern Languages, Philosophy, Psychology, Social and Decision Sciences and Statistics. The college also offers undergraduate degree programs in Information systems and International Relations and Politics HP Pavilion dv6-1264ca battery. The Mellon College of Science includes four departments: Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Mathematical Sciences and Physics. In addition, the college is expanding efforts in green chemistry, bioinformatics, computational biology, nanotechnology, computational finance, sensor research and biological physics HP Pavilion dv6-1263cl battery. The Hunt Library at Carnegie Mellon University is the largest library on the Pittsburgh Campus The Gates Center is a recent addition to the university's computer science school. The School of Computer Science: Carnegie Mellon University helped define, and continually redefines, the field of computer science. The School of Computer Science is recognized internationally as one of the top schools for computer science. HP Pavilion dv6-1261tx batteryThe Tepper School of Business offers undergraduate programs in Business Administration and Economics. Undergraduate Tepper students can choose from an array of tracks including: Finance, Information Technology, Entrepreneurship, Management, Consulting, and Marketing. In addition to choosing a track, undergraduate Tepper students must also choose a minor from one of the other colleges HP Pavilion dv6-1260tx batteryon campus and take a variety of supplemental breadth courses outside of the business program. The Tepper School offers masters degrees in Business Administration (MBA) and joint degrees in Computational Finance (MSCF) with the Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences, the Mellon College of Science, and the School of Computer Science. In addition, joint degrees are offered with Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Heinz College HP Pavilion dv6-1260sn battery. The Tepper School also offers doctoral degrees in several areas and presents a number of executive education programs. In addition to the research and academic institutions, the University hosts the Pennsylvania Governor's School for the Sciences, a state-funded summer program that aims to foster interest in science amongst gifted high school students HP Pavilion dv6-1260sh battery, and the Carnegie Mellon Institute for Talented Elementary and Secondary Students program (C-MITES). The Cyert Center for Early Education is a child care center for Carnegie Mellon faculty and staff, as well as an observational setting for students in child development courses. The Open Learning Initiative provides free courses online in a variety of fields to students globally HP Pavilion dv6-1260sg battery. Carnegie Mellon University Libraries include Hunt Library, the Engineering and Science Library, the Mellon Institute Library, the Posner Center, and the Qatar Library. Additionally the Libraries manage the Software Engineering Institute Library, and the Universal Digital Library. The library system includes a number of special collections such as the Andrew Carnegie Collection HP Pavilion dv6-1260se battery, Herbert A. Simon Collection, Allen Newell Collection, the H. John Heinz III Collection, and the Posner Memorial Collection among many others. Carnegie Mellon students and faculty also have access to the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh libraries through the Oakland Library Consortium. The Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation (HIBD) HP Pavilion dv6-1260ev battery, a research division of Carnegie Mellon University, and its library collections are located on the top floor of Hunt Library, but are not part of the University Library System. Carnegie Mellon also manages the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps in Pittsburgh on which students throughout Pittsburgh's universities rely. Carnegie Mellon relies on the University of Pittsburgh to provide opportunities in Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps and Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps to its students HP Pavilion dv6-1260et battery. Collaboration with the University of Pittsburgh Carnegie Mellon University neighbors the campus of the University of Pittsburgh, and in some cases, buildings of the two universities are intermingled. This helps to facilitate myriad academic and research collaborations between the two schools,[18] including such projects as the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, the Pittsburgh Life Sciences Greenhouse HP Pavilion dv6-1260ep battery, the Immune Modeling Center, the Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, as well as the National Science Foundation-supported Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center. Further, the universities also offer multiple dual and joint degree programs such as the Medical Scientist Training Program, the Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology Graduate Program HP Pavilion dv6-1260ej battery, and the Law and Business Administration program. Some professors hold joint professorships between the two schools, and students at each university may take classes at the other (with appropriate approvals).[21] CMU students and faculty also have access to the University of Pittsburgh library system, as well as the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, through the Oakland Library Consortium HP Pavilion dv6-1260ei battery. The two universities also co-host academic conferences, such as the 2012 Second Language Research Forum. Undergraduate profile Posner Hall, home of the Tepper School of Business In 2011, the Pittsburgh campus received a record 27,913 unique applicants and admitted 5,948 (21%). 1,443 students enrolled in the class of 2015 (24%). In 2011, the most selective undergraduate college was the School of Computer Science, which admitted only 11.1% of total applicants. The largest college HP Pavilion dv6-1260ec battery, in terms of enrollment, is the Carnegie Institute of Technology with 455 students in the class of 2015, followed by the Dietrich College of Humanities & Social Sciences with 241, and the College of Fine Arts with 235. The smallest college in terms of total undergraduate enrollment is the Tepper School of Business (with 90). Carnegie Mellon enrolls students from all 50 states and the District of Columbia HP Pavilion dv6-1259tx battery, and 15.6% of the students are citizens of countries other than the United States, representing more than 40 countries. About 96.3% of first-year students enrolled in 2009 returned for their second year, and 72.7% of students in the class of 2010 graduated within four years. Undergraduate tuition is $44,880 and room and board is $11,550 HP Pavilion dv6-1259dx battery. Research Scarab lunar rover is being developed by the RI. For the 2006 fiscal year, the University spent $315 million on research. The primary recipients of this funding were the School of Computer Science ($100.3 million), the Software Engineering Institute ($71.7 million), the Carnegie Institute of Technology ($48.5 million), and the Mellon College of Science ($47.7 million). The research money comes largely from federal sources HP Pavilion dv6-1256tx battery, with federal investment of $277.6 million. The federal agencies that invest the most money are the National Science Foundation and the Department of Defense, which contribute 26% and 23.4% of the total university research budget respectively. The Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC) is a joint effort between Carnegie Mellon University, University of Pittsburgh, and Westinghouse Electric Company HP Pavilion dv6-1255tx battery. PSC was founded in 1986 by its two scientific directors, Dr. Ralph Roskies of the University of Pittsburgh and Dr. Michael Levine of Carnegie Mellon University. PSC is a leading partner in the TeraGrid, the National Science Foundation’s cyberinfrastructure program.[26] The Robotics Institute (RI) is a division of the School of Computer Science and considered to be one of the leading centers of robotics research in the world HP Pavilion dv6-1255eg battery. The Field Robotics Center (FRC) has developed a number of significant robots, including Sandstorm and H1ghlander, which finished second and third in the DARPA Grand Challenge, and Boss, which won the DARPA Urban Challenge. The RI is primarily sited at Carnegie Mellon's main campus in Newell-Simon hall. HP Pavilion dv6-1255ee batteryThe Software Engineering Institute (SEI) is a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense and operated by Carnegie Mellon University, with offices in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Arlington, Virginia, and Frankfurt, Germany. The SEI publishes books on software engineering for industry, government and military applications and practices HP Pavilion dv6-1254tx battery. The organization is known for its Capability Maturity Model (CMM) and Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), which identify essential elements of effective system and software engineering processes and can be used to rate the level of an organization's capability for producing quality systems. The SEI is also the home of CERT/CC, the federally-funded computer security organization HP Pavilion dv6-1253cl battery. The CERT Program's primary goals are to ensure that appropriate technology and systems management practices are used to resist attacks on networked systems and to limit damage and ensure continuity of critical services subsequent to attacks, accidents, or failures.[28] The Human-Computer Interaction Institute (HCII) is a division of the School of Computer Science and is considered one of the leading centers of human-computer interaction research HP Pavilion dv6-1253ca battery, integrating computer science, design, social science, and learning science.[29] Such interdisciplinary collaboration is the hallmark of research done throughout the university. The Language Technologies Institute (LTI) is another unit of the School of Computer Science and is famous for being one of the leading research centers in the area of language technologies. Primary research focus of the institute is on machine translation, speech recognition, speech synthesis, information retrieval, parsing and information extraction. HP Pavilion dv6-1252tx battery Until 1996, the institute existed as the Center for Machine Translation that was established in 1986. From 1996 onwards, it started awarding graduate degrees and the name was changed to Language Technologies Institute. Carnegie Mellon is also home to the Carnegie School of management and economics. This intellectual school grew out of the Tepper School of Business in the 1950s and 1960s and focused on the intersection of behavioralism and management HP Pavilion dv6-1250us battery. Several management theories, most notably bounded rationality and the behavioral theory of the firm, were established by Carnegie School management scientists and economists. Carnegie Mellon has made a concerted effort to attract corporate research labs and offices to the Pittsburgh campus. Apple Inc., Intel, Google, Microsoft, Disney, IBM, General Motors, Bombardier Inc., HP Pavilion dv6-1250ss batteryand the Rand Corporation have established a presence on or near campus. In collaboration with Intel, Carnegie Mellon has pioneered research into claytronics. Alumni and faculty John Forbes Nash, subject of A Beautiful Mind Main article: List of Carnegie Mellon University people There are more than 86,500 Carnegie Mellon alumni worldwide. Famous alumni include former General Motors CEO and Secretary of Defense, Charles Erwin Wilson; billionaire hedge fund investor David Tepper; James Gosling, creator of the Java programming language; Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems HP Pavilion dv6-1250sp battery; pop artists Andy Warhol and Burton Morris; Mountaineer and Author Aron Ralston; and astronaut Judith Resnik, who perished in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. A memorial to Judy Resnik can be found near Porter Hall, sponsored by the engineering fraternity. Overall, Carnegie Mellon is affiliated with eighteen Nobel laureates,[32] eleven Turing Award winners, six Academy Award recipients, ninety seven Emmy Award recipients (including ten time recipient Steven Bochco) HP Pavilion dv6-1250sn battery, and twenty two Tony Award recipients (including Andrew Omondi). John Forbes Nash, a 1948 graduate and winner of the 1994 Nobel Prize in Economics, was the subject of the book and subsequent film A Beautiful Mind. Alan Perlis, a 1943 graduate was a pioneer in programming languages and recipient of the first ever Turing award HP Pavilion dv6-1250sc battery. Rankings and reputation Rankings In 2011 Carnegie Mellon ranked 23rd among "national universities" in the US News and World Report and 21st by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. Carnegie Mellon is ranked 1st for graduate studies in computer science, a position consistently held in the past except in 2009. It is also 6th for graduate studies in engineering HP Pavilion dv6-1250eq battery, 7th for graduate studies in fine arts, 7th for graduate studies in electrical engineering, 9th for graduate studies in public affairs, 16th for graduate studies in business, 19th for graduate studies in economics, 9th for graduate studies in statistics, and 17th for graduate studies in psychology in the 2012 rankings released by US News and World Report. HP Pavilion dv6-1250ep battery The undergraduate business program is also ranked 2nd for information systems, production/operations, and quantitative analysis, 5th for supply chain management, 9th for finance, 16th for entrepreneurship, 24th for general management, and 7th as an undergraduate business program overall by the 2011 US News and World Report. HP Pavilion dv6-1250eo batteryIn 2010, the Wall Street Journal ranked Carnegie Mellon 1st in computer science, 4th in finance, 7th in economics, 10th overall, and 21st in engineering according to job recruiters.[37] The university is one of 62 elected members of the Association of American Universities and its academic reputation has led it to be included in Newsweek’s list of “New Ivies”. HP Pavilion dv6-1250el batteryBusinessWeek's rankings of college return on investment placed Carnegie Mellon at 17th in the country.[39] BusinessWeek's 2011 rankings of the best undergraduate business schools have also placed the Tepper School of Business's undergraduate business program at 3rd for starting salaries (competing with Wharton School of Business and the MIT Sloan School of Management) HP Pavilion dv6-1250eg battery and 4th for academic quality. In SmartMoney's rankings of the most valuable colleges, Carnegie Mellon ranked 4th amongst private universities and 23rd amongst all universities nation-wide. Carnegie Mellon is also a member of the Global University Leaders Forum of the World Economic Forum, one of 26 institutions in the world and one of only 12 in the United States HP Pavilion dv6-1250eb battery. Carnegie Mellon's offerings in computer science, electrical engineering, business, economics, public policy, information systems, psychology, statistics, creative writing, entertainment technology, decision science, and the arts are considered among the best in their fields. HP Pavilion dv6-1249tx batteryStudent life Carnegie Mellon's student life includes over 225 student organizations, art galleries, and various unique traditions. Student organizations provide social, service, media, academic, spiritual, recreational, sport, religious, political, cultural, and governance opportunities. Carnegie Mellon's campus houses several galleries such as The Frame, a student-devoted gallery HP Pavilion dv6-1249eo battery, and the Regina Gouger Miller Gallery, an art gallery that specializes in contemporary professional artists. The Carnegie Mellon Philharmonic, Carnegie Mellon School of Drama and the student-run theatrical organization Scotch'n'Soda provides campus with a variety of world-class performance arts events. The university has a strong Scottish motif inspired by Andrew Carnegie's Scottish heritage, as well as Andrew Mellon's Scots-Irish ancestry HP Pavilion dv6-1248eo battery. Examples include Scotty, the Scottish Terrier mascot, The Tartan student newspaper, Skibo Gymnasium, and The Thistle yearbook. Traditions The Fence Main article: Carnegie Mellon University traditions The Fence - In the early days of Carnegie Tech, there was a single bridge, which connected Margaret Morrison Women's College with the Carnegie Institute of Technology. The bridge was a meeting place for students. In 1916, the bridge was taken down and the university filled in the area. The administration built a wooden fence as a new meeting place HP Pavilion dv6-1248ca battery. The students did not understand why anyone would want to meet at a fence. Administration was about to give up and tear it down but that night a fraternity, as a prank, painted the entire fence advertising a fraternity party. Ever since, painting the Fence has been a Carnegie Mellon tradition.[44] The Fence at Carnegie Mellon lies at the center of campus, in the area known as “the cut." HP Pavilion dv6-1247tx batteryStudents “guard” the fence 24 hours a day, and, as long as two vigils are maintained, no other student may “take” the fence. The fence can then be painted by the group that has it, but only between midnight and 6 am. Only hand brushes may be used; the use of spray paint or paint rollers is considered vandalism and results in a fine. The previous paint cannot be stripped, and each new painting adds a new layer HP Pavilion dv6-1247ez battery. The original wooden fence finally collapsed in the 1990s due to the weight from over 1' of surrounding paint, and was immediately replaced with an identical one manufactured from concrete. Today the fence is considered "the world's most painted object", by the Guinness Book of World Records. Spring Carnival - Usually held in April, Spring Carnival is the biggest event of the school year. In addition to classic carnival attractions HP Pavilion dv6-1247et battery, the Spring Carnival features the “Buggy Sweepstakes” and "Booth" (a competition between various organizations to build small, elaborate booths based on a theme chosen each year). Two pushers exchange the buggy for Kappa Delta Rho on the first hill of Sweepstakes. Buggy Races - Buggy, officially called Sweepstakes, is a race around Schenley Park. It can be thought of as a relay race with five runners, using the buggy vehicle as the baton. Entrants submit a small, usually torpedo-shaped HP Pavilion dv6-1247eo battery, vehicle that is pushed uphill and then allowed to roll downhill. The vehicles are unpowered, including the prohibition of such energy-storing devices as flywheels. They are, however, steered by a driver who is usually a petite female student lying prone, arms stretched forward to steer via a turning mechanism. Space is so tight inside the buggies that the drivers usually cannot change position beyond turning their heads HP Pavilion dv6-1247cl battery. A Mobot competing in the annual Mobot challenge Mobot - "Mobot,' a portmanteau for "mobile robot," is an annual competition at Carnegie Mellon that made its debut in 1994. In this event, robots try (autonomously) to pass through gates, in order, and reach the finish line. There is a white line on the pavement connecting the gates, and the line is normally used to find the gates, though it is not mandated by the rules that the robots follow the line HP Pavilion dv6-1246tx battery. Bagpipers - As one of only two colleges offering a degree in bagpipe music (the other being UC Riverside),[45] Carnegie Mellon's Pipe Band features the sounds of Scottish bagpipes and performs at University events. Head of the Pipe Band is champion piper Andrew Carlisle, a highly decorated solo piper and long time member of seven times World Pipe Band Champions Field Marshal Montgomery HP Pavilion dv6-1246eo battery. The Kiltie Band- Carnegie Mellon's Kiltie Band, dressed in full Scottish regalia including kilts and knee socks, performs during every home football game. Autographing the Green Room - Seniors in the College of Fine Arts sign the Green Room's walls and ceilings before leaving the university. Supposedly, Oscar-winning actress Holly Hunter broke university tradition by signing the Green Room during her freshman year HP Pavilion dv6-1245et battery. Housing Carnegie Mellon offers conventional housing for its students through single-gender, coeducational, and special interest options. Students can choose from standard, prime, or suite-style rooms, efficiencies, one or two bedroom apartments, and houses. There are 20 residential buildings on campus and 5 off campus in the Oakland area of Pittsburgh. HP Pavilion dv6-1245es batteryMost incoming freshmen are assigned to the dedicated freshman residence halls on campus, including: Morewood E-Tower, Residence on Fifth, and the Boss, Donner, Hamerschlag, McGill, Mudge, Scobell, and Stever houses. The upperclassmen who choose to live in university housing do so in the remaining residence halls: Morewood Gardens and West Wing in addition to the Doherty, Fairfax, Margaret Morrison HP Pavilion dv6-1245eo battery, Neville, Shady Oak, Shirley, and Woodlawn Apartments and the Henderson, Resnik, Roselawn, Spirit, Tech, Webster, and Welch houses. Fraternities and sororities Main article: Fraternities and sororities at Carnegie Mellon University The Greek tradition at Carnegie Mellon University began nearly 100 years ago with the founding of the first fraternity on campus, Theta Xi, in 1912. The Panhellenic sorority community was founded in 1945, by Chi Omega, Delta Delta Delta, Delta Gamma, Kappa Alpha Theta HP Pavilion dv6-1245dx battery, and Kappa Kappa Gamma. The Chi Omega chapter at Carnegie Mellon has since become Alpha Chi Omega, although the similarity between the two women's fraternity names is incidental. Currently, Carnegie Mellon University has ten active Fraternities: Alpha Epsilon Pi, Beta Theta Pi, Delta Tau Delta, Kappa Sigma, Pi Kappa Alpha, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Sigma Nu, Sigma Phi Epsilon, Sigma Tau Gamma, Sigma Chi (colony) and Delta Upsilon (colony) HP Pavilion dv6-1244tx battery. In addition to participating in campus traditions such as Buggy and Booth, the fraternities and sororities hold an annual fundraiser called Greek Sing, one of the largest Greek events of the year. Each year, the organizations vote on a cause to support and raise money through ticket sales, ad sales, corporate sponsorships and donations. Each organization performs a 13-minute long original show or a rendition of a popular show HP Pavilion dv6-1243cl battery. In Spring 2010, Greek Sing raised over $42,000 for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. Athletics The Carnegie Mellon Tartans were a founding member of the University Athletic Association of the NCAA Division III. Prior to World War II Carnegie Mellon (as Carnegie Tech) played with NCAA Division I teams and in 1939 the Tartan football team earned a trip to the NCAA National Championship at the Sugar Bowl HP Pavilion dv6-1242tx battery. That same year, Robert Doherty, university president at the time, banned the football team from competing in postseason bowl games. In 1936 the Carnegie Tech riflery team won the national intercollegiate championship.[47] Currently, varsity teams are fielded in basketball, track, cross country, football, golf, soccer, swimming, volleyball, tennis, and cheerleading. In addition, club teams exist in ultimate frisbee,[48] rowing,[49] rugby, lacrosse, hockey,[50] baseball, HP Pavilion dv6-1242et battery softball, skiing & snowboarding, water polo,[52] and cycling.[53] Carnegie Mellon Athletics runs a comprehensive and popular intramural system, maintains facilities (primarily Skibo Gymnasium, University Center, and Gesling Stadium), and offers courses to students in fitness and sports. Carnegie Mellon's primary athletic rivals are fellow UAA schools Case Western Reserve University and Washington University in St. Louis HP Pavilion dv6-1241tx battery; the Tartans have an especially intense rivalry with the latter's football team. Carnegie Mellon's Gesling Stadium taken during the 2009 opening game against Ohio Wesleyan University. Football On November 27, 1926, the 6–2 Carnegie Tech football team shutout Knute Rockne's undefeated Notre Dame Fighting Irish 19–0 at Forbes Field. It would be the only loss for the Irish all season and only the second time they allowed a touchdown that season.[54] The game was ranked the fourth-greatest upset in college football history by ESPN HP Pavilion dv6-1241et battery. Bowl Game and AP rankings In the 1930s Carnegie Tech (as it was known then) was among the top football programs in the country. In 1938 and 1939 the team achieved national rankings in the AP Poll. Carnegie Tech earned a January 1 Bowl game date following their 1938 campaign in the Sugar Bowl losing 15–7 to Texas Christian. Carnegie Tech's AP Ranking history includes HP Pavilion dv6-1241eo battery: Modern achievements In 2006, the varsity football team was offered a bid to the NCAA Division III playoffs, and became one of the first teams in school history (the first team to win a Division III playoff game was in 1977, when Carnegie Mellon beat Dayton) and University Athletic Association (UAA) conference history to win an NCAA playoff game with a 21-0 shutout of Millsaps College of the SCAC conference. HP Pavilion dv6-1240us batteryIn addition to winning a playoff game, several team members were elected to the All American and All Region Squads. The 2006 team won more games in a single season than any other team in school history. The current coach is Rich Lackner, who is also a graduate of Carnegie Mellon and who has been the head coach since 1986. Track and cross country HP Pavilion dv6-1240tx batteryIn recent years, the varsity track and cross country programs have seen outstanding success on the Division III national level. The men's cross country team has finished in the top 15 in the nation each of the last three years, and has boasted several individual All-Americans. The men's track team has also boasted several individual All-Americans spanning sprinting, distance, and field disciplines. Recent All-Americans from the track team are Brian Harvey (2007–2009) HP Pavilion dv6-1240sh battery, Davey Quinn (2007), Nik Bonaddio (2004, 2005), Mark Davis (2004, 2005), Russel Verbofsky (2004, 2005) and Kiley Williams (2005). Volleyball With much of the team's support, Lauren Schmidt received the NCAA Pennsylvania Woman of the Year award (2003), was a two-time All-American (2001 and 2002), a four-time All-University Athletic Association selection (1999–2002), and the conference’s Player of the Year (2001) HP Pavilion dv6-1240sf battery. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1583, is a public research university located in Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland. Regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world, the university is ranked 6th and 7th in Europe according to the 2011 QS and Times Higher Education Ranking[8][9] and 20th in the world by the 2011 QS rankings. HP Pavilion dv6-1240sb batteryThe university played an important role in leading Edinburgh to its reputation as a chief intellectual centre during the Age of Enlightenment, and helped give the city the nickname of the Athens of the north. Graduates of the university include some of the major figures of modern history, including the naturalist Charles Darwin, physicist James Clerk Maxwell, philosopher David Hume, mathematician Thomas Bayes HP Pavilion dv6-1240ez battery, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Gordon Brown, Deputy President of the British Supreme Court Lord Hope, surgeon and pioneer of sterilisation Joseph Lister, signatories of the American declaration of independence John Witherspoon and Benjamin Rush, inventor Alexander Graham Bell, first president of Tanzania Julius Nyerere, and a host of famous authors such as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle HP Pavilion dv6-1240ep battery, Robert Louis Stevenson, J. M. Barrie, and Sir Walter Scott. The University is also associated with 9 Nobel Prize winners, 1 Abel Prize winner and a host of Olympic gold medallists.[10] It also continues to have links to the British Royal Family, with the Duke of Edinburgh being chancellor from 1953 to 2010, and Princess Anne from 2011. The university is deeply embedded in the fabric of the city, with many of the buildings in the historic Old Town belonging to the university. HP Pavilion dv6-1240eo battery Edinburgh receives approximately 47,000 applications every year, making it the third most popular university in the UK by volume of applicants.[13] Entrance is intensely competitive, with 12 applications per place in the last admissions cycle. It is the only Scottish university to be a member of both the elite Russell Group, and the League of European Research Universities, a consortium of 21 of Europe's most prominent and renowned research universities. HP Pavilion dv6-1240el battery In addition, the University has both historical links and current partnerships with prestigious academic institutions in the United States and Canada, including members of the Ivy League and U15. History King James's College, c.1647 [edit]Founding The founding of the university is attributed to Bishop Robert Reid of St Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall, Orkney, who left the funds on his death in 1558 that ultimately provided the University's endowment. The University was established by a Royal Charter granted by James VI in 1582 HP Pavilion dv6-1240ek battery. This was an unusual move at the time, as most universities were established through Papal bulls. What makes the University of Edinburgh even more unusual is the fact that its funding was granted the following year by the Town Council, making it in many ways the first civic university. Known as the "Tounis College", it was renamed King James's College in 1617. It was the fourth Scottish university in a period when the much more populous and richer England had only two HP Pavilion dv6-1240ei battery. By the 18th century Edinburgh was a leading centre of the European Enlightenment (see Scottish Enlightenment) and was regarded as one of the continent's principal universities. Development The university's 'Old College'. Before the building of Old College to plans by Robert Adam implemented after the Napoleonic Wars by the architect William Henry Playfair, the University of Edinburgh did not have a custom-built campus and existed in a hotchpotch of buildings from its establishment until the early 19th century HP Pavilion dv6-1240ef battery. The university's first custom-built building was the Old College, now the School of Law, situated on South Bridge. Its first forte in teaching was anatomy and the developing science of surgery, from which it expanded into many other subjects. From the basement of a nearby house ran the anatomy tunnel corridor. It went under what was then North College Street (now Chambers Street) HP Pavilion dv6-1240ed battery, and under the university buildings until it reached the university's anatomy lecture theatre, delivering bodies for dissection. It was from this tunnel that the body of William Burke was taken after he had been hanged. Towards the end of the 19th century, Old College was becoming overcrowded and Robert Rowand Anderson was commissioned to design new Medical School premises in 1875 HP Pavilion dv6-1240ec battery. The medical school was more or less built to his design and was completed by the addition of the McEwan Hall in the 1880s. The University's New College building The building now known as New College was originally built as a Free Church college in the 1840s and has been the home of Divinity at the University since the 1920s. The university is responsible for a number of historic and modern buildings across the City, including the oldest purpose-built concert hall in Scotland HP Pavilion dv6-1240ea battery, and the second oldest in use in the British Isles, St Cecilia's Concert Hall; Teviot Row House, which is the oldest purpose built Student Union Building in the world; and the restored 17th-century Mylne's Court student residence which stands at the head of Edinburgh's Royal Mile. The building which houses the university's Institute of Geography, was once part of the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary HP Pavilion dv6-1239tx batteryEdinburgh University Library pre-dates the university by three years. Founded in 1580 through the donation of a large collection by Clement Littill, its collection has grown to become the largest university library in Scotland with over 2 million periodicals, manuscripts, theses, microforms and printed works. These are housed in the main University Library building in George Square HP Pavilion dv6-1239et battery– one of the largest academic library buildings in Europe, designed by Basil Spence – and an extensive series of Faculty and Departmental Libraries. The two oldest Schools – Law and Divinity – are both well-esteemed in their respective subjects, with Law being based in Old College, and Divinity being based in New College, on the Mound. Students at the university are represented by Edinburgh University Students' Association (EUSA), which consists of the Students' Representative Council (SRC) HP Pavilion dv6-1239es battery, founded in 1884 by Robert Fitzroy Bell, the Edinburgh University Union (EUU) which was founded in 1889. They are also represented by the Edinburgh University Sports Union (EUSU) which was founded in 1866. The University's McEwan Hall building In 2002 the University was re-organised from its 9 faculties into three 'Colleges'. While technically not a collegiate university, it now comprises the Colleges of Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS), Science & Engineering (SCE) and Medicine & Vet Medicine (MVM) HP Pavilion dv6-1238nr battery. Within these Colleges are 'Schools' – roughly equivalent to the departments they succeeded; individual Schools have a good degree of autonomy regarding their finances and internal organisation. This has brought a certain degree of uniformity (in terms of administration at least) across the university HP Pavilion dv6-1238et battery. On 1 August 2011, the Edinburgh College of Art (founded in 1760) merged with the University of Edinburgh. At a result of the merger, Edinburgh College of Art has combined with the University’s School of Arts, Culture and Environment to form a new (enlarged) Edinburgh College of Art within the university. HP Pavilion dv6-1238es batteryAlong similar lines, all teaching is now done over two semesters (rather than 3 terms) – bringing the timetables of different Schools into line with one another, and coming into line with many other large universities (in the US, and to an increasing degree in the UK as well). Reputation According to QS Academic Reputation 2011-2012, University of Edinburgh is placed first in Scotland, 5th in the UK, and 28th in the world in terms of academic reputation HP Pavilion dv6-1238ca battery. It is ranked 49 in the world, 6 in the UK in reputation by Times Higher Education 2012. The University of Edinburgh is a member of the Russell Group of research-led British universities and, along with Oxford and Cambridge, one of the only British universities to be a member both of the Coimbra Group and the LERU (League of European Research Universities): two leading associations of European universities HP Pavilion dv6-1237et battery. The University is also a member of Universitas 21, an international association of research-led universities. The University’s position as one of the world’s leading research universities has been reaffirmed by the 2008 UK RAE results: the University of Edinburgh was ranked in the top five in the UK and first in Scotland by the volume of four star,‘world-leading’ research HP Pavilion dv6-1237es battery (63% of the University’s research activity was in the highest categories (4* and 3*), of which one third was recognised as “world-leading”).The results also indicate that the University is home to 37% of Scotland’s 4* research. It was rated at the highest level in veterinary medicine, informatics and linguistics. It also has an excellent performance in Art, Chemistry and Mathematics HP Pavilion dv6-1237ca batteryThe QS World University Rankings 2011 ranked the University of Edinburgh 20th in the world, while the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2011/2012 ranked it as 36th overall, 7th in Europe and 5th in the UK.[32] In 2011, the Academic Ranking of World Universities placed University of Edinburgh as 53rd overall, 14th in Europe and 6th in the UK HP Pavilion dv6-1236ss battery. In the 2012/2013 UK University Rankings, the university was ranked 15th in the UK overall by The Guardian,[34] 16th by The Independent/The Complete University Guide,[35] 27th by The Sunday Times[36] and 15th by The Times. College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine The Edinburgh Medical School's historical main building on Teviot Place. The College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine has a long history as one of the best medical institutions in the world. In the last research assessment exercise HP Pavilion dv6-1236et battery, it was rated top in the UK for medical research submitted to the Hospital-based Clinical Subjects Panel. All of the work was rated at International level and 40% at the very highest “world-leading” level.[59] The eight original faculties formed four Faculty Groups in August 1992. Medicine and Veterinary Medicine became one of these, and in September 2002, became the smallest of three Colleges in the University HP Pavilion dv6-1236eo battery. From Natural Philosophy to Science and Engineering In the sixteenth century science was taught as 'natural philosophy'. The seventeenth century saw the institution of the University Chairs of Mathematics and Botany, followed the next century by Chairs of Natural History, Astronomy, Chemistry and Agriculture. During the eighteenth century, the University was a key contributor to the Scottish Enlightenment HP Pavilion dv6-1235ss batteryand it educated many of the leading scientists of the time. It was Edinburgh's professors who took a leading part in the formation of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1783. In 1785, Joseph Black, Professor of Chemistry and discoverer of carbon dioxide, founded the world's first Chemical Society.[60] The nineteenth century was a time of huge advances in scientific thinking and technological development HP Pavilion dv6-1235sb battery. The first named degrees of Bachelor and Doctor of Science were instituted in 1864, and a separate 'Faculty of Science' was created in 1893 after three centuries of scientific advances at Edinburgh.[60] Chairs in Engineering and Geology were also created. In 1991 the Faculty of Science was renamed the Faculty of Science and Engineering, and in 2002 it became the College of Science and Engineering HP Pavilion dv6-1235et battery. Campuses The Edinburgh College of Art forms (since 2011) part of the 'central' university campus. As its topics of study have grown and diversified the university has expanded its campuses such that it now has six main sites: [edit]Central Area The Central Area includes George Square, the Informatics Forum, The Dugald Stewart Building, Old College, New College, McEwan Hall, St Cecilia's Hall, Teviot Row House, the old Medical School buildings in Teviot Place HP Pavilion dv6-1235es battery, and surrounding streets in Edinburgh's Southside. It is the oldest region, occupied primarily by the College of Humanities and Social Science, and the Schools of Computing & Informatics and the School of Law, as well as the main university library. The Appleton Tower is also used for teaching first year undergraduates in science and engineering. Meanwhile HP Pavilion dv6-1235eo battery, Teviot Place continues to house pre-clinical medical courses and biomedical sciences despite relocation of the Medical School to Little France. Nearby are the main EUSA buildings of Potterrow, Teviot and Pleasance. Old residents of George Square include Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. A number of these buildings are used to host events during the Edinburgh International Festival every summer. The main library (Edinburgh University Library) HP Pavilion dv6-1235ee battery is also located at George Square. New College, overlooks Princes Street and only a short walk from Waverley Rail Station and other Edinburgh landmarks. The building is on the Mound, which houses the School of Divinity - parts of which are also used by the Church of Scotland. [edit]King's Buildings Main article: King's Buildings The King's Buildings (KB) is located further south of the city. Most of the Science and Engineering College's research and teaching activities take place at the King's Buildings, which occupy a 35 hectare site. It includes C H Waddington Building HP Pavilion dv6-1235ec battery ( the Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh ), James Clerk Maxwell Building (the administrative and teaching centre of the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Mathematics), The Royal Observatory, William Rankine Building (School of Engineering’s Institute for Infrastructure and Environment) and other schools' buildings. There are three libraries at KB: Darwin Library, James Clerk Maxwell Library and Robertson Engineering and Science Library HP Pavilion dv6-1234tx battery. A new library called The King's Buildings Library will open in time for the 2012/13 session. It also houses National e-Science Centre (NeSC), Scottish Microelectronics Centre (SMC), Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), Scottish Institute for Enterprise, etc. Pollock Halls St Leonard's Hall, Pollock Halls of Residence Main article: Pollock Halls of Residence Pollock Halls, adjoining Holyrood Park to the east, provides accommodation (mainly half board) for a minority of students in their first year HP Pavilion dv6-1234nr battery. Two of the older houses in Pollock Halls were demolished in 2002 and a new building (Chancellor's Court) has been built in their place, leaving a total of ten buildings. Self-catered flats elsewhere account for the majority of university-provided accommodation. The area also includes a £9 million redeveloped John McIntyre Conference Centre, which is the University's premier conference space HP Pavilion dv6-1234eo battery. [edit]Little France Main article: Little France Little France , the Chancellor's Building was opened on 12 August 2002 by The Duke of Edinburgh and houses the £40 million Medical School at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. It was a joint project between private finance, the local authorities and the University to create a large modern hospital, veterinary clinic and research institute HP Pavilion dv6-1233et battery. It has two large lecture theatres and a medical library. It is connected to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh by a series of corridors. Queen's Medical Research Institute was opened in 2005, which provides facilities for research into the understanding of common diseases. Easter Bush The Easter Bush campus houses the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education and The Veterinary Oncology and Imaging Centre. The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies HP Pavilion dv6-1233eo battery, founded in 1823 by William Dick, is a world leader in veterinary education, research and practice. The new £42 million, two storey, 11,500 square metre building opened in 2011. The Roslin Institute is an animal sciences research institute which is sponsored by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. The Institute won international fame in 1996, when Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell and their colleagues created Dolly the sheep HP Pavilion dv6-1232ss battery, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell, at the institute. A year later Polly and Molly were cloned, both sheep contained a human gene. Moray House Moray House main quadrangle. Main article: Moray House Moray House School of Education just off the Royal Mile, used to be the Moray House Institute for Education until this merged with the University in August 1998. The University has since extended Moray House's Holyrood site to include a redeveloped and extended major building housing Sports Science, Physical Education and Leisure Management facilities adjacent to its own Sports Institute in the Pleasance HP Pavilion dv6-1232et battery. Modern architecture at the University of Edinburgh Student life The University's Teviot Row House student union building The student-run Bedlam Theatre, home to the Edinburgh University Theatre Company. The Pleasance student union, home to numerous societies. [edit]Students' Association Main article: Edinburgh University Students' Association The Edinburgh University Students' Association (EUSA) consists of the unions and the Student Representative Council. The union buildings include Teviot Row House, Potterrow, Kings Buildings House, the Pleasance, and shops, cafés and refectories across the various campuses( HP Pavilion DV6-1210SA battery). Teviot Row House is claimed to be the oldest purpose-built student union building in the world.[66] EUSA represents students to the university and the outside world. It is also responsible for over 250 student societies at the University. The association has four sabbatical office bearers – a president and three vice presidents. The association is affiliated to the National Union of Students( HP Pavilion dv6000 battery). [edit]Theatre and Comedy The city of Edinburgh is an important cultural hub for comedy, amateur and fringe theatre throughout the UK. Amateur dramatic societies at the University benefit from this, and especially from being based in the home of the Edinburgh Fringe Festival which brings thousands of paying fans and amateur theatre companies to the city every August from all over the world. ( HP Pavilion dv6200 battery) Edinburgh University Theatre Company (EUTC), founded in 1896 as the Edinburgh University Drama Society is notable for running Bedlam Theatre, the oldest student-run theatre in Britain. Bedlam Theatre is an award winning Edinburgh Fringe venue.[68] The EUTC also fund and run acclaimed [69] student improvised comedy troupe The Improverts during term time and fringe. Alumni include Ian Charleson, Kevin McKidd, Greg Wise and Miles Jupp( HP Pavilion dv6500 battery). The Edinburgh University Savoy Opera Group (EUSOG) are an opera/musical theatre company founded by students in 1961 to promote and perform the comic operettas of William Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan, collectively known as Savoy Operas after the theatre in which they were originally staged( HP Pavilion dv8000 battery). The Edinburgh University Footlights are a musical theatre company founded in 1989. It produces two large scale shows a year. Other notable societies include: Edinburgh University Studio Opera, Edinburgh University Shakespeare Company, Theatre Paradok and The Edinburgh Revue. Media Newspapers: The Student is a weekly Scottish newspaper produced by students at the University of Edinburgh. Founded in 1887 by Robert Louis Stevenson( HP Pavilion dv9000 battery), it is the oldest student newspaper in the United Kingdom. It has held the title of Best Student Newspaper in Scotland, awarded by the Herald Student Press Awards, for four years running, from 2006 to 2010. The Journal is an independent publication, established in 2007 by three students at the University of Edinburgh, and also distributes to the four other higher education institutions in the city - Heriot-Watt University, Napier University( HP Pavilion dv9200 battery), Queen Margaret University and the Edinburgh College of Art. It is the largest such publication in Scotland, with a print run of 14,000 copies and is produced by students from across the city. Radio: Fresh Air is an alternative music student radio station, one of the oldest surviving student radio stations in the UK. It was founded in October 3, 1992 and has since won "Student Radio Station of the Year" award at the Student Radio Association in 2004 & Station of the year 2011( HP Pavilion dv9500 battery) (Scottish new music awards). Other Publications: The Edinburgh Rascal - a monthly satirical zine. The Junior Financier - an annual magazine produced by the Edinburgh University Trading and Investment Club. Edinburgh University Science Magazine (EUSci) - an award winning student science magazine. Colloquia - a cross-disciplinary academic journal focused on open-publishing and radical ideas, produced by a primarily-student collective( HP Pavilion dv9700 battery). Student sport Edinburgh University's student sport consists of 67 clubs from the traditional football and rugby to the more unconventional korfball or gliding. Run by the Edinburgh University Sports Union, these 67 clubs have seen Edinburgh rise to 4th place in the British Universities' Sports Association (BUSA) rankings in 2006-07 and have been in the British Top 5 sporting Universities since 2005( HP Pavilion N5000 battery). During the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, the University of Edinburgh alumni and students secured four medals - three gold and a silver.[73] The three gold medals were won by the cyclist Chris Hoy and the silver was won by Katherine Grainger in female rowing. Student activism There are a number of campaigning societies at the university. One of the largest of these is environment and poverty campaigning group People & Planet( HP Pavilion dm3 battery). International development organisations include Edinburgh Global Partnerships, which was established as a student-led charity in 1990. There is also a significant left-wing presence on campus, including an active anti-cuts group, an anarchist society, Edinburgh University Socialist Society, feminist society, Young Greens, and a Students for Justice in Palestine group. Protests, demonstrations and occupations are a regular occurrence at the university( HP Pavilion DM4 battery). Alumni and faculty Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, first studied at the University of Edinburgh. Main article: List of University of Edinburgh people Alumni and faculty of the university have included economist Adam Smith, signatories to the US Declaration of Independence James Wilson and John Witherspoon, Prime Ministers Gordon Brown, Lord Palmerston and Lord John Russell (the latter matriculated at Edinburgh( HP Pavilion dm3-1001au battery), but did not graduate), engineers Alexander Graham Bell and William Rankine, naturalist Charles Darwin and biologist Ian Wilmut, physicists James Clerk Maxwell, Max Born, Sir David Brewster, Tom Kibble, Peter Guthrie Tait and Peter Higgs, writers Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Robert Louis Stevenson, J.M. Barrie, Sir Walter Scott and Alistair Moffat, actor Ian Charleson, composers Kenneth Leighton, James MacMillan, and William Wordsworth, chemists Joseph Black, Daniel Rutherford( HP Pavilion dm3-1014tu battery), Alexander R. Todd and William Henry, botanist Robert Brown, medical pioneers Joseph Lister and James Simpson, mathematician Colin Maclaurin, philosopher David Hume, geologist James Hutton, former BP CEO Tony Hayward, chemist and two-time recipient of Alexander von Humboldt research prize for senior scientists Narayan Hosmane, Dr. Valentin Fuster( HP Pavilion dm3-1032tx battery), the only cardiologist to receive all four major research awards from the world's four major cardiovascular organizations,[79] and mathematician and president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Sir Michael Atiyah. Famous alumni of the University of Edinburgh At graduation ceremonies, the Vice-Chancellor caps graduates with the Geneva Bonnet, a hat which legend says was originally made from cloth taken from the breeches of John Knox or George Buchanan( HP Pavilion dm3-1001ax battery). The hat was last restored in 2000, when a note from 1849 was discovered in the fabric. In 2006, a University emblem taken into space by Piers Sellers was incorporated into the Geneva Bonnet. Heads of state and government Historical links Dalhousie University, Canadian U15 university, founded in 1818. In the early 19th century, George Ramsay, the ninth Earl of Dalhousie and Nova Scotia Lieutenant-Governor at the time, wanted to establish a Halifax college open to all, regardless of class or creed( HP Pavilion dm3-1014tx battery). The earl modeled the fledgling college after the University of Edinburgh, near his Scottish home. McGill University, Canadian U15 university, founded in 1821, has strong Edinburgh roots and links to the University of Edinburgh as McGill's first (and, for several years, its only) faculty, Medicine, was founded by four physicians/surgeons who had trained in Edinburgh( HP Pavilion dm3-1033tx battery). Queen's University, Canadian U15 university founded in 1841, was modelled after the University of Edinburgh, and continues to display strong Scottish roots and traditions today. University of Pennsylvania, an American Ivy League university, has long-standing historical links with the University of Edinburgh, including modelling Penn's School of Medicine after Edinburgh's( HP Pavilion dm3-1001tu battery).
McGill University is a public research university located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The university bears the name of James McGill, a prominent Montreal merchant from Glasgow, Scotland and alumnus of Glasgow University, whose bequest formed the beginning of the university( SONY PCG-5G2L battery). Founded in 1821, McGill was chartered during the British colonial era, 46 years before the Canadian Confederation, making it one of the oldest universities in Canada. As of 2011, McGill ranked 17th in the world in the QS World University Rankings.[6] According to the 2011 Emerging/Trendence Global Employability Ranking, McGill was ranked 19th in the world for popularity among major employers. ( SONY PCG-5G3L battery)In the Maclean's 21st Annual University Ranking (2011), McGill was ranked 1st in Canada among all institutions offering medical and doctoral degrees, maintaining this ranking for the seventh year in a row.[8] With almost 215,000 living alumni worldwide, students and professors at McGill have been recognized in fields ranging from the arts and sciences( SONY PCG-F305 battery), to business, politics, and sports. Notable alumni include eleven Nobel Laureates, one hundred and thirty-two Rhodes Scholars, three astronauts, two Canadian prime ministers, eleven justices of the Canadian Supreme Court,[9] three foreign leaders, nine Academy Award winners, three Pulitzer Prize winners, and twenty-eight Olympic medalists( SONY PCG-5J1L battery). The main campus is set upon 32 hectares (79 acres) at the foot of Mount Royal in Downtown Montreal, covering much of the Golden Square Mile. A second campus, the Macdonald Campus, is situated on 6.5 square kilometres (2.5 sq mi) of fields and forested land in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, 30 km (19 mi) west of the downtown campus( SONY PCG-5J2L battery). With 21 faculties and professional schools, McGill offers degrees and diplomas in over 300 fields of study, including medicine and law. Although the language of instruction is English, students have the right to submit any graded work in English or in French, except when learning a particular language is an objective of the course. Approximately 34,000 students attend McGill, with international students comprising one-fifth of the student population( SONY PCG-5K2L battery). History Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning The creation of the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning (RIAL) in 1801, and its formation of two new Royal Grammar Schools in 1816, acted as turning points for Canada in two particular ways. First, the schools "were created by legislation, the District Public Schools Act of 1807, and they showed the government's willingness to support the costs of education and even the salary of a schoolmaster( SONY PCG-5L1L battery). Second, the law involved the state in education, an important first step in the creation of nondenominational schools." The original two schools closed in 1846; by the mid-19th century the RIAL lost control of the other 82 grammar schools it had administered.[11] Its sole remaining purpose was to administer the McGill bequests on behalf of the college. McGill College continued to grow, now having the sole aim of providing post-secondary education( SONY PCG-6S2L battery). The RIAL continues to exist today; it is the corporate identity that runs the university and its various constituent bodies, including the former Macdonald College (now Macdonald Campus), the Montreal Neurological Institute and the Royal Victoria College (the former women's college turned residence). Since the revised Royal Charter of 1852( SONY PCG-6S3L battery), The Trustees of the RIAL comprise the Board of Governors of McGill University.[12] One of Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll`s works as a sculptor is the statue of her Royal mother Queen Victoria erected in front of the Royal Victoria College, Montreal. McGill College James McGill, the original benefactor of McGill University. James McGill, born in Glasgow, Scotland on 6 October 1744, was a successful English and French-speaking merchant in Quebec, having matriculated into Glasgow University in 1756. ( SONY PCG-6V1L battery) Between 1811 and 1813 he drew up a will leaving his "Burnside estate", a 19-hectare (47-acre) tract of rural land and 10,000 pounds to the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning. Upon McGill's death in December 1813 the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning, established in 1801 by an Act of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada,[19] added the establishing of a University pursuant to the conditions of McGill's will to its original function of administering elementary education in Lower Canada( SONY PCG-6W1L battery). As a condition of the bequest, the land and funds had to be used for the establishment of a "University or College, for the purposes of Education and the Advancement of Learning in the said Province."[19] The will specified that the college would be required to bear his name and must be established within 10 years of his death; otherwise the bequest would revert to the heirs of his wife. ( SONY PCG-7111L battery) On March 31, 1821, after protracted legal battles with the Desrivieres family (the heirs of his wife), McGill College received a royal charter from King George IV. The Charter provided that the College should be deemed and taken as a University, with the power of conferring degrees.[21] Early history The Arts Building, built in 1839 and designed by John Ostell, is the oldest building on campus still standing( SONY PCG-71511M battery). Despite having a royal charter, McGill College was inactive until 1829 when the Montreal Medical Institution, which had been founded in 1823, became the college's first academic unit and Canada's first medical school. The Faculty of Medicine granted its first degree, a Doctor of Medicine and Surgery, in 1833; this was also the first medical degree to be awarded in Canada. ( SONY PCG-6W3L battery) The Faculty of Medicine remained the school's only functioning faculty until 1843 when the Faculty of Arts commenced teaching in the newly constructed Arts Building and East Wing (Dawson Hall).[23] The university also historically has strong linkage with the The Canadian Grenadier Guards, a military regiment in which James McGill served as the Lieutenant-Colonel( SONY PCG-7113L battery). This title is marked upon the stone that stands before the Arts building, from where the Guards step off annually to commemorate Remembrance Day. Later development Sir John William Dawson, Principal of McGill University 1855-1893. Sir John William Dawson, McGill's principal from 1855 to 1893, is often credited with transforming the school into a modern university.[24] He recruited the aid of Montreal's wealthiest citizens (eighty percent of Canada's wealth was then controlled by families who lived within the Golden Square Mile area that surrounded the university) ( SONY PCG-7133L battery), many of whom donated property and funding needed to construct the campus buildings. Their names adorn many of the campus's prominent buildings. William Spier (architect) designed the addition of West Wing of the Arts Building for William Molson, 1861[25] Alexander Francis Dunlop designed major alterations to the East Wing of McGill College (now called the Arts Building, MCGill University) for Prof( SONY PCG-7Z1L battery). Bovey and the Science Dept., 1888.[26] This expansion of the campus continued until 1920. Buildings designed by Andrew Taylor (Architect), include the Redpath Museum (1880), Macdonald Physics Building (1893), the Redpath Library (1893), the Macdonald Chemistry Building (1896), the Macdonald Engineering Building (1907), and the Strathcona Medical Building (1907)—since renamed the Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building( SONY PCG-7Z2L battery) . In 1885, the university's Board of Governors formally adopted the use of the name McGill University. The Faculty of Law was founded in 1848, making it Canada's oldest. The school of architecture at McGill University was founded in 1896.[27] Women's education at McGill began in 1884, when Donald Smith, also known as Lord Strathcona, began funding separate lectures for women, given by university staff members( SONY PCG-8Y1L battery). The first degrees granted to women at McGill were conferred in 1888.[28] In 1899, the Royal Victoria College (RVC) opened as a residential college for women at McGill. Until the 1970s, all female undergraduate students, known as "Donaldas," were considered to be members of RVC.[29] Beginning in the autumn of 2010, the newer Tower section of Royal Victoria College is a co-ed dormitory( SONY PCG-8Y2L battery), whereas the older West Wing remains strictly for women. Both the Tower and the West Wing of Royal Victoria College form part of the university's residence system. In 1900, the university established the MacLennan Travelling Library. McGill University waltz composed by Frances C. Robinson, was published in Montréal by W.H. Scroggie, c 1904. ( SONY PCG-8Z2L battery) In 1905, the university acquired a second campus when Sir William C. Macdonald, one of the university's major benefactors, endowed a college in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, 32 kilometres west of Montreal. Macdonald College, now known as the Macdonald Campus, opened to students in 1907, originally offering programs in agriculture, household science, and teaching( SONY PCG-8Z1L battery). McGill established the first post-secondary institutions in British Columbia to provide degree programs to the growing cities of Vancouver and Victoria. It created Victoria College in 1903, a two-year college offering first and second-year McGill courses in arts and science, which was the predecessor institution to the modern University of Victoria( SONY PCG-7112L battery). The province's first university was incorporated in Vancouver in 1908 as the McGill University College of British Columbia. The private institution granted McGill degrees until it became the independent University of British Columbia in 1915.[31] George Allan Ross (architect) designed the Pathological Building, 1922–23; the Neurological Institute, 1933; Neurological Institute addition 1938 at McGill University. ( SONY PCG-6W2L battery) Jean Julien Perrault (architect) designed the McTavish Street residence for Charles E. Gravel, which is now called David Thompson House (1934).[33] The War Memorial Hall (more generally known as Memorial Hall) is a landmark building on the campus of McGill University. At the dedication ceremony the Governor General of Canada (Viscount of Tunis) laid the cornerstone( SONY PCG-5K1L battery). Dedicated on October 6, 1946, the Memorial Hall and adjoining Memorial Pool honour students who had enlisted and died in the First World War, and in the Second World War. In Memorial Hall, there are two Stained Glass Regimental badge World War I and World War II Memorial Windows by Charles William Kelsey c. 1950/1. ( SONY PCGA-BP2E battery) A war memorial window (1950) by Charles William Kelsey in the McGill War Memorial Hall depicts the figure of St. Michael and the badges of the Navy, Army and the Air Force. Six other windows (1951) by Charles William Kelsey on the west wall of the memorial hall depict the coats of arms of the regiments in which the McGill alumni were members. There is a memorial archway at Macdonald College( SONY VGP-BPS2 battery), two additional floors added to the existing Sir Arthur Currie gymnasium, a hockey rink and funding for an annual Memorial Assembly. A Book of Remembrance on a marble table contains the names of those lost in both World Wars. The National Film Board of Canada documentary `Occupation` (1970), directed by Bill Reid, documents the occupation of the offices of the Political Science Department at McGill University in 1970 by striking political science students.` ( SONY VGP-BPS3 battery) McGill's student population includes 25,938 undergraduate and 8,881 graduate students representing diverse geographic and linguistic backgrounds.[36] Of the entire student population, 54.7% are from Quebec and 25.4% are from the rest of Canada, while 20.0% are from outside of Canada (including the United States) ( SONY VGP-BPS4 battery). International students hail from about 150 different countries,[37] with Americans comprising about half of all international undergraduates and a third of all international postgraduates in the entering class of 2010.[38] In recent years, a growing number of American students are attending McGill: many are attracted to the culture and dynamism of Montreal, the university's reputation( SONY VGP-BPS5 battery), and the relatively low tuition costs in comparison to many top public and private universities in the United States.[39] Almost half of McGill students claim a first language other than English. While the university is located in a Francophone province, only 17.8% of the students claim French as their mother tongue, compared to 51.8% who claim English and 30.5% who claim some other language. ( SONY VGP-BPS5A battery) [edit]Faculties and schools In the 2007–2008 school year, McGill offered over 340 academic programs in eleven faculties.[5][41] The university also offers over 250 doctoral and master's graduate degree programs. Despite strong increases in university enrollment across North America,[42] McGill has upheld a relatively low[43] and appealing student-faculty ratio of 16:1. ( SONY VGP-BPS8 battery) There are nearly 1,600 tenured or tenure-track professors and 4,300 adjunct and visiting professors teaching at the university.[4] 22% of all students are enrolled in the Faculty of Arts, McGill's largest academic unit. Of the other larger faculties, the Faculty of Science enrolls 15%, the Faculty of Medicine enrolls 13%, the Centre for Continuing Education enrolls 12%, the Faculty of Engineering and the Desautels Faculty of Management enrol about 10% each. ( SONY VGP-BPS8A battery) The remainder of all students are enrolled in McGill's smaller schools, including the Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Education, Faculty of Law, Schulich School of Music, and the Faculty of Religious Studies. Since the 1880s,[46] McGill has been affiliated with three Theological Colleges; the Montreal Diocesan Theological College ( SONY VGP-BPL8 battery) (Anglican Church of Canada), The Presbyterian College, Montreal (Presbyterian Church in Canada), and United Theological College (United Church of Canada).[47] The university's Faculty of Religious Studies maintains additional affiliations with other theological institutions and organizations, such as the Montreal School of Theology. ( SONY VGP-BPS9 battery) Schools at the university include the School of Architecture, the School of Computer Science, the School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, the School of Nursing, the School of Social Work, the School of Urban Planning, and the McGill School of Environment. They also include the Institute of Islamic Studies (established in 1952) which offers graduate courses leading to the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees( SONY VGP-BPS9/S battery), and covering the history, culture, and civilization of Islam since its inception and up to modern times; the Institute is also served by one of the richest libraries in North America on Islamic studies with sources in many languages. The Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies[49] (GPS) oversees the admission and registration of graduate students (both master's and Ph.D.). The GPS administers graduate fellowships, postdoctoral affairs, and the graduation process, including the examination of theses( SONY VGP-BPS9A battery). In conjunction with other units, it conducts regular program reviews in all study disciplines. Founded in 1956, the McGill Executive Institute provides business seminars and custom executive education to companies, government services and non-profit organizations. Led primarily by McGill faculty, the executive courses and management training programs are designed for all managerial levels, from board members to senior-level executives to junior managers( SONY VGP-BPS9A/B battery). Research centres and institutes Centre for International Peace and Security Studies [50] Research Research plays a critical role at McGill. According to the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, "Researchers at McGill are affiliated with about 75 major research centres and networks, and are engaged in an extensive array of research partnerships with other universities, government and industry in Quebec and Canada, throughout North America and in dozens of other countries." ( SONY VGP-BPS9/B battery) Annually, around 100 inventions take place at McGill.[52] In recognition of its research quality, McGill is affiliated with 11 Nobel Laureates and professors have won major teaching prizes. McGill's researchers are supported by the McGill University Library, which comprises 13 branch libraries and holds over six million items.[53] Since 1926, McGill has been a member of the Association of American Universities (AAU) ( SONY VGP-BPS9A/S battery), an organization of leading research universities in North America. McGill is also a founding member of Universitas 21, an international network of leading research-intensive universities that work together to expand their global reach and advance their plans for internationalization( SONY VGP-BPL9 battery). McGill is a member of the U15, a group of prominent research universities within Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press began as McGill in 1963 and amalgamated with Queen's in 1969. McGill-Queen's University Press focuses on Canadian studies and publishes the Canadian Public Administration Series. ( SONY VGP-BPS10 battery) Radon, discovered at McGill by physicist Ernest Rutherford McGill is perhaps best recognized for its research and discoveries in the health sciences. William Osler, Wilder Penfield, Donald Hebb, Brenda Milner, and others made significant discoveries in medicine, neuroscience and psychology while working at McGill. The Montreal Neurological Institute is also located in McGill university, where many of these individuals worked( SONY VGP-BPL10 battery). The first hormone governing the Immune System (later christened the Cytokine 'Interleukin-2') was discovered at McGill in 1965 by Gordon & McLean.[55] The invention of the world's first artificial cell was made by Thomas Chang, an undergraduate student at the university.[56] While chair of physics at McGill, nuclear physicist Ernest Rutherford performed the experiment that led to the discovery of the alpha particle and its function in radioactive decay( SONY VGP-BPS11 battery), which won him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908. Alumnus Jack Szostak, now a professor of genetics at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering a key mechanism in the genetic operations of cells, an insight that has inspired new lines of research into cancer( SONY VGP-BPL11 battery). William Chalmers invented Plexiglas while a graduate student at McGill.[57] In computing, MUSIC/SP, software for mainframes once popular among universities and colleges around the world, was developed at McGill. A team also contributed to the development of Archie, a pre-WWW search engine. A 3270 terminal emulator developed at McGill was commercialized and later sold to Hummingbird Software( SONY VGP-BPL12 battery). Rankings Academics McGill is Canada's top-ranked university among those offering medical and doctoral degrees, ranking first in Canada for the seventh consecutive year in the Maclean's 21st annual University Rankings issue. The university has held first place in student awards for nine consecutive years, and consistently ranks first for reputation( SONY VGP-BPS12 battery), average size, and number of social sciences and humanities grants per full-time faculty.[71] The Gourman Ranking of Canadian Universities also ranked McGill first in Canada in its 1998 report on undergraduate programs.[73] In the 2011 QS World University Rankings,[74] McGill was ranked the best university in Canada, the second best public university in North America (behind University of Michigan), and 17th in the world( SONY VGP-BPS13 battery), going up two places since the 2010 THE-QS World University Rankings (in 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings and QS World University Rankings parted ways to produce separate rankings). McGill was also ranked 15th in the world for Employer Reputation by Q.S.[77] Within specific fields, in 2009 McGill ranked 10th in the life sciences and biomedicine, 14th in the arts and humanities( SONY VGP-BPS13Q battery), 17th in the social sciences, 26th in the natural sciences, and 20th in technology.[78] When McGill placed 12th overall in the 2007 ranking, the achievement was regarded as the "highest rank to be reached by a Canadian institution."[79] McGill ranks 28th in the world according to the 2011 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[80] In the most recent ranking of world universities by U.S. News & World Report( SONY VGP-BPS13A/Q battery), McGill university is ranked 17th.[81] In Shanghai Jiao Tong University's Academic Ranking of World Universities 2011, McGill ranked third in Canada and 64th in the world.[82] In Newsweek's global rankings of 2011, the university ranks 13th among institutions outside the United States, and third in Canada.[83] In 2011, the Trendence/Emerging Global Employability Ranking( SONY VGP-BPS13B/Q battery), based on a survey of hundreds of major employers in 10 different countries, ranked schools according to their perceived popularity among major job recruiters. McGill placed 19th in the world for employability in this ranking.[7] In the 2008 College Prowler Online rankings for Academics at North American universities, McGill earned an A- for Academics; making it the only Canadian school to achieve a grade above a B-.( SONY VGP-BPS13/B battery) In 2009, Forbes ranked McGill's business school, the Desautels Faculty of Management, 11th in the world among non-U.S. universities for its two-year MBA program.[85] The Eduniversal Ranking placed the Desautels Faculty of Management of McGill University first in Canada and 8th in the world among business schools.[86] The Financial Times( SONY VGP-BPS13B/B battery), in its global MBA ranking, placed Desautels 44th in the world in 2006 and 57th in 2011.[87] The ranking placed it 33rd and 31st worldwide in the value for money and alumni recommended categories respectively. In BusinessWeek's Best International B-Schools Of 2008, Desautels was ranked among the top 16 international business schools, ranking fourth in intellectual capital with a selectivity of 32%.( SONY VGP-BPS13A/S battery) Since Maclean's began ranking Canadian law schools in 2007, it has placed McGill's law school second overall for the second year in a row.[89][90] In particular, McGill's law school, which requires reading knowledge of French and offers the joint B.C.L./LL.B. degree in both civil law and common law, ranked first by supreme court clerkships, second by elite firm hiring, third by faculty hiring, fourth by faculty journal citations, and eighth by national reach. ( SONY VGP-BPS21A/B battery) The Globe and Mails Canadian University Report awarded McGill top marks in its 2008 annual university survey. McGill received an A+ for Academic Reputation, the highest score of any large, medium, or small sized University. Additionally the school received an A- for: most satisfied students, quality of education, extracurricular activities, recreation and athletics( SONY VGP-BPS21B battery), and campus atmosphere; as well as A's in both library services and campus technology. The Canadian University Report awarded McGill's downtown campus a D for its 'on-campus' food services and a C for its on-campus pub Gerts.[92] [edit]Research Research Infosource named McGill "Research University of the Year" in its 2003 and 2005 rankings of Canada's Top 50 Research Universities.[93][94] In 2007, Research Infosource ranked McGill the second-best research university in the country( SONY VGP-BPS21 battery), after the University of Toronto.[94] They also ranked McGill University third in Canada in research-intensity and fourth in total-research funding,[95] finding that McGill ranks in the top five universities in terms of research dollars per full-time faculty member and number of refereed publications per full-time faculty member. The study showed that research funding represents approximately $259,100 per faculty member, the fourth highest in the country. ( SONY VGP-BPS21/S battery) [edit]Other McGill was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" in October 2008 and October 2009 by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in Maclean's newsmagazine.[96] The Sustainable Endowments Institute gave McGill a grade of "B" on the 2009 College Sustainability Report Card for its improvements in on-campus environmental sustainability,[97] with only 34 schools earning higher grade. ( SONY VGP-BPS13AS battery) Playboy magazine, in its May 2006 issue, ranked McGill as the tenth best party school in North America. McGill was the only Canadian university in the list.[99] Admissions For Fall 2010, McGill accepted 13,709 (47.2%) of 29,059 undergraduate applicants, and 3,537 (34.4%) of 10,268 graduate applicants; about 6,000 undergraduates and 2,000 graduates matriculate each year.[38] Among admitted students( SONY VGP-BPS13S battery), the median Quebec CEGEP r-score was 30.1, while the median grade 12 averages for students entering McGill from outside of Quebec ranged between 91% and 92% (A).[38] For American students, the median SAT scores in the verbal, math, and writing sections were 690, 700, and 690 respectively, for a combined SAT score of around 2080; the median ACT score was 31( SONY VGP-BPS13B/S battery). For law students, the median undergraduate GPA was 85% (or 3.7 on a 4.0 scale) and the median LSAT score was 163 (88.1th percentile) out of a possible 180 points.[100] For medical students, the median undergraduate GPA was 3.8 out of 4.0 and the median MCAT score was 32.1.[101] Among the 30% of applicants admitted to the Desautels Faculty of Management's MBA program, applicants had, on average, a GMAT score of 665, an age of 27, and 49 months of work experience. ( SONY VGP-BPS13B/G battery) Downtown campus A hockey game on campus in 1884, just seven years after McGill students wrote the then-new game's first rule book, with the Arts Building, Redpath Museum, and Morrice Hall (then the Presbyterian College) visible. McGill's downtown campus at night viewed from Mount Royal. The circular building in the foreground is the McIntyre Medical Sciences Building( SONY VGP-BPS14 battery). McGill's main campus is situated in downtown Montreal at the foot of Mount Royal.[103] Most of its buildings are situated in a park-like campus located north of Sherbrooke Street and south of Pine Ave between Peel and Aylmer streets. The campus also extends west of Peel for several blocks, starting north of Docteur-Penfield. The campus is near the Peel and McGill metro stations( SONY VGP-BPL14 battery). All of the major university buildings were constructed using local grey limestone, which serves as a unifying element.[104] The university's first classes were held in at Burnside Place, James McGill's country home.[18][105] Burnside Place remained the sole educational facility until the 1840s, when the school began construction on its first buildings: the central and east wings of the Arts Building. ( SONY VGP-BPS14/B battery) The rest of the campus was essentially a cow pasture, a situation similar to the few other Canadian universities and early American colleges of the age.[107] The university's athletic facilities, including Molson Stadium, are located on Mount Royal, near the residence halls and the Montreal Neurological Institute. The Gymnasium is named in honour of General Sir Arthur William Currie( SONY VGP-BPS14/S battery). Residence McGill's residence system is relatively small for a school of its size, housing approximately 2,700 undergraduate students and a handful of graduate students.[108] Most McGill students do not live in residence (known colloquially as "rez") after their first year of study, even if they are not from the Montreal area. With the exception of students returning as "floor fellows" or "dons"( SONY VGP-BPS14B battery), the majority of McGill residences are for first-year undergraduate students only. Senior students are expected to find off-campus housing. Many first-year students live in the Bishop Mountain Residences ("Upper Rez"),[109] a series of concrete dormitories on the slope of Mount Royal, consisting of McConnell Hall, Molson Hall, Gardner Hall, and Douglas Hall. Douglas Hall, which opened in 1937( SONY VGP-BPS22 battery), is distinguished by its impressive stone facade and wood interiors. McConnell, Molson, and Gardner Halls, all built in the 1960s, share a cafeteria, located at the centre of the three dormitories, known as Bishop Mountain Hall. Royal Victoria College, the second-largest residence at McGill, was a women's only dormitory; however in September 2010 the dormitory became co-ed. McGill's second newest residence, aptly named New Residence Hall ("New Rez")( SONY VGP-BPS22 battery) is a converted four-star hotel located a few blocks east of campus. New Rez is the largest of the university's dormitories. Solin Hall is an apartment-style residence four metro stops from campus. The McGill Off-Campus Residence Experience (MORE) residences consist of a series of converted apartment buildings and houses, the largest of which is The Greenbriar, an apartment-style residence located across from the Milton Gates( SONY VGP-BPS18 battery). In autumn 2008, due to increased demand for first-year housing, the University chose to lease four floors of a privately owned apartment building for use as a university residence. The building, called "515 Ste. Catherine", is on the corner of Rue Ste. Catherine and Rue City Councillors, close to campus yet in the heart of downtown Montreal. It was completely renovated and featured a gym, movie theater, and fully furnished apartments( SONY VGP-BPS22/A battery). However, the McGill Residence Office decided to forgo use of the building after summer 2009. In April 2009, McGill acquired the Four Points Sheraton Hotel at 475 Sherbrooke Street West. The hotel was converted into a new student residence, which opened in fall 2009. Although it is the newest residence, students either call it Carrefour, or, informally, "C4." Officially, however, the building has been named Carrefour Sherbrooke Residence Hall( SONY VGP-BPS22A battery). Most second-year students transition to off-campus apartment housing, and apartment hunting is sometimes seen as a rite of passage for McGill students. Many students end up living in the "McGill Ghetto", the neighbourhood directly to the east of the downtown campus. In recent years, finding affordable housing has been challenging because of the city's tight housing market( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ11S battery), particularly in neighbourhoods close to the McGill campus.[110] Students have begun moving out to other areas because of rising rent prices. [edit]Master plan McGill has begun an ambitious process to lay the groundwork for future development. A Task Force on Campus Planning has been created to study the issue. It has begun to consult widely within the McGill and greater community on a broad range of issues including community life, physical development plans, and other issues( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ15T battery). Its recommendations include how McGill can develop in a way that supports the University’s mission and goals, and continues to benefit and bring value to the surrounding areas and the greater Montreal community. Among the guiding principles of the Task Force’s work are commitment to community, responsible stewardship, maintenance of green space and the integrity of the mountain, and the preservation of heritage architectural assets. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ15G battery) One recent initiative turned McGill into a car-free campus.[113] [edit]Redevelopment plan, McGill University Health Centre In 2006, the Quebec government initiated a $1.6 billion LEED redevelopment project for the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC). The project will expand facilities to two separate campuses[114] and consolidate the various hospitals of the MUHC on the site of an old CP rail yard adjacent to the Vendôme metro station( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ4000 battery). This site, known as Glen Yards, comprises 170,000 square metres (1,800,000 sq ft) and spans portions of Montreal's Notre-Dame-de-Grâce neighbourhood and the city of Westmount.[115] The Glen Yards project has been controversial due to local opposition to the project, environmental issues, and the cost of the project itself.[116] The project, which has received approval from the provincial government, was, in 2003, expected to be complete by 2010( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ460E battery). The new 'campus' is now expected to open in 2014 or 2015. [edit]Macdonald campus Main article: Macdonald Campus Macdonald Campus under construction in 1906 The Macdonald Campus coat of arms A second campus, the Macdonald Campus, in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue houses the Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, the School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, the Institute of Parasitology, and the McGill School of Environment. The Morgan Arboretum and the J. S. Marshall Radar Observatory are nearby( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ440N battery). The Morgan Arboretum was created in 1945. It is a 2.5-square-kilometre (0.965 sq mi) forested reserve with the aim of 'teaching, research, and public education'. Its mandated research goals are to continue research related to maintaining the health of the Arboretum plantations and woodlands, to develop new programs related to selecting species adapted to developing environmental conditions and to develop silvicultural practices that preserve and enhance biological diversity in both natural stands and plantations. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ440E battery) [edit]Sustainability In 2007, McGill premiered its Office of Sustainability and added a second full-time position in this area, the Director of Sustainability in addition to the Sustainability Officer.[118] Recent efforts in implementing its sustainable development plan include the new Life Sciences Center which was built with LEED-Silver certification and a green roof, as well as an increase in parking rates in January 2008 to fund other sustainability projects. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ430E battery) Other student projects include The Flat: Bike Collective, which promotes alternative transportation, and the Farmer's Market, which occurs during the fall harvest.[119] The Farmer's Market and many other initiatives came out of student collaboration during the Rethink Conference 2008. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ280E battery) [edit]Other facilities McGill's Bellairs Research Institute, located in St. James, Barbados 13°10′N 59°35′W, is Canada's only teaching and research facility in the tropics.[121] The institute has been in use for over 50 years. Its facilities are regularly utilized by the Canadian Space Agency for research. The laboratories of the Huntsman Marine Science Centre are located in St. Andrews, N.B., on 300,000 square metres (3,200,000 sq ft) of land at the estuary of the St. Croix River. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ190 battery) It hosts the Atlantic Reference Centre, which is known throughout the Maritimes for its extensive marine biology collections.[123] The HMS is a research facility "committed to the advancement of the marine sciences through basic and applied research"[124] and acts as a field facility for research and teaching by McGill and other member universities( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ150E battery). McGill's Gault Nature Reserve 45°32′N 73°10′W spans over 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) of forest land, the largest remaining remnant of the primeval forests of the St. Lawrence River Valley.[125] The first scientific studies at the site occurred in 1859. The site has been the site of extensive research activities: "Today there are over 400 scientific articles( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ160 battery), 100 graduate theses, more than 50 government reports and about 30 book chapters that are based on research at Mont St. Hilaire."[126] In addition to the McGill University Health Centre, McGill has been directly partnered with many teaching hospitals for decades, and also has a history of collaborating with many hospitals in Montreal. These cooperations allow the university to graduate over 1,000 students in health care each year. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ260E battery) McGill's contract-affiliated teaching hospitals include: Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal Neurological Hospital, Montreal Chest Institute and Royal Victoria Hospital which are all now part of the McGill University Health Centre. Other hospitals that health care students may use include: Sir Mortimer B. Davis – Jewish General Hospital, Douglas Hospital and St. Mary's Hospital Center. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ140E battery) University identity and culture McGill’s coat of arms The McGill coat of arms is derived from an armorial device assumed during his lifetime by the founder of the University, James McGill. The University's patent of arms was granted by England's Garter-King-at-Arms in 1922 and registered in 1956 with Lord Lyon King of Arms in Edinburgh and in 1992 with the Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ11L battery). In heraldic terms, the coat of arms is described as follows: "Argent three Martlets Gules, on a chief dancette of the second, an open book proper garnished or bearing the legend In Domino Confido in letters Sable between two crowns of the first. Motto: Grandescunt Aucta Labore." The coat of arms consists of two parts, the shield and the scroll. The University publishes a guide to the use of the University's arms and motto. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ11Z battery) The university's symbol is the martlet, stemming from the presence of the mythical bird on the official arms of the university. The school's official colours are red and white. McGill's motto is Grandescunt Aucta Labore, Latin for "By work, all things increase and grow" (literally, "Things grown great increase by work," that is, things that grow to be great do so by means of work) ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ11M battery). The official school song is entitled "Hail, Alma Mater."[130] [edit]Language policy Though McGill allowed students to write graduation theses in French as early as 1835, McGill never became a Francophone or officially bilingual university. Today, McGill is one of only three English-language universities in Quebec; fluency in French is not a requirement to attend. The Faculty of Law does, however, require all students to be "passively bilingual"( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ18M battery), meaning that all students must be able to understand written and spoken French—or English if the student is Francophone—since English or French may be used at any time in a course. Though the University allowed some students to write theses in French from the time the University was founded, since 1964 students in all faculties have been able to write exams and papers in either English or French, provided that the objective of the class is not to learn a particular language. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ18 battery) The 1960s were a period of profound social and political change in Quebec, when English was seen as the privileged language of commerce. McGill, where Francophones comprised only three percent of the students, could be seen as the force maintaining economic control by Anglophones of a predominantly French-speaking province. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ210CE battery) The McGill français movement began in 1969, demanding that McGill become Francophone, pro-nationalist, and pro-worker.[134] The movement was led by Stanley Gray, a political science professor (and possibly unaware of government plans after the recent (1968) legislation founding the Université du Québec) ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ31S battery). It argued that, since McGill received the lion's share of government funding, paid by a taxpayer base that was largely Francophone, the university should be equally accessible to that segment of the population.[135][136] Gray led a demonstration of 10,000 trade unionists, leftist activists, CEGEP students, and even some McGill students, at the university's Roddick Gates on March 28, 1969( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ31Z battery). Protesters shouted "McGill français", "McGill aux Québécois", and "McGill aux travailleurs" (McGill for workers). However, the majority of students and faculty opposed such a position, and many of the protesters were arrested.[137][138] The McGill français protest was, at the time, the second-largest protest in the history of Montreal.[139] Francophone students( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ31E battery), whether from Quebec or overseas, now make up approximately 18 percent of the student body, a goal set by the administration partially in the wake of the movement.[140] The totally Francophone Université du Québec à Montréal had by 2011 an enrolment of 40,000. [edit]Student organizations The campus has an active students' union represented by the undergraduate Students' Society of McGill University (SSMU) and the Post-Graduate Students' Society of McGill University (PGSS) ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ31J battery). SSMU was one of the first student societies in Canada to use an online voting system for campus elections. Due to the large postdoctoral population, the PGSS also contains a semi-autonomous Association of Postdoctoral Fellows (APF). In addition, each faculty has its own student governing body. There are hundreds of clubs and student organizations at the university. Many of them are centred around McGill's student union building, the University Centre( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ31M battery). In 1992, students held a referendum which called for the University Centre to be named for actor and McGill alumnus William Shatner.[141] The university administration refused to accept the name and did not attend the opening. Traditionally, the administration names buildings in honour of deceased members of the university community or for major benefactors—Shatner is neither. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ31B battery) McGill has three English-language student-run newspapers: the McGill Daily, the McGill Tribune and the The Bull & Bear. The McGill Daily was first published in 1911. The Daily is currently is published twice weekly.[143] The Délit français is the Daily's French-language counterpart. The combined circulation of both papers is over 28,000. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ32 battery)The McGill Foreign Affairs Review is a student-run journal about international affairs. Since 1988, The Red Herring has been the main satire magazine of McGill University. CKUT (90.3 FM) is the campus radio station. TVMcGill is the University TV station, broadcasting on closed-circuit television and over the internet.[144] The McGill University Faculty of Law is also home to three student-run academic journals( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ410 battery), including the world renowned McGill Law Journal, founded in 1952.[145] While fraternities and sororities are not a large part of student life at McGill, some, including fraternities Alpha Delta Phi, Sigma Chi, Alpha Epsilon Pi, Delta Upsilon, and Zeta Psi, and sororities Gamma Phi Beta, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Kappa Alpha Theta, and Alpha Omicron Pi, have been established for many years at the university. Phi Kappa Pi, Canada's only national fraternity( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ21 battery), was founded at McGill and the University of Toronto in 1913 and continues to be active to this day. Events including Greek week, held annually during the first week of February, have been established to promote Greek life on campus. With just over 2% of the student body population participating, involvement is well below that of most American universities,[146] but on par with most Canadian schools( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ21S battery). McGill has had a student club supporting lesbian, bisexual, gay, and transgender students since 1972. The group, originally named "Gay McGill", was renamed "Queer McGill" in 1998 to better identify with the diversity of its members.[147] Queer McGill supports both students and non-student members of the McGill community.[148] Membership in 2002 was over 400. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ21M battery) The three oldest a cappella groups on campus are Tonal Ecstasy, Effusion and Soulstice. These groups perform multiple times during the year at on- and off-campus events. Student organizations at McGill are internationally recognized in a variety of ways. Many larger organizations and NGOs have a local presence on campus( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ38M battery). The International Relations Students Association of McGill (IRSAM) currently has consultative status with the UN's Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).[149] Since 1990, IRSAM has hosted an annual Model United Nations, McMUN, for university students and since 1993 it has hosted an annual Model United Nations, SSUNS, for high school students( Sony VAIO VGN-S battery). Numerous other humanitarian groups can be found: UNICEF McGill, Oxfam McGill, End Poverty Now, Right to Play McGill, and Free the Children are just a few. Numerous student interest groups enhance university life while representing a variety of interests and perspectives( Sony VAIO VGN-SZ battery). [edit]Athletics McGill is represented in Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS) by the McGill Redmen (men's) and the McGill Martlets (women's). Following a major restructuring of the varsity programme for the fall semester of 2010, McGill is currently home to 28 varsity teams.[150] McGill's unique mascot, Marty the Martlet, was introduced during the 2005 Homecoming game, ( Sony VGN-NR11S/S Battery) The downtown McGill campus sport and exercise facilities include: the McGill Sports Centre (which includes the Tomlinson Fieldhouse and the Windsor Varsity Clinic),[152] Molson Stadium, Memorial Pool, Tomlinson Hall, McConnell Arena, Forbes Field, many outdoor tennis courts and other extra-curricular arenas and faculties. ( Sony VGN-NR11M/S Battery) The Macdonald Campus facilities, include an arena, a gymnasium, a pool, tennis courts, fitness centres and hundreds of acres of green space for regular use.[154] The university's largest sporting venue, Molson Stadium, was constructed in 1914. Following an expansion project completed in 2010, it now seats just over 25,000,[155] and is the current home field of the Montreal Alouettes. ( Sony VGN-NR260E/S Battery) [edit]Athletic history The inventions of North American football, hockey, and basketball are all related to McGill in some way, with rugby rules providing the foundation for the others. Even the introduction of cross-country skiing has a McGill connection. In 1868, the first recorded game of rugby in North America occurred in Montreal, between British army officers and McGill students, ( Sony VGN-NR260E/T Battery) giving McGill the oldest university-affiliated rugby club in North America. Other McGill-originated sports evolved out of rugby rules: football, hockey, and basketball. The first game of North American football was played between McGill and Harvard on May 14, 1874,[159] leading to the spread of American football throughout the Ivy League.[160] One of the world's first organized hockey clubs, made up of McGill students, played their first game on January 31, 1877. ( Sony VGN-NR260E/W Battery) Very soon thereafter, those McGill students wrote the first hockey rule book.[162] McGill alumnus James Naismith invented basketball in early December 1891.[163] Norwegian Herman "Jackrabbit" Smith-Johannsen popularized cross-country skiing in North America from McGill's Gault Estate in Mont St. Hilaire. Johannsen also helped coach Canada's 1932 Olympic team( Sony VGN-NR11Z/S Battery). There has been a McGill alumnus or alumna competing at every Olympic Games since 1908. Swimmer George Hodgson won two gold medals at the 1912 Summer Olympics, ice hockey goaltender Kim St-Pierre won gold medals at the 2002 Winter Olympics and at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Other 2006 gold medalists are Jennifer Heil (women's freestyle mogul) and goaltender Charline Labonté (women's ice hockey) ( Sony VGN-NR11Z/T Battery). In 1996, the McGill Sports Hall of Fame was established to honour its best student athletes. Notable members of the Hall of Fame include James Naismith and Sydney Pierce. A 2005 hazing scandal forced the cancellation of the final two games in the McGill Redmen football season. In 2006, McGill's Senate approved a proposed anti-hazing policy to define forbidden initiation practices. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ21E battery) [edit]Fight song The McGill University song book, compiled by a committee of graduates and undergraduates, was published in Montreal by W.F. Brown, circa 1896.[168] Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement and convocation, and athletic games are( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ21Z battery): 'Alma Mater McGill,' with words by J. McDougall; 'L'Enfant du McGill,' with words by Louis-Honoré Fréchette, and music by Guillaume Couture; 'God Save McGill,' with words by W.M. Mackeracher, tune 'God Save the Queen'; 'A Health to Old McGill,' with words by R.W. Huntingdon, and music by Mrs W.C. Baynes; 'McGill,' with words by C.W. Colby, sung to the tune 'The Gay Cavalier'; 'McGill Revisited,' with words by John Cox, 'McGill Students' with words by W.N. Evans; 'The Student of McGill,' with words by R.D. McGibbon( Sony VAIO VGN-FZ21J battery) Rivalries This section does not cite any references or sources. (November 2011) McGill maintains an academic and athletic rivalry with Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. Animosity between rowing athletes[citation needed] at the two schools has inspired an annual boat race between the two universities in the spring of each year since 1997, inspired by the famous Oxford-Cambridge Boat Race. The football rivalry, which started in 1884, ended after Canadian university athletic divisions were re-organized in 2000( Sony VAIO VGN-FW11 battery); the Ontario-Quebec Intercollegiate Football Conference was divided into Ontario University Athletics and Quebec Student Sports Federation. The rivalry returned in 2002 when it transferred to the annual home-and-home hockey games between the two institutions. Queen's students refer to these matches as "Kill McGill" games, and usually show up in Montreal in atypically large numbers to cheer on the Queen's Golden Gaels hockey team( Sony VAIO VGN-FW11M battery). In 2007, McGill students arrived in bus-loads to cheer on the McGill Redmen, occupying a third of Queen's Jock Harty Arena. The school also competes in the annual "Old Four (IV)" soccer tournament, with Queen's University, the University of Toronto and the University of Western Ontario. McGill and Harvard also maintain their historical rivalry, represented by the biennial Harvard-McGill rugby games, alternately played in Montreal and Cambridge( Sony VAIO VGN-FW11S battery), MA. McGill is often regarded as being Canada's Harvard. This can also be seen when McGill is mentioned as "The Harvard of Canada" by Marge in The Simpsons, to which Lisa rebuffs. In addition, a popular student t-shirt sold at McGill spoofs this by displaying "Harvard - America's McGill". In fiction, characters from movies and television shows have also been portrayed as McGill students, professors, or researchers. Fictional alumni from McGill include Lieutenant Alan McGregor, played by Gary Cooper in the movie Lives Of the Bengal Lancers (1935) ( Sony VAIO VGN-FW21E battery), and Major Donald Craig, a Canadian commando serving with British special forces during World War II, portrayed by Rock Hudson in the 1967 war movie Tobruk (though the film was loosely based on real events, it is not clear whether or not Hudson's character was based on a real person: most likely he was a pastiche character, given a Canadian background as cover for Hudson's inability to emulate a British accent). In the Fox Network television drama House( Sony VAIO VGN-FW21J battery), James Wilson, an oncologist at the Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital is also a McGill alumnus. On the animated sitcom The Simpsons, the school was referenced by Marge as "The Harvard of Canada." Walter Langkowski, a researcher from the Marvel Comics Canadian superhero series Alpha Flight, is portrayed as a McGill-based biophysicist researching the gamma radiation accident which created the Hulk( Sony VAIO VGN-FW21L battery). Langkowski's discoveries transformed him into the superhero known as Sasquatch. McGill is also referenced in several of Kathy Reichs' Temperance Brennan novels. [edit]Historical links The University of Glasgow, one of four ancient Scottish universities and member of the British Russell Group. Founded in 1451, the original benefactor of McGill College, James McGill, studied here in the 1750s[170] before his family worked as merchants in the city.[171] The two universities continue this link today as part of Universitas 21, an international student exchange programme( Sony VAIO VGN-FW41M battery). The University of Edinburgh, one of four ancient Scottish universities and member of the British Russell Group. The University was founded as a civic institution in 1583 and has maintained a strong reputation in the study of medicine, among other disciplines. McGill's first (and, for several years, its only) faculty, Medicine, was founded by four physicians/surgeons who had trained in Edinburgh. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FW41M/H battery) In common with Glasgow, Edinburgh shares an international exchange link with McGill through Universitas 21. Finances As a public university, McGill is not as dependent on its endowment for operating revenue as some of its international peers. The McGill endowment only provides approximately 10 per cent of the school's annual operating revenues.[3] Nonetheless, McGill's endowment rests within the top 10 percent of all North American post-secondary institutions' endowments. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FW21M battery) While McGill's conservative investment policy has protected it from the more substantial losses experienced at many other universities during the market crisis of 2008–2009, it still faced a 20% endowment decline from approximately $920 million to $740 million.[3] Valued at $21,633 per student, the university maintains one of the largest endowments among Canadian universities on a per-student basis( Sony VAIO VGN-FW21Z battery). In an open letter to faculty and students, Heather Munroe-Blum wrote: "The next few years do not promise to be easy. But in facing this challenge, McGill has a unique advantage in addition to that of the fundamental progress we have made. This university has lived with restricted resources and uncertainty for almost two hundred years – it is part of our culture. And yet, against this backdrop of hardship, we have always retained our commitment to excellence( Sony VAIO VGN-FW32J battery). We are one of the world’s great universities. This will not change. In my installation speech in the spring of 2003, I said McGill "punches above its weight." We will continue to do so. In order to stay the course, we must now move with confidence, pride, excitement and discipline to seize every opportunity to put McGill in an ideal position to leap forward with the inevitable recovery." ( Sony VAIO VGN-FW17W battery) [edit]Campaign McGill Campaign McGill: History in the Making is a five-year comprehensive campaign that began in October 2007,[174] with the goal of raising over $750 million for the purpose of further "attracting and retaining top talent in Quebec, to increase access to quality education and to further enhance McGill's ability to address critical global problems." ( Sony VAIO VGN-FW31E battery) The largest goal of any Canadian university fundraising campaign in history, within the first six months, McGill had accumulated over $400 million towards its efforts. Support to McGill’s annual fund has actually increased during the market crisis.[3] According to Principal Heather Munroe-Blum, she is confident that Campaign McGill will reach its $750 million goal by 2012( Sony VAIO VGN-FW139E battery). [edit]Tuition Tuition fees vary significantly between in-province, out-of-province, and international students, with full-time Quebec students paying around $2,167.80[178] per year, Canadian students from other provinces paying around $5,858.10[178] per year, and international students paying $14,461.80–$24,840 per year.[179][180] Students must also pay housing costs, though Montreal has some of the least expensive housing among large North American cities( Sony VAIO VGN-FW139E/H battery). Since 1996, McGill, in accordance with the Ministère de l'Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport (MELS), has had eight categories that qualifies certain international students to be excused from paying international fees. These categories include: students from France, a quota of students from select countries which have agreements with MELS, which include Algeria, China, and Morocco, ( Sony VAIO VGN-FW465J battery) students holding diplomatic status, including their dependents, and students enrolled in certain language programs leading to a degree in French.[182] [edit]Scholarships and financial aid Scholarships at McGill are relatively difficult to attain, compared to other Canadian universities. This is predominantly due to the number of high academic achievers at the school. For out-of-province first year undergraduate students, a high school average of 95% is required to receive a guaranteed one-year entrance scholarship. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FW31M battery) To be considered for the same scholarships, Quebec CEGEP students need a minimum r-score of 35.5, United States high school students need a minimum A average as well as at least 700 in each SAT or 33 in the ACT, and French Baccalaureate students need an average of 15.5 plus a minimum score of 14 in each course; similarly, students in the British education system need As in both GCSE Level and predicted Advanced Level results( Sony VAIO VGN-FW31J battery), and International Baccalaureate students need to attain a minimum overall average of 6.9 on predicted grades or a score of 42 on exam results. In general, entrance scholarship recipients rank in the top 1–2% of their class. For renewal of previously earned scholarships, students generally need to be within the top 10% of their faculty.[189] For in-course scholarships in particular, students must be within the top 5% of their faculty. ( Sony VAIO VGN-FW31Z battery) McGill itself outlines scholarship considerations as follows: "Competition for basic and major scholarships is intense at McGill. An extraordinary number of exceptional applications are received each year and therefore we cannot award scholarships to all good candidates."[188] The university has joined Project Hero, a scholarship program cofounded by General (Ret'd) Rick Hillier for the families of fallen Canadian Forces members. ( Sony VGN-NR11Z Battery) Notable people Main article: List of McGill University people As chair of physics at McGill, Ernest Rutherford was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 for his work in atomic physics. In the arts, McGill students include three Pulitzer Prize winners, Templeton Prize winner Charles Taylor,[196] essayist and novelist John Ralston Saul, a Companion of the Order of Canada along with Charles Taylor, Juno Award winner Sam Roberts, Singer-Songwriter Prita Chhabra and William Shatner( Sony VGN-NR11S Battery), best known for his portrayal of Captain Kirk on Star Trek and winner of several Emmy Awards. Nine Academy Award winners studied at McGill.[197] Billboard charting musician and vocalist Mary Fahl also attended McGill University.[198] In the sciences, students include doctors, inventors, three astronauts and scientist Dr. Mark J. Poznansky, a member of the Order of Canada. On October 16, 2009, the 42nd American president, Bill Clinton accepted an Honorary Doctorate from McGill University. ( Sony VGN-CR11Z Battery) Charles Taylor studied at the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar from McGill. Some politicians and government officials both within Canada and abroad are McGill alumni, including two Canadian prime ministers and eleven justices of the Supreme Court of Canada. Progressive Conservative MP Robert Layton and his son, New Democratic Party leader and Leader of the Opposition Jack Layton, also attended McGill. ( Sony VGN-CR11S Battery)Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga completed her Ph.D. at McGill and was elected as president of the Republic of Latvia in 1999 as the first female president in Eastern Europe after Turkey's Tansu Çiller. Ahmed Nazif also completed a Ph.D. at McGill in 1983 and has served as the youngest prime minister of Egypt since the republic's founding 1953. In the 2011 Canadian election, five McGill students—undergraduates Charmaine Borg, Matthew Dubé( Sony VGN-CR11M Battery), Mylène Freeman (graduating shortly after the election) and Laurin Liu plus graduate student Jamie Nicholls—were elected as NDP MPs.[202] In the United States, 2006 McGill graduate Ilya Sheyman is a Democratic candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives. Corporate leaders and media personalities have also studied at McGill. Leading Canadian philanthropist and entrepreneur Seymour Schulich donated $20 million, the highest donation to any music school in Canada, to the newly-named Schulich School of Music( Sony VGN-CR11E Battery). Henry Mintzberg, a professor at McGill's Desautels Faculty of Management is an acclaimed management thinker and contributes to The New York Times and The Economist. Mintzberg is an Officer of the Order of Canada. Co-founder and president of Matrox Electronic Systems Ltd., which innovates globally in graphics, video editing, and image processing, Lorne Trottier has donated $10 million towards services in information and technology at McGill( Sony VGN-CR21E Battery). The new engineering building is called Trottier, named after Lorne Trottier. Conrad Black, a major media magnate and convicted fraudster, also studied at McGill. McGill students are also recognized as athletes, including various members of Canadian national teams and twenty-eight Olympic medalists. Since the Olympics began, McGill has produced 112 Olympians who have won a total of eight gold medals( Sony VGN-CR21S Battery), nine silver, and eleven bronze. Jacob Viner, who would later go on to form the beginnings of the modern day Chicago School of Economics, earned his undergraduate degree from McGill. William Osler, one of the founders of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the originator of the concept of medical residency, received his medical degree from McGill( Sony VGN-CR21Z Battery). Professors at McGill have won 26 Prix du Québec, 14 Prix de l'Association francophone pour le savoir and 21 Killam Prizes. Eleven Nobel Laureates have studied or taught at McGill. Since 1902, Canadian undergraduate students have been eligible for Rhodes Scholarships to study at the University of Oxford. More than any other university, McGill students have won 132 Rhodes Scholarships. ( Sony VGN-CR31S Battery)These students include parliamentary and cabinet ministers David Lewis (1932), Alastair Gillespie (1947), and Marcel Massé (1963), the political philosopher Charles Taylor (1952), and the U.S. political advisor and inventor Jack Phillips (1978). The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1583,[3] is a public research university located in Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland( Sony VGN-CR31E Battery). Regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world, the university is ranked 6th and 7th in Europe according to the 2011 QS and Times Higher Education Ranking and 20th in the world by the 2011 QS rankings.[8] The university played an important role in leading Edinburgh to its reputation as a chief intellectual centre during the Age of Enlightenment, and helped give the city the nickname of the Athens of the north( Sony VGN-CR31Z Battery). Graduates of the university include some of the major figures of modern history, including the naturalist Charles Darwin, physicist James Clerk Maxwell, philosopher David Hume, mathematician Thomas Bayes, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Gordon Brown, Deputy President of the British Supreme Court Lord Hope, surgeon and pioneer of sterilisation Joseph Lister( Sony VGN-CR41Z Battery), signatories of the American declaration of independence John Witherspoon and Benjamin Rush, inventor Alexander Graham Bell, first president of Tanzania Julius Nyerere, and a host of famous authors such as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Robert Louis Stevenson, J. M. Barrie, and Sir Walter Scott. The University is also associated with 9 Nobel Prize winners, 1 Abel Prize winner and a host of Olympic gold medallists. ( Sony VGN-CR41S Battery) It also continues to have links to the British Royal Family, with the Duke of Edinburgh being chancellor from 1953 to 2010, and Princess Anne from 2011.[11] The university is deeply embedded in the fabric of the city, with many of the buildings in the historic Old Town belonging to the university.[12] Edinburgh receives approximately 47,000 applications every year, making it the third most popular university in the UK by volume of applicants.[13] Entrance is intensely competitive, with 12 applications per place in the last admissions cycle. ( Sony VGN-CR41E Battery) It is the only Scottish university to be a member of both the elite Russell Group, and the League of European Research Universities, a consortium of 21 of Europe's most prominent and renowned research universities.[15] In addition, the University has both historical links and current partnerships with prestigious academic institutions in the United States and Canada, including members of the Ivy League and U15( Sony VGN-CR42Z Battery). History King James's College, c.1647 [edit]Founding The founding of the university is attributed to Bishop Robert Reid of St Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall, Orkney, who left the funds on his death in 1558 that ultimately provided the University's endowment. The University was established by a Royal Charter granted by James VI in 1582. This was an unusual move at the time, as most universities were established through Papal bulls( Sony VGN-CR42S Battery). What makes the University of Edinburgh even more unusual is the fact that its funding was granted the following year by the Town Council, making it in many ways the first civic university. Known as the "Tounis College", it was renamed King James's College in 1617. It was the fourth Scottish university in a period when the much more populous and richer England had only two. By the 18th century Edinburgh was a leading centre of the European Enlightenment ( Sony VGN-CR42E Battery) (see Scottish Enlightenment) and was regarded as one of the continent's principal universities. Development The university's 'Old College'. Before the building of Old College to plans by Robert Adam implemented after the Napoleonic Wars by the architect William Henry Playfair, the University of Edinburgh did not have a custom-built campus and existed in a hotchpotch of buildings from its establishment until the early 19th century. The university's first custom-built building was the Old College( Sony Vaio VGN-CR11S/L Battery), now the School of Law, situated on South Bridge. Its first forte in teaching was anatomy and the developing science of surgery, from which it expanded into many other subjects. From the basement of a nearby house ran the anatomy tunnel corridor. It went under what was then North College Street (now Chambers Street), and under the university buildings until it reached the university's anatomy lecture theatre( Sony Vaio VGN-CR11S/P Battery), delivering bodies for dissection. It was from this tunnel that the body of William Burke was taken after he had been hanged. Towards the end of the 19th century, Old College was becoming overcrowded and Robert Rowand Anderson was commissioned to design new Medical School premises in 1875. The medical school was more or less built to his design and was completed by the addition of the McEwan Hall in the 1880s( Sony Vaio VGN-CR11S/W Battery). The University's New College building The building now known as New College was originally built as a Free Church college in the 1840s and has been the home of Divinity at the University since the 1920s. The university is responsible for a number of historic and modern buildings across the City, including the oldest purpose-built concert hall in Scotland, and the second oldest in use in the British Isles, St Cecilia's Concert Hall( Sony Vaio VGN-CR11Z/R Battery); Teviot Row House, which is the oldest purpose built Student Union Building in the world; and the restored 17th-century Mylne's Court student residence which stands at the head of Edinburgh's Royal Mile. The building which houses the university's Institute of Geography, was once part of the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary( Sony Vaio VGN-CR13/B Battery) Edinburgh University Library pre-dates the university by three years. Founded in 1580 through the donation of a large collection by Clement Littill, its collection has grown to become the largest university library in Scotland with over 2 million periodicals, manuscripts, theses, microforms and printed works. These are housed in the main University Library building in George Square – one of the largest academic library buildings in Europe( Sony Vaio VGN-CR13/L Battery), designed by Basil Spence – and an extensive series of Faculty and Departmental Libraries. The two oldest Schools – Law and Divinity – are both well-esteemed in their respective subjects, with Law being based in Old College, and Divinity being based in New College, on the Mound. Students at the university are represented by Edinburgh University Students' Association (EUSA), which consists of the Students' Representative Council (SRC), founded in 1884 by Robert Fitzroy Bell, the Edinburgh University Union (EUU) which was founded in 1889( Sony Vaio VGN-CR13/P Battery). They are also represented by the Edinburgh University Sports Union (EUSU) which was founded in 1866. The University's McEwan Hall building In 2002 the University was re-organised from its 9 faculties into three 'Colleges'. While technically not a collegiate university, it now comprises the Colleges of Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS), Science & Engineering (SCE) and Medicine & Vet Medicine (MVM). Within these Colleges are 'Schools' – roughly equivalent to the departments they succeeded( Sony Vaio VGN-CR13/R Battery); individual Schools have a good degree of autonomy regarding their finances and internal organisation. This has brought a certain degree of uniformity (in terms of administration at least) across the university. On 1 August 2011, the Edinburgh College of Art (founded in 1760) merged with the University of Edinburgh. At a result of the merger, Edinburgh College of Art has combined with the University’s School of Arts, Culture and Environment to form a new (enlarged) Edinburgh College of Art within the university. ( Sony Vaio VGN-CR13/W Battery) Along similar lines, all teaching is now done over two semesters (rather than 3 terms) – bringing the timetables of different Schools into line with one another, and coming into line with many other large universities (in the US, and to an increasing degree in the UK as well). [edit]Reputation According to QS Academic Reputation 2011-2012, University of Edinburgh is placed first in Scotland, 5th in the UK, and 28th in the world in terms of academic reputation. ( Sony Vaio VGN-CR13G Battery) It is ranked 49 in the world, 6 in the UK in reputation by Times Higher Education 2012.[29] The University of Edinburgh is a member of the Russell Group of research-led British universities and, along with Oxford and Cambridge, one of the only British universities to be a member both of the Coimbra Group and the LERU (League of European Research Universities): two leading associations of European universities. The University is also a member of Universitas 21, an international association of research-led universities( Sony Vaio VGN-CR13G/B Battery). The University’s position as one of the world’s leading research universities has been reaffirmed by the 2008 UK RAE results: the University of Edinburgh was ranked in the top five in the UK and first in Scotland by the volume of four star,‘world-leading’ research (63% of the University’s research activity was in the highest categories (4* and 3*), of which one third was recognised as “world-leading”) ( Sony Vaio VGN-CR13G/L Battery).The results also indicate that the University is home to 37% of Scotland’s 4* research. It was rated at the highest level in veterinary medicine, informatics and linguistics. It also has an excellent performance in Art, Chemistry and Mathematics [30] The QS World University Rankings 2011 ranked the University of Edinburgh 20th in the world,[31] while the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2011/2012 ranked it as 36th overall, 7th in Europe and 5th in the UK( Sony Vaio VGN-CR13G/W Battery). In 2011, the Academic Ranking of World Universities placed University of Edinburgh as 53rd overall, 14th in Europe and 6th in the UK.[33] In the 2012/2013 UK University Rankings, the university was ranked 15th in the UK overall by The Guardian, 16th by The Independent/The Complete University Guide,[35] 27th by The Sunday Times and 15th by The Times( Sony Vaio VGN-CR13G/P Battery). College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine The Edinburgh Medical School's historical main building on Teviot Place. The College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine has a long history as one of the best medical institutions in the world.[58] In the last research assessment exercise, it was rated top in the UK for medical research submitted to the Hospital-based Clinical Subjects Panel. All of the work was rated at International level and 40% at the very highest “world-leading” level. ( Sony Vaio VGN-CR13G/R Battery) The eight original faculties formed four Faculty Groups in August 1992. Medicine and Veterinary Medicine became one of these, and in September 2002, became the smallest of three Colleges in the University. From Natural Philosophy to Science and Engineering In the sixteenth century science was taught as 'natural philosophy'. The seventeenth century saw the institution of the University Chairs of Mathematics and Botany, followed the next century by Chairs of Natural History, Astronomy, Chemistry and Agriculture( Sony Vaio VGN-CR13T/L Battery). During the eighteenth century, the University was a key contributor to the Scottish Enlightenment and it educated many of the leading scientists of the time. It was Edinburgh's professors who took a leading part in the formation of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1783. In 1785, Joseph Black, Professor of Chemistry and discoverer of carbon dioxide, founded the world's first Chemical Society. ( Sony Vaio VGN-CR13T/P Battery)The nineteenth century was a time of huge advances in scientific thinking and technological development. The first named degrees of Bachelor and Doctor of Science were instituted in 1864, and a separate 'Faculty of Science' was created in 1893 after three centuries of scientific advances at Edinburgh.[60] Chairs in Engineering and Geology were also created. In 1991 the Faculty of Science was renamed the Faculty of Science and Engineering( Sony Vaio VGN-CR13T/R Battery), and in 2002 it became the College of Science and Engineering. Campuses The Edinburgh College of Art forms (since 2011) part of the 'central' university campus. As its topics of study have grown and diversified the university has expanded its campuses such that it now has six main sites:[61] The Central Area includes George Square, the Informatics Forum, The Dugald Stewart Building, Old College, New College, McEwan Hall, St Cecilia's Hall, Teviot Row House, the old Medical School buildings in Teviot Place( Sony Vaio VGN-CR13T/W Battery), and surrounding streets in Edinburgh's Southside. It is the oldest region, occupied primarily by the College of Humanities and Social Science, and the Schools of Computing & Informatics and the School of Law, as well as the main university library. The Appleton Tower is also used for teaching first year undergraduates in science and engineering. Meanwhile, Teviot Place continues to house pre-clinical medical courses and biomedical sciences despite relocation of the Medical School to Little France( Sony Vaio VGN-CR21/B Battery). Nearby are the main EUSA buildings of Potterrow, Teviot and Pleasance. Old residents of George Square include Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. A number of these buildings are used to host events during the Edinburgh International Festival every summer. The main library (Edinburgh University Library) is also located at George Square. New College, overlooks Princes Street and only a short walk from Waverley Rail Station and other Edinburgh landmarks( Sony Vaio VGN-CR21E/L Battery). The building is on the Mound, which houses the School of Divinity - parts of which are also used by the Church of Scotland. King's Buildings Main article: King's Buildings The King's Buildings (KB) is located further south of the city. Most of the Science and Engineering College's research and teaching activities take place at the King's Buildings, which occupy a 35 hectare site. It includes C H Waddington Building( the Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh ), James Clerk Maxwell Building (the administrative and teaching centre of the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Mathematics) ( Sony Vaio VGN-CR21E/P Battery), The Royal Observatory, William Rankine Building (School of Engineering’s Institute for Infrastructure and Environment) and other schools' buildings. There are three libraries at KB: Darwin Library, James Clerk Maxwell Library and Robertson Engineering and Science Library. A new library called The King's Buildings Library will open in time for the 2012/13 session. It also houses National e-Science Centre (NeSC), Scottish Microelectronics Centre (SMC) ( Sony Vaio VGN-CR21E/W Battery), Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), Scottish Institute for Enterprise, etc. Pollock Halls St Leonard's Hall, Pollock Halls of Residence Main article: Pollock Halls of Residence Pollock Halls, adjoining Holyrood Park to the east, provides accommodation (mainly half board) for a minority of students in their first year. Two of the older houses in Pollock Halls were demolished in 2002 and a new building (Chancellor's Court) has been built in their place, leaving a total of ten buildings. Self-catered flats elsewhere account for the majority of university-provided accommodation( Sony Vaio VGN-CR21S/L Battery). The area also includes a £9 million redeveloped John McIntyre Conference Centre, which is the University's premier conference space. [edit]Little France Main article: Little France Little France , the Chancellor's Building was opened on 12 August 2002 by The Duke of Edinburgh and houses the £40 million Medical School at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. It was a joint project between private finance, the local authorities and the University to create a large modern hospital, veterinary clinic and research institute( Sony Vaio VGN-CR21S/P Battery). It has two large lecture theatres and a medical library. It is connected to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh by a series of corridors. Queen's Medical Research Institute was opened in 2005, which provides facilities for research into the understanding of common diseases( Sony Vaio VGN-CR21S/W Battery). Easter Bush The Easter Bush campus houses the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education and The Veterinary Oncology and Imaging Centre. The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, founded in 1823 by William Dick, is a world leader in veterinary education, research and practice( Sony Vaio VGN-CR21Z/N Battery). The new £42 million, two storey, 11,500 square metre building opened in 2011. The Roslin Institute is an animal sciences research institute which is sponsored by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. The Institute won international fame in 1996, when Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell and their colleagues created Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell, at the institute. A year later Polly and Molly were cloned, both sheep contained a human gene( Sony Vaio VGN-CR21Z/R Battery). Moray House Moray House main quadrangle. Main article: Moray House Moray House School of Education just off the Royal Mile, used to be the Moray House Institute for Education until this merged with the University in August 1998. The University has since extended Moray House's Holyrood site to include a redeveloped and extended major building housing Sports Science, Physical Education and Leisure Management facilities adjacent to its own Sports Institute in the Pleasance( Sony Vaio VGN-CR23/B Battery). Modern architecture at the University of Edinburgh Student life The University's Teviot Row House student union building The student-run Bedlam Theatre, home to the Edinburgh University Theatre Company. The Pleasance student union, home to numerous societies. [edit]Students' Association Main article: Edinburgh University Students' Association The Edinburgh University Students' Association (EUSA) consists of the unions and the Student Representative Council. The union buildings include Teviot Row House, Potterrow, Kings Buildings House, the Pleasance, and shops, cafés and refectories across the various campuses( Sony Vaio VGN-CR23/P Battery). Teviot Row House is claimed to be the oldest purpose-built student union building in the world.[66] EUSA represents students to the university and the outside world. It is also responsible for over 250 student societies at the University. The association has four sabbatical office bearers – a president and three vice presidents. The association is affiliated to the National Union of Students( Sony Vaio VGN-CR23/R Battery). Theatre and Comedy The city of Edinburgh is an important cultural hub for comedy, amateur and fringe theatre throughout the UK. Amateur dramatic societies at the University benefit from this, and especially from being based in the home of the Edinburgh Fringe Festival which brings thousands of paying fans and amateur theatre companies to the city every August from all over the world. ( Sony Vaio VGN-CR23/L Battery) Edinburgh University Theatre Company (EUTC), founded in 1896 as the Edinburgh University Drama Society is notable for running Bedlam Theatre, the oldest student-run theatre in Britain. Bedlam Theatre is an award winning Edinburgh Fringe venue.[68] The EUTC also fund and run acclaimed [69] student improvised comedy troupe The Improverts during term time and fringe.[70] Alumni include Ian Charleson, Kevin McKidd, Greg Wise and Miles Jupp( Sony Vaio VGN-CR23/N Battery). The Edinburgh University Savoy Opera Group (EUSOG) are an opera/musical theatre company founded by students in 1961 to promote and perform the comic operettas of William Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan, collectively known as Savoy Operas after the theatre in which they were originally staged( Sony VAIO VGN-NW21EF/S battery). The Edinburgh University Footlights are a musical theatre company founded in 1989. It produces two large scale shows a year. Other notable societies include: Edinburgh University Studio Opera, Edinburgh University Shakespeare Company, Theatre Paradok and The Edinburgh Revue. Media Newspapers: The Student is a weekly Scottish newspaper produced by students at the University of Edinburgh. Founded in 1887 by Robert Louis Stevenson( Sony VAIO VGN-NW21JF battery), it is the oldest student newspaper in the United Kingdom. It has held the title of Best Student Newspaper in Scotland, awarded by the Herald Student Press Awards, for four years running, from 2006 to 2010. The Journal is an independent publication, established in 2007 by three students at the University of Edinburgh, and also distributes to the four other higher education institutions in the city - Heriot-Watt University, Napier University( Sony VAIO VGN-NW21MF battery), Queen Margaret University and the Edinburgh College of Art. It is the largest such publication in Scotland, with a print run of 14,000 copies and is produced by students from across the city. Radio: Fresh Air is an alternative music student radio station, one of the oldest surviving student radio stations in the UK. It was founded in October 3, 1992 and has since won "Student Radio Station of the Year" award at the Student Radio Association in 2004 & Station of the year 2011(Scottish new music awards) ( Sony VAIO VGN-NW21MF/W battery). Other Publications: The Edinburgh Rascal - a monthly satirical zine. The Junior Financier - an annual magazine produced by the Edinburgh University Trading and Investment Club. Edinburgh University Science Magazine (EUSci) - an award winning student science magazine. Colloquia - a cross-disciplinary academic journal focused on open-publishing and radical ideas, produced by a primarily-student collective. ( Sony VAIO VGN-NW31EF/W battery) [edit]Student sport Edinburgh University's student sport consists of 67 clubs from the traditional football and rugby to the more unconventional korfball or gliding. Run by the Edinburgh University Sports Union, these 67 clubs have seen Edinburgh rise to 4th place in the British Universities' Sports Association (BUSA) rankings in 2006-07 and have been in the British Top 5 sporting Universities since 2005( Sony VAIO VGN-NW21ZF battery). During the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, the University of Edinburgh alumni and students secured four medals - three gold and a silver.[73] The three gold medals were won by the cyclist Chris Hoy and the silver was won by Katherine Grainger in female rowing. [edit]Student activism There are a number of campaigning societies at the university. One of the largest of these is environment and poverty campaigning group People & Planet( Sony VAIO VGN-NW31JF battery). International development organisations include Edinburgh Global Partnerships, which was established as a student-led charity in 1990. There is also a significant left-wing presence on campus,[74] including an active anti-cuts group, an anarchist society, Edinburgh University Socialist Society, feminist society, Young Greens, and a Students for Justice in Palestine group.[75] Protests, demonstrations and occupations are a regular occurence at the university( Sony VAIO VGN-NW320F/B battery). Alumni and faculty Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, first studied at the University of Edinburgh. Main article: List of University of Edinburgh people Alumni and faculty of the university have included economist Adam Smith, signatories to the US Declaration of Independence James Wilson and John Witherspoon, Prime Ministers Gordon Brown, Lord Palmerston and Lord John Russell ( Sony VAIO VGN-NW320F/TC battery) (the latter matriculated at Edinburgh, but did not graduate), engineers Alexander Graham Bell and William Rankine, naturalist Charles Darwin and biologist Ian Wilmut, physicists James Clerk Maxwell, Max Born, Sir David Brewster, Tom Kibble, Peter Guthrie Tait and Peter Higgs, writers Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Robert Louis Stevenson, J.M. Barrie, Sir Walter Scott and Alistair Moffat( Sony VAIO VGN-NW35e battery), actor Ian Charleson, composers Kenneth Leighton, James MacMillan, and William Wordsworth, chemists Joseph Black, Daniel Rutherford, Alexander R. Todd and William Henry, botanist Robert Brown, medical pioneers Joseph Lister and James Simpson, mathematician Colin Maclaurin, philosopher David Hume, geologist James Hutton, former BP CEO Tony Hayward, chemist and two-time recipient of Alexander von Humboldt research prize for senior scientists Narayan Hosmane( Sony VAIO VGN-NW11S/S battery), Dr. Valentin Fuster, the only cardiologist to receive all four major research awards from the world's four major cardiovascular organizations,[79] and mathematician and president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Sir Michael Atiyah. Historical links Dalhousie University, Canadian U15 university, founded in 1818. In the early 19th century, George Ramsay, the ninth Earl of Dalhousie and Nova Scotia Lieutenant-Governor at the time, wanted to establish a Halifax college open to all, regardless of class or creed( Sony VAIO VGN-NW11Z/S battery). The earl modeled the fledgling college after the University of Edinburgh, near his Scottish home.[83][84] McGill University, Canadian U15 university, founded in 1821, has strong Edinburgh roots and links to the University of Edinburgh as McGill's first (and, for several years, its only) faculty, Medicine, was founded by four physicians/surgeons who had trained in Edinburgh. Queen's University, Canadian U15 university founded in 1841, was modelled after the University of Edinburgh, and continues to display strong Scottish roots and traditions today( Sony VAIO VGN-NW11S/T battery). University of Pennsylvania, an American Ivy League university, has long-standing historical links with the University of Edinburgh, including modelling Penn's School of Medicine after Edinburgh's.
The Australian National University (ANU) is a public university located in Canberra, the capital of Australia. Established by a Federal Act of Parliament in 1946, it is the only Australian university to be established by Federal, as opposed to State or Territory, legislation Sony PCG-71313M battery. Centered at the Acton, Canberra campus, the university comprises seven teaching and research colleges, several focused postgraduate research centres and three non-tertiary educational entities. It also hosts the Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science, the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia and the National Computational Infrastructure facility Sony PCG-71212M battery. In 2011, ANU was ranked 1st and 2nd among Australian universities, and 26th and 38th among the world's universities by the QS World University Rankings and the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, respectively. Two Australian Prime Ministers attended the university, and ANU counts six Nobel laureates among its staff and alumni Sony PCG-71311M battery. ANU is a member of several university alliances and cooperative networks, including the Group of Eight, the Association of Pacific Rim Universities, the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy and the International Alliance of Research Universities. As of 2010, there are 3,681 staff, including 1,506 academic staff who teach 8,688 undergraduate and 4,752 postgraduate students Sony PCG-71213M battery. History The remains of the ANU 500MJ Homopolar generator designed by Mark Oliphant 20th century origins The undergraduate teaching component of the current institution originated with the establishment in 1930 of the Canberra University College via the Canberra University College Ordinance 1929, intended to fulfil the need for a tertiary education provider in the Australian Capital Territory area, pending the establishment of a complete teaching university Sony PCG-61211M battery. Studies at the college were facilitated by the University of Melbourne, from which enrolled students formally received their accreditation.[citation needed] A group of eminent Australian scholars were involved in the infancy of ANU, such as Sir Mark Oliphant, a leader in radar development and nuclear physics; Sir Howard Florey, a co-discoverer of the benefits of penicillin Sony VAIO VPCF24Q1E battery; Sir Keith Hancock, an eminent historian; and H. C. Coombs, a renowned economist and public servant.[3] The Australian National University was established by an act of the Parliament of Australia, introduced by the then Prime Minister Ben Chifley and the Minister for Post-war Reconstruction J.J. Dedman with support of the Opposition Leader Robert Menzies. The bill was passed on 1 August 1946 and its provisions came into effect on 7 February 1947. Sony VAIO VPCF13M1E/H battery ANU is the only Australian university to be established by an act of the Federal Parliament.[4] Administrative and research staff began their appointments in 1950, the University's focus being limited to research tenure and postgraduate education until 1960, when the Canberra University College was amalgamated into the Australian National University as the undergraduate degree providing School of General Studies. Sony VAIO VPCF12Z1E/BI batteryOn 5 July 1960 a fire during the night destroyed much of the eastern end of the Cockcroft Building. The damage included the drawing office, many student's and staff's results and files and the control room for the 600 kV Cockcroft-Walton accelerator. The 600 kV accelerator though only water damaged had to be scrapped Sony VAIO VPCF12S1E/B battery. Refurbishment of the burnt out area was completed in September 1961. Early departments that have now been spun off into research schools of their own include the departments of Astronomy and Geophysics and Geochemistry. Geophysics and Geochemistry separated into the Research School of Earth Sciences in 1973. Mount Stromlo Observatory became part of the Department of Astronomy in 1957. While part of the school Sony VAIO VPCF13Z8E/BI battery, the Department of Astronomy developed Siding Spring Observatory and installed many new telescopes at Mount Stromlo Observatory. It separated into the Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics in 1986. Remains of the dome of the 50-inch Great Melbourne telescope 21st century Walter Burley Griffin’s plan for the design of Canberra not only designated Acton peninsula as a hospital site, but did so whilst simultaneously placing it adjacent to a university where he envisaged a medical school would be located. Sony VAIO VPCF13Z8E battery In April 2001, after intense public debate and a committee of inquiry lasting eight months, it was announced that ANU was to develop Australia's 12th and the world's 896th medical school.[7] Shortly afterwards staff at the medical school made a proposal to the National Capital Authority that the old hospice and isolation block facilities on Acton Peninsula Sony VAIO VPCF13M1E/B battery (which had been heritage listed for a health use) should be leased to the Medical School for teaching and clinical purposes.[8] On 18 January 2003 the Canberra firestorm hit the Mount Stromlo Observatory, destroying five telescopes, workshops, seven homes and the heritage listed administration building. The only telescope to escape the fires was the 1868 15-centimetre Farnham telescope. Relics from the fire are preserved in the collection of the National Museum of Australia Sony VAIO VPCF1318E/H battery. They include a melted telescope mirror and a piece of melted optical glass (flint). The latter has pieces of charcoal and wire fused into it from the fierce heat of the fire.[9] Redevelopment is largely completed. Campus Mount Stromlo after the fires: remains of the old administration building with the dome of the Farnham telescope Sony VAIO VPCF13J0E/H batteryANU main campus occupies most of the Canberra suburb of Acton, covering 1.45 square kilometres (360 acres) of buildings, roads and access routes, preserved original vegetation and new plantings. It is roughly bisected by Sullivans Creek and is bordered by the native bushland of Black Mountain, Lake Burley Griffin, the suburb of Turner and the city centre Sony VAIO VPCF13E8E battery. The ANU campus is divided into eight precincts, with three on the west side of Sullivans Creek; Dickson Precinct, Linnaeus Precinct, Daley Precinct; and five on the east side; Kingsley Precinct, Baldessin Precinct, Ellery Precinct, Liversidge Precinct and Garran Precinct. The university incorporates a number of structures and sites of historical and conservational significance dating from the earliest establishment of the national capital Sony VAIO VPCF13E4E battery, with many buildings recognised by one or more of the Commonwealth Heritage List, the ACT Heritage Register and the National Trust. Notable structures on campus include Old Canberra House, completed in 1913, the previous Canberra Community Hospital and a previous diplomatic mission. With over 10,000 trees on its campus, ANU was awarded the Silver Greenhouse Challenge Award at the annual Australian Engineering Excellence Awards in 2003 Sony VAIO VPCF12M1E/H battery. University House. Standing figure, (1981–82). University House. Australian National University Library Main article: Australian National University Library Chifley Library R. G. Menzies Building The Australian National University Library is part of ANU's Division of Information. The Australian National University Library began with the appointment of the first University Librarian, Arthur Leopold Gladstone McDonald in early 1948 Sony VAIO VPCF12F4E/H battery. The establishment of the ANU Library was deemed so important to the development of the University, that McDonald was appointed by the Interim Council before any of the professors. Initially McDonald and several assistants were housed in Ormond College at the University of Melbourne, where they began to form the collection. At the end of 1950s the collection, which had grown to approximately 40,000 volumes Sony VAIO VPCF12E1E/H battery, was transferred to Canberra, to be located in the Canberra Community Hospital and nearby huts. Over the course of the 1950s the collection grew steadily, and by the time of McDonald's retirement in the 1960s, the collection had grown to 150,000 volumes. The ANU Library collection is housed in four main locations; the R.G. Menzies Building (Asia Pacific material); the J.B. Chifley Building Sony VAIO VPCF11Z1E/BI battery (Social Sciences & Humanities material); the W.K. Hancock Building (Science material); and the Law Library in the Law School Building. Additional services are provided by five science branch libraries: Art Library, Chemistry Branch Library, Earth Sciences Branch Library, Eccles Medical Sciences Library and Music Library. ANU owns a collection of rare books, housed in a closed access collection held in the Rare Book Room in the R.G. Menzies Building Sony VAIO VPCF24M1E battery. Centre for the Public Awareness of Science Main article: Centre for the Public Awareness of Science Centre for the Public Awareness of Science at the Australian National University in Canberra The Centre for the Public Awareness of Science (CPAS) is a UNESCO Centre, which engages with science communication and communicators in the Pacific region and beyond. CPAS was launched in 1996 with Professor Richard Dawkins performing the opening ceremony. Sony VAIO VPCF23S1E battery It owes it origin to the establishment, twenty years earlier, of a modest science centre in a vacant primary school in Canberra. This burgeoning science centre eventually grew into Questacon – The National Science and Technology Centre. Questacon was the brainchild of Michael Gore,[11] a senior lecturer in Physics at the Australian National University, who became its first director Sony VAIO VPCF231S1E battery. An important part of its activities was outreach, supported from the beginning by sponsorship from Shell Australia. By 1994, the demand was so great that the Faculty of Science agreed to fund a Lectureship in Science Communication. This was the first in Australia. Dr Susan Stocklmayer[12] was appointed to the position and immediately announced her intention of establishing a university centre for science communication. The Centre was established in 1996 Sony VAIO VPCF23Q1E battery, with Professor Bryant as its first director. Dr Stocklmayer took over the position in 1998, where she remains today. In partnership with the UNESCO Pacific Office in Apia, Samoa,[13] CPAS has focused on science teaching training and communication in Pacific nations. As well as running a science journalism workshop for Pacific Island journalists in 2001, CPAS followed up in the same year with a science teacher workshop and the first Pacific Science Communication Forum. Sony VAIO VPCF23M1E battery The UNESCO office in Jakarta[15] invited CPAS to join a mission to Cambodia to conduct a survey to identify and assess the needs of the country with respect to science education in schools and universities. Other activities include joining with UNESCO (Apia) to help in its aims to raise social participation in science in and around the Pacific. CPAS also established, as a pilot project, the Register of Pacific Scientists Sony VAIO VPCF22S8E battery, an online database for those involved with Pacific Science to record their details and/or search for other people with similar or complementary interests. Other activities of CPAS include the presentation of workshops for secondary school science teachers and others in Fiji, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Japan and New Zealand. A joint teaching program is being developed with the National University of Singapore Sony VAIO VPCF22S1E battery. In South Africa, CPAS helped to develop a touring hands-on science exhibition and has been invited to work in and with various South African science centres. In subsequent years, the work of CPAS has been recognised by a number of awards and honours: In 1999, CPAS, Shell Australia and Questacon jointly won the Business/Higher Education Round Table[16] Award Sony VAIO VPCF22M1E battery. The citation commends CPAS as “a university centre whose brief is to empower Australians by encouraging in them the confidence of 'ownership' of modern science. It is intended to increase science awareness in the Australian community and to improve communication skills of scientists.” In 2000, it was designated as the first UNESCO Centre for Science Communication Sony VAIO VPCF22L1E battery. [edit]Other campuses and facilities ANU occupies six additional locations in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, the Northern Territory. The Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics (RSAA) is located away from the main campus in Acton, at the Mount Stromlo Observatory, near Weston Creek in south Canberra. RSAA also runs the Siding Spring Observatory near Coonabarabran Sony VAIO VPCF22J1E battery, New South Wales. Since the destruction of Mount Stromlo's telescopes in the Canberra bushfires of 2003, this is university's only operational telescope site. The university also runs a coastal campus at Kioloa on the South Coast of New South Wales dedicated to field work training, and a North Australia Research Unit in Darwin in the Northern Territory Sony VAIO VPCF11S1E/B battery. Undergraduate students on all campuses are represented by the ANU Students' Association. Postgraduate students are represented by the Postgraduate and Research Students' Association (PARSA), a member of the Council of Australian Postgraduate Associations. The Australian National University Union provides representation to all students in the provision of catering and retail services as well as functions amenities Sony VAIO VPCF11M1E/H battery. Residential halls and colleges Eight of the university's nine affiliated halls and colleges are located on campus, while Fenner Hall is located on Northbourne Avenue in the nearby suburb of Braddon. The halls and colleges are: Bruce Hall, Ursula Hall, Fenner Hall, Burgmann College, John XXIII College, Burton & Garran Hall, UniLodge Davey, UniLodge Kinloch, Unilodge Warrumbul, Lena Karmel Lodge Sony VAIO VPCF11D4E battery, Toad Hall, University House and Graduate House. In 2010, Griffin Hall, a non-residential college, was established for students living off-campus. Burgmann and neighbouring John XXIII College are the only remaining independent residential colleges among the Australian National University's ten halls of residence. Burgmann and John XXIII continue to administer their own admissions processes separate from the university's central clearinghouse for accommodation Sony VAIO VPCF11C5E battery. Although the University accommodation houses more than 3,700 students, in the past ANU suffered from chronic shortage of student accommodation, due in part to over-enrolment.[17] This has since been alleviated by the construction of new colleges. Administration, organisation and academic structure Main article: Academic Structure of the Australian National University The governing body is a 15 member Council which governs under the Australian National University Act 1991 Sony VAIO VPCF11C4E/B battery. The Council's key responsibilities include appointing the Vice Chancellor and Principal, approving the strategic direction and annual budget, establishing operational policies and procedures, and overseeing academic and commercial activities as well as risk management. The chair of the Council is the Chancellor, Professor The Hon Gareth Evans AO QC. In 2010, the university had an endowment of approximately A$1.2371 billion Sony VAIO PCG-31114M battery. ANU School of Art ANU is divided into seven academic Colleges and three postgraduate research focus centres, which each contain a network of inter-related faculties, research schools and centres. Each College is responsible for undergraduate and postgraduate education as well as research in its respective field Sony VAIO PCG-31113M battery. ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences The ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences encompasses the field of humanities, creative arts and social sciences. It incorporates the Research School of Social Sciences, delivering education and research in the fields of history, philosophy, politics, international relations, and sociology; the Research School of Humanities and the Arts, including the ANU School of Music and ANU School of Art; and the Australian Demographic and Social Research Institute Sony VAIO PCG-31112M battery. ANU College of Asia and the Pacific The ANU College of Asia and the Pacific hosts education and research in a wide range of fields with a focus on Australia's geographic neighbourhood. The School of Culture, History and Language (which includes the former Faculty of Asian Studies) teaches and researches in the humanities and social sciences of the Asia Pacific region, as well as teaching a wide range of Asian languages Sony VAIO PCG-31111M battery. The Crawford School of Economics and Government conducts economic and public policy research on domestic, regional and international issues. The School of International, Political and Strategic Studies conducts education and research in the analysis and understanding of the international, political, societal, and strategic affairs of Asia and the Pacific Sony VAIO PCG-41112M battery. The School of Regulation, Justice and Diplomacy comprises the Asia Pacific College of Diplomacy and the Regulatory Institutions Network and conducts education and research into social and economic regulation and international diplomacy. ANU College of Business and Economics The ANU College of Business and Economics (CBE) comprises various schools and centres. These are the School of Accounting and Business Information Systems (ABIS), the School of Economics, the School of Finance, Actuarial Studies and Applied Statistics (FASS) Sony VAIO PCG-41111M battery, the School of Management, Marketing and International Business (MMIB), the Research School of Economics (RSE) and the Research School of Business. The centres are the Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, National Centre for Information Systems Research (NCISR) and the Australian National Centre for Audit and Assurance Research SONY VAIO PCG-21212M battery. ANU College of Engineering and Computer Science The ANU College of Engineering and Computer Science comprises the Research School of Computer Science and the Research School of Engineering. The Research School of Information Sciences and Engineering (RSISE) was established on 1 January 1994. RSISE resulted from the merger of the Department of Systems Engineering (1981) and the Computer Sciences Laboratory (1988) SONY VAIO PCG-21211M battery, both of which were part of the Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering (RSPhysSE). The Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology (FEIT) was established in 1993, and the Research School joined in 2004 form a single institute that would become ANU College of Engineering and Computer Science (CECS) on 1 January 2006. The 2006 merger joined the undergraduate and research activities into two schools SONY VAIO PCG-51212M battery; the School of Engineering and the School of Computer Science, which were renamed as Research Schools in February 2011. The college has roughly 150 academic staff, 100 general staff, 200 higher degree by research students, and 1,000 undergraduate students. ANU College of Law ANU College of Law. The ANU College of Law was established in 1960. The college conducts research and teaching, and engages with the community in a wide range of outreach activities such as advising government, sitting on tribunals, giving pro bono legal advice SONY VAIO PCG-51211M battery. It offers a range of undergraduate and postgraduate law programmes, as well as practical legal training through their 'Legal Workshop' programme. In addition to its academic programme, the law school promotes a range of co-curricular activities including mooting, negotiation and client interview competitions, membership of the Federal Law Review student editor board, and The ANU Law Revue SONY VAIO PCG-51112M battery. [edit]ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment The ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment embraces Medical Research, Life Sciences, Psychology and Environmental Science. It cover all aspects of medicine from fundamental research to clinical practice and population health. Research is carried out in areas such as agriculture, environment, neuroscience, visual science, neuroethology, health and technology SONY VAIO PCG-51111M battery. The John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR) was formed in 1948 as a result of the vision of Nobel Laureate Howard Florey and Prime Minister John Curtin. Two Nobel Prizes (John Carew Eccles in 1963 and Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zinkernagel in 1996) have been won by research performed at John Curtin SONY VAIO PCG-81212M battery. ANU School of Medicine ANU College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences The ANU College of Physical & Mathematical Sciences comprises the departments of Astronomy & Astrophysics; Chemistry; Earth Sciences; Mathematical Sciences; Physics; and Science Communication. The college contains the Research School of Physics and Engineering, a body which focuses primarily on research into materials science and engineering Sony VAIO PCG-81112M battery; lasers, nonlinear optics and photonics; nanotechnology and mesoscopic physics; physics of atoms, molecules and the nucleus; plasma physics and surface science; physics and the environment. The Research School of Physics and Engineering was founded by Sir Mark Oliphant, its first Director from 1950 to 1963, in 1947. The school was originally called the "Research School of Physical Sciences" with "Engineering" being added to its title in 1990 to highlight the large amount of engineering work that is undertaken in the school SONY VAIO PCG-71111M battery. The name was again changed in 2008 to the "Research School of Physics and Engineering" to coincide with the merger with ANU's undergraduate physics teaching department.For much of the early years the focus of a large part of the school was designing, re-designing and building a cyclo-synchrotron that in its final intended form was to produce a beam of 10.6 GeV protons for nuclear physics research SONY VAIO PCG-7196M battery. Designed to be a world class research machine it was referred to within the school as "The Big Machine". Due to shifting goalposts and huge costs the cyclo-syncrotron was never completed. The small 7.7 MeV cyclotron designed to function as the proton injector was completed in 1955, and the large homopolar generator intended to power the system was first operated in 1962, but by this time work on "The Big Machine" itself had been abandoned SONY VAIO PCG-7195M battery. The John Curtin School of Medical Research The homopolar generator, the largest ever built, was capable of supplying currents of over 2 megaamperes. Even though it was never used for its intended purpose it ended up being used for numerous research projects requiring an extremely high current source until its disassembly in 1986 SONY VAIO PCG-7194M battery. One of these projects was the invention and development of the railgun by John Barber and Richard Marshall. The school also benefited in an indirect way from the construction of the massive generator, the accumulated engineering experience and techniques where later used to build other research equipment around the school including the Plasma Physics H1NF Heliac. Some parts of the homopolar generator are now on permanent display on the lawn outside the research school SONY VAIO PCG-7192M battery. The school has been home to many different particle accelerators over the years. The first accelerator installed was a 1.25 MV Cockcroft-Walton known as HT1, this was in use from 1952 until 1967 when it was sold to the University of New South Wales. A second smaller 600 kV Cockcroft-Walton machine (HT2) was assembled in house using many spare parts acquired for HT1 SONY PCG-8113M battery. In 1955 the UK government supplied a 33 MeV electron synchrotron as a gift. It was moved to the University of Western Australia in 1961. During 1960–1980 a HVEC EN tandem accelerator was used by nuclear physics for light ion research. 1975 saw the school's 14UD accelerator come online, which has since been augmented with a superconducting linear accelerator SONY PCG-8112M battery. Arms, Colours and Insignia The ANU logo is composed of three elements: the crest, the logotype, and the name of the University. The name of the University is printed in capitalised Rotis Semi Sans. The university's coat of arms is a blue shield bearing a stylised representation of Australia beneath the stars of the Southern Cross. The motto is written on a scroll beneath the shield, Naturam Primum Cognoscere Rerum ("First to learn the nature of things") SONY PCG-7134M battery. Collaborations and memberships ANU is a member of several university alliances and cooperative networks, including the Group of Eight, the Association of Pacific Rim Universities, the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy and the International Alliance of Research Universities. Rankings The following publications ranked universities worldwide. The University currently has the highest rankingfor universities in Australia. It is also one of the highest ranked universities in Asia and the Southern Hemisphere according to several compilations, including the Academic Ranking of World Universities, SONY PCG-7131M batterythe Times Higher Education World University Rankingsand the QS World University Rankings(the latter two were amalgamated as the THE-QS World University Rankingsuntil 2010).[22]The Australian National University is the second highest ranked university outside North America and Britain, after ETH Zurich. The QS World University Rankings[23]consistently ranks the Australian National University highly SONY PCG-7122M battery. In 2011 it was ranked first in Australasia and twenty-sixth in the World, one below the University of Tokyo, one above King's College London. It has dropped nine places since the 2009 THE-QS World University Rankings(in 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[24]and QS World University Rankingsparted ways to produce separate rankings) where it came seventeenth globally SONY PCG-7121M battery. Notable graduates and faculty Main article: List of Australian National University people Bob Hawke, 23rd Prime Minister of Australia, 1983–1991. Kevin Rudd, 26th Prime Minister of Australia, 2007–2010. Academic leaders have included Professors Manning Clark, Bart Bok, Derek Freeman, and Hanna Neumann. Notable political alumni include former Prime Ministers of Australia, Bob Hawke and Kevin Rudd, current Premier of New South Wales Barry O'Farrell, Patricia Hewitt, and Kim Edward Beazley SONY PCG-7113M battery . Alumni in other fields include Supreme Court Judge Catherine Holmes, linguist Nicholas Evans and mathematician John H. Coates. Nobel prize winners associated with the University include Lord Howard Florey, an early academic adviser to ANU and Chancellor from 1965–1968 and Professor John Eccles awarded in 1963 for Medicine – for his pioneering work on aspects of the mammalian central nervous system SONY PCG-7112M battery. Professor Eccles was founding Professor of Physiology at The John Curtin School of Medical Research. Professor John Harsanyi received the 1994 Nobel Prize for Economics for his work on game theory, providing a new tool for economic analysis. Professor Harsanyi taught economics at ANU from 1958 to 1961, completing some of his early research on game theory while at the University. Professor Rolf M. Zinkernagel and Professor Peter Doherty received the 1996 Nobel Prize for Medicine for their revolutionary work in immunology SONY PCG-8Z3M battery; Professors Doherty and Zinkernagel first met and worked together at The John Curtin School of Medical Research. In 2011, Brian P. Schmidt shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess for observations which provided evidence for the accelerating Universe. McGill University is a public research university located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The university bears the name of James McGill, a prominent Montreal merchant from Glasgow SONY PCG-8Z2M battery , Scotland and alumnus of Glasgow University, whose bequest formed the beginning of the university. Founded in 1821, McGill was chartered during the British colonial era, 46 years before the Canadian Confederation, making it one of the oldest universities in Canada. As of 2011, McGill ranked 17th in the world in the QS World University Rankings.[6] According to the 2011 Emerging/ SONY PCG-8Z1M batteryTrendence Global Employability Ranking, McGill was ranked 19th in the world for popularity among major employers. In the Maclean's 21st Annual University Ranking (2011), McGill was ranked 1st in Canada among all institutions offering medical and doctoral degrees, maintaining this ranking for the seventh year in a row. With almost 215,000 living alumni worldwide SONY PCG-8Y3M battery, students and professors at McGill have been recognized in fields ranging from the arts and sciences, to business, politics, and sports. Notable alumni include eleven Nobel Laureates, one hundred and thirty-two Rhodes Scholars, three astronauts, two Canadian prime ministers, eleven justices of the Canadian Supreme Court,[9] three foreign leaders, nine Academy Award winners, three Pulitzer Prize winners, and twenty-eight Olympic medalists SONY PCG-8Y2M battery. The main campus is set upon 32 hectares (79 acres) at the foot of Mount Royal in Downtown Montreal, covering much of the Golden Square Mile. A second campus, the Macdonald Campus, is situated on 6.5 square kilometres (2.5 sq mi) of fields and forested land in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, 30 km (19 mi) west of the downtown campus. With 21 faculties and professional schools SONY PCG-7Z1M battery, McGill offers degrees and diplomas in over 300 fields of study, including medicine and law. Although the language of instruction is English, students have the right to submit any graded work in English or in French, except when learning a particular language is an objective of the course. Approximately 34,000 students attend McGill, with international students comprising one-fifth of the student population SONY PCG-6W2M battery . History Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning The creation of the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning (RIAL) in 1801, and its formation of two new Royal Grammar Schools in 1816, acted as turning points for Canada in two particular ways. First, the schools "were created by legislation, the District Public Schools Act of 1807 SONY PCG-5J5M battery, and they showed the government's willingness to support the costs of education and even the salary of a schoolmaster. Second, the law involved the state in education, an important first step in the creation of nondenominational schools." The original two schools closed in 1846; by the mid-19th century the RIAL lost control of the other 82 grammar schools it had administered. SONY PCG-5K2M batteryIts sole remaining purpose was to administer the McGill bequests on behalf of the college. McGill College continued to grow, now having the sole aim of providing post-secondary education. The RIAL continues to exist today; it is the corporate identity that runs the university and its various constituent bodies, including the former Macdonald College (now Macdonald Campus), the Montreal Neurological Institute and the Royal Victoria College (the former women's college turned residence) SONY PCG-5K1M battery. Since the revised Royal Charter of 1852, The Trustees of the RIAL comprise the Board of Governors of McGill University. One of Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll`s works as a sculptor is the statue of her Royal mother Queen Victoria erected in front of the Royal Victoria College, Montreal. [edit]McGill College James McGill, the original benefactor of McGill University. James McGill, born in Glasgow, Scotland on 6 October 1744, was a successful English and French-speaking merchant in Quebec, having matriculated into Glasgow University in 1756.[14] Between 1811 and 1813 he drew up a will leaving his "Burnside estate" SONY PCG-5J4M battery, a 19-hectare (47-acre) tract of rural land and 10,000 pounds to the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning. Upon McGill's death in December 1813 the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning, established in 1801 by an Act of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada,[19] added the establishing of a University pursuant to the conditions of McGill's will to its original function of administering elementary education in Lower Canada SONY PCG-5J1M battery. As a condition of the bequest, the land and funds had to be used for the establishment of a "University or College, for the purposes of Education and the Advancement of Learning in the said Province."[19] The will specified that the college would be required to bear his name and must be established within 10 years of his death; otherwise the bequest would revert to the heirs of his wife SONY PCG-5G2M battery. On March 31, 1821, after protracted legal battles with the Desrivieres family (the heirs of his wife), McGill College received a royal charter from King George IV. The Charter provided that the College should be deemed and taken as a University, with the power of conferring degrees. Early history The Arts Building, built in 1839 and designed by John Ostell, is the oldest building on campus still standing Sony VAIO PCG-8131M battery. Despite having a royal charter, McGill College was inactive until 1829 when the Montreal Medical Institution, which had been founded in 1823, became the college's first academic unit and Canada's first medical school. The Faculty of Medicine granted its first degree, a Doctor of Medicine and Surgery, in 1833; this was also the first medical degree to be awarded in Canada Sony VAIO PCG-8152M battery. The Faculty of Medicine remained the school's only functioning faculty until 1843 when the Faculty of Arts commenced teaching in the newly constructed Arts Building and East Wing (Dawson Hall). The university also historically has strong linkage with the The Canadian Grenadier Guards, a military regiment in which James McGill served as the Lieutenant-Colonel Sony VAIO PCG-31311M battery. This title is marked upon the stone that stands before the Arts building, from where the Guards step off annually to commemorate Remembrance Day. Later development Sir John William Dawson, Principal of McGill University 1855-1893. Sir John William Dawson, McGill's principal from 1855 to 1893, is often credited with transforming the school into a modern university.[24] He recruited the aid of Montreal's wealthiest citizens (eighty percent of Canada's wealth was then controlled by families who lived within the Golden Square Mile area that surrounded the university) Sony VAIO PCG-31111M battery, many of whom donated property and funding needed to construct the campus buildings. Their names adorn many of the campus's prominent buildings. William Spier (architect) designed the addition of West Wing of the Arts Building for William Molson, 1861[25] Alexander Francis Dunlop designed major alterations to the East Wing of McGill College (now called the Arts Building, MCGill University) for Prof. Bovey and the Science Dept., 1888. Sony VAIO PCG-8112M battery This expansion of the campus continued until 1920. Buildings designed by Andrew Taylor (Architect), include the Redpath Museum (1880), Macdonald Physics Building (1893), the Redpath Library (1893), the Macdonald Chemistry Building (1896), the Macdonald Engineering Building (1907), and the Strathcona Medical Building (1907)—since renamed the Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building Sony VAIO PCG-7186M battery. In 1885, the university's Board of Governors formally adopted the use of the name McGill University. The Faculty of Law was founded in 1848, making it Canada's oldest. The school of architecture at McGill University was founded in 1896. Women's education at McGill began in 1884, when Donald Smith, also known as Lord Strathcona, began funding separate lectures for women, given by university staff members. The first degrees granted to women at McGill were conferred in 1888. Sony VAIO PCG-7171M batteryIn 1899, the Royal Victoria College (RVC) opened as a residential college for women at McGill. Until the 1970s, all female undergraduate students, known as "Donaldas," were considered to be members of RVC.[29] Beginning in the autumn of 2010, the newer Tower section of Royal Victoria College is a co-ed dormitory, whereas the older West Wing remains strictly for women Sony VAIO PCG-9Z1M battery. Both the Tower and the West Wing of Royal Victoria College form part of the university's residence system. In 1900, the university established the MacLennan Travelling Library. McGill University waltz composed by Frances C. Robinson, was published in Montréal by W.H. Scroggie, c 1904. In 1905, the university acquired a second campus when Sir William C. Macdonald, one of the university's major benefactors, endowed a college in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Sony VAIO PCG-5S1M battery, 32 kilometres west of Montreal. Macdonald College, now known as the Macdonald Campus, opened to students in 1907, originally offering programs in agriculture, household science, and teaching. McGill established the first post-secondary institutions in British Columbia to provide degree programs to the growing cities of Vancouver and Victoria. It created Victoria College in 1903, a two-year college offering first and second-year McGill courses in arts and science Sony VAIO PCG-5P1M battery, which was the predecessor institution to the modern University of Victoria. The province's first university was incorporated in Vancouver in 1908 as the McGill University College of British Columbia. The private institution granted McGill degrees until it became the independent University of British Columbia in 1915 Sony VAIO PCG-5N2M battery. George Allan Ross (architect) designed the Pathological Building, 1922–23; the Neurological Institute, 1933; Neurological Institute addition 1938 at McGill University.[32] Jean Julien Perrault (architect) designed the McTavish Street residence for Charles E. Gravel, which is now called David Thompson House (1934) Sony VAIO PCG-3C2M battery. The War Memorial Hall (more generally known as Memorial Hall) is a landmark building on the campus of McGill University. At the dedication ceremony the Governor General of Canada (Viscount of Tunis) laid the cornerstone. Dedicated on October 6, 1946, the Memorial Hall and adjoining Memorial Pool honour students who had enlisted and died in the First World War, and in the Second World War Sony VAIO PCG-8161M battery. In Memorial Hall, there are two Stained Glass Regimental badge World War I and World War II Memorial Windows by Charles William Kelsey c. 1950/1. A war memorial window (1950) by Charles William Kelsey in the McGill War Memorial Hall depicts the figure of St. Michael and the badges of the Navy, Army and the Air Force. Six other windows (1951) by Charles William Kelsey on the west wall of the memorial hall depict the coats of arms of the regiments in which the McGill alumni were members Sony VAIO PCG-8141M battery. There is a memorial archway at Macdonald College, two additional floors added to the existing Sir Arthur Currie gymnasium, a hockey rink and funding for an annual Memorial Assembly. A Book of Remembrance on a marble table contains the names of those lost in both World Wars. The National Film Board of Canada documentary `Occupation` (1970), directed by Bill Reid Sony VAIO PCG-3J1M battery, documents the occupation of the offices of the Political Science Department at McGill University in 1970 by striking political science students.` Academics Students McGill's student population includes 25,938 undergraduate and 8,881 graduate students representing diverse geographic and linguistic backgrounds.[36] Of the entire student population, 54.7% are from Quebec and 25.4% are from the rest of Canada, while 20.0% are from outside of Canada (including the United States) Sony VAIO PCG-3H1M battery. International students hail from about 150 different countries,[37] with Americans comprising about half of all international undergraduates and a third of all international postgraduates in the entering class of 2010.[38] In recent years, a growing number of American students are attending McGill: many are attracted to the culture and dynamism of Montreal Sony VAIO PCG-3F1M battery, the university's reputation, and the relatively low tuition costs in comparison to many top public and private universities in the United States.[39] Almost half of McGill students claim a first language other than English. While the university is located in a Francophone province, only 17.8% of the students claim French as their mother tongue, compared to 51.8% who claim English and 30.5% who claim some other language. Sony VAIO PCG-3C1M batteryFaculties and schools In the 2007–2008 school year, McGill offered over 340 academic programs in eleven faculties. The university also offers over 250 doctoral and master's graduate degree programs. Despite strong increases in university enrollment across North America,[42] McGill has upheld a relatively low and appealing student-faculty ratio of 16:1. Sony VAIO PCG-9Z2L battery There are nearly 1,600 tenured or tenure-track professors and 4,300 adjunct and visiting professors teaching at the university.[4] 22% of all students are enrolled in the Faculty of Arts, McGill's largest academic unit. Of the other larger faculties, the Faculty of Science enrolls 15%, the Faculty of Medicine enrolls 13%, the Centre for Continuing Education enrolls 12%, the Faculty of Engineering and the Desautels Faculty of Management enrol about 10% each. Sony VAIO PCG-9Z1L battery The remainder of all students are enrolled in McGill's smaller schools, including the Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Education, Faculty of Law, Schulich School of Music, and the Faculty of Religious Studies. Since the 1880s,[46] McGill has been affiliated with three Theological Colleges Sony VAIO PCG-9131L battery; the Montreal Diocesan Theological College (Anglican Church of Canada), The Presbyterian College, Montreal (Presbyterian Church in Canada), and United Theological College (United Church of Canada).[47] The university's Faculty of Religious Studies maintains additional affiliations with other theological institutions and organizations, such as the Montreal School of Theology. Sony VAIO PCG-8161L batterySchools at the university include the School of Architecture, the School of Computer Science, the School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, the School of Nursing, the School of Social Work, the School of Urban Planning, and the McGill School of Environment. They also include the Institute of Islamic Studies (established in 1952) which offers graduate courses leading to the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees, Sony VAIO PCG-8152L batteryand covering the history, culture, and civilization of Islam since its inception and up to modern times; the Institute is also served by one of the richest libraries in North America on Islamic studies with sources in many languages. The Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies[49] (GPS) oversees the admission and registration of graduate students (both master's and Ph.D.) Sony VAIO PCG-8141L battery. The GPS administers graduate fellowships, postdoctoral affairs, and the graduation process, including the examination of theses. In conjunction with other units, it conducts regular program reviews in all study disciplines. Founded in 1956, the McGill Executive Institute provides business seminars and custom executive education to companies, government services and non-profit organizations. Led primarily by McGill faculty Sony VAIO PCG-8131L battery, the executive courses and management training programs are designed for all managerial levels, from board members to senior-level executives to junior managers. Research centres and institutes Centre for International Peace and Security Studies Research Research plays a critical role at McGill. According to the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, "Researchers at McGill are affiliated with about 75 major research centres and networks, and are engaged in an extensive array of research partnerships with other universities, government and industry in Quebec and Canada Sony VAIO PCG-81312L battery, throughout North America and in dozens of other countries."[51] Annually, around 100 inventions take place at McGill.[52] In recognition of its research quality, McGill is affiliated with 11 Nobel Laureates and professors have won major teaching prizes. McGill's researchers are supported by the McGill University Library, which comprises 13 branch libraries and holds over six million items. Sony VAIO PCG-81214L batterySince 1926, McGill has been a member of the Association of American Universities (AAU), an organization of leading research universities in North America. McGill is also a founding member of Universitas 21, an international network of leading research-intensive universities that work together to expand their global reach and advance their plans for internationalization Sony VAIO PCG-81115L battery. McGill is a member of the U15, a group of prominent research universities within Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press began as McGill in 1963 and amalgamated with Queen's in 1969. McGill-Queen's University Press focuses on Canadian studies and publishes the Canadian Public Administration Series Sony VAIO PCG-81114L battery. Radon, discovered at McGill by physicist Ernest Rutherford McGill is perhaps best recognized for its research and discoveries in the health sciences. William Osler, Wilder Penfield, Donald Hebb, Brenda Milner, and others made significant discoveries in medicine, neuroscience and psychology while working at McGill. The Montreal Neurological Institute is also located in McGill university, where many of these individuals worked Sony VAIO PCG-81113L battery. The first hormone governing the Immune System (later christened the Cytokine 'Interleukin-2') was discovered at McGill in 1965 by Gordon & McLean.[55] The invention of the world's first artificial cell was made by Thomas Chang, an undergraduate student at the university.[56] While chair of physics at McGill, nuclear physicist Ernest Rutherford performed the experiment that led to the discovery of the alpha particle and its function in radioactive decay Sony VAIO PCG-7142L battery, which won him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908. Alumnus Jack Szostak, now a professor of genetics at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering a key mechanism in the genetic operations of cells, an insight that has inspired new lines of research into cancer. William Chalmers invented Plexiglas while a graduate student at McGill. In computing, MUSIC/SP, software for mainframes once popular among universities and colleges around the world Sony VAIO PCG-7141L battery, was developed at McGill. A team also contributed to the development of Archie, a pre-WWW search engine. A 3270 terminal emulator developed at McGill was commercialized and later sold to Hummingbird Software. Rankings Academics McGill is Canada's top-ranked university among those offering medical and doctoral degrees, ranking first in Canada for the seventh consecutive year in the Maclean's 21st annual University Rankings issue. Sony VAIO PCG-71111L battery The university has held first place in student awards for nine consecutive years, and consistently ranks first for reputation, average size, and number of social sciences and humanities grants per full-time faculty.[71] The Gourman Ranking of Canadian Universities also ranked McGill first in Canada in its 1998 report on undergraduate programs. Sony VAIO PCG-61411L batteryIn the 2011 QS World University Rankings,[74] McGill was ranked the best university in Canada, the second best public university in North America (behind University of Michigan), and 17th in the world, going up two places since the 2010 THE-QS World University Rankings (in 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings and QS World University Rankings parted ways to produce separate rankings) Sony VAIO PCG-61112L battery. McGill was also ranked 15th in the world for Employer Reputation by Q.S. Within specific fields, in 2009 McGill ranked 10th in the life sciences and biomedicine, 14th in the arts and humanities, 17th in the social sciences, 26th in the natural sciences, and 20th in technology. When McGill placed 12th overall in the 2007 ranking, the achievement was regarded as the "highest rank to be reached by a Canadian institution." Sony VAIO PCG-61111L battery McGill ranks 28th in the world according to the 2011 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[80] In the most recent ranking of world universities by U.S. News & World Report, McGill university is ranked 17th.[81] In Shanghai Jiao Tong University's Academic Ranking of World Universities 2011, McGill ranked third in Canada and 64th in the world. Sony VAIO PCG-5T4L battery In Newsweek's global rankings of 2011, the university ranks 13th among institutions outside the United States, and third in Canada.[83] In 2011, the Trendence/Emerging Global Employability Ranking, based on a survey of hundreds of major employers in 10 different countries, ranked schools according to their perceived popularity among major job recruiters Sony VAIO PCG-5T3L battery. McGill placed 19th in the world for employability in this ranking.[7] In the 2008 College Prowler Online rankings for Academics at North American universities, McGill earned an A- for Academics; making it the only Canadian school to achieve a grade above a B-. In 2009, Forbes ranked McGill's business school, the Desautels Faculty of Management, 11th in the world among non-U.S. universities for its two-year MBA program. Sony VAIO PCG-5T2L battery The Eduniversal Ranking placed the Desautels Faculty of Management of McGill University first in Canada and 8th in the world among business schools.[86] The Financial Times, in its global MBA ranking, placed Desautels 44th in the world in 2006 and 57th in 2011.[87] The ranking placed it 33rd and 31st worldwide in the value for money and alumni recommended categories respectively Sony VAIO PCG-5S3L battery. In BusinessWeek's Best International B-Schools Of 2008, Desautels was ranked among the top 16 international business schools, ranking fourth in intellectual capital with a selectivity of 32%.[88] Since Maclean's began ranking Canadian law schools in 2007, it has placed McGill's law school second overall for the second year in a row. In particular, McGill's law school, which requires reading knowledge of French and offers the joint B.C.L./LL.B Sony VAIO PCG-5S2L battery. degree in both civil law and common law, ranked first by supreme court clerkships, second by elite firm hiring, third by faculty hiring, fourth by faculty journal citations, and eighth by national reach. The Globe and Mails Canadian University Report awarded McGill top marks in its 2008 annual university survey. McGill received an A+ for Academic Reputation, the highest score of any large, medium, or small sized University. Additionally the school received an A- for Sony VAIO PCG-5S1L battery: most satisfied students, quality of education, extracurricular activities, recreation and athletics, and campus atmosphere; as well as A's in both library services and campus technology. The Canadian University Report awarded McGill's downtown campus a D for its 'on-campus' food services and a C for its on-campus pub Gerts Sony VAIO PCG-5R2L battery. Research Research Infosource named McGill "Research University of the Year" in its 2003 and 2005 rankings of Canada's Top 50 Research Universities. In 2007, Research Infosource ranked McGill the second-best research university in the country, after the University of Toronto.[94] They also ranked McGill University third in Canada in research-intensity and fourth in total-research funding, Sony VAIO PCG-5R1L batteryfinding that McGill ranks in the top five universities in terms of research dollars per full-time faculty member and number of refereed publications per full-time faculty member. The study showed that research funding represents approximately $259,100 per faculty member, the fourth highest in the country. Other McGill was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" in October 2008 and October 2009 by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in Maclean's newsmagazine Sony VAIO PCG-5P4L battery. The Sustainable Endowments Institute gave McGill a grade of "B" on the 2009 College Sustainability Report Card for its improvements in on-campus environmental sustainability, with only 34 schools earning higher grade. Playboy magazine, in its May 2006 issue, ranked McGill as the tenth best party school in North America. McGill was the only Canadian university in the list Sony VAIO PCG-5P2L battery. Admissions For Fall 2010, McGill accepted 13,709 (47.2%) of 29,059 undergraduate applicants, and 3,537 (34.4%) of 10,268 graduate applicants; about 6,000 undergraduates and 2,000 graduates matriculate each year.[38] Among admitted students, the median Quebec CEGEP r-score was 30.1, while the median grade 12 averages for students entering McGill from outside of Quebec ranged between 91% and 92% (A). Sony VAIO PCG-5N4L battery For American students, the median SAT scores in the verbal, math, and writing sections were 690, 700, and 690 respectively, for a combined SAT score of around 2080; the median ACT score was 31. For law students, the median undergraduate GPA was 85% (or 3.7 on a 4.0 scale) and the median LSAT score was 163 (88.1th percentile) out of a possible 180 points. For medical students, the median undergraduate GPA was 3.8 out of 4.0 and the median MCAT score was 32.1. Sony VAIO PCG-5N2L battery Among the 30% of applicants admitted to the Desautels Faculty of Management's MBA program, applicants had, on average, a GMAT score of 665, an age of 27, and 49 months of work experience. Campus Downtown campus A hockey game on campus in 1884, just seven years after McGill students wrote the then-new game's first rule book, with the Arts Building, Redpath Museum, and Morrice Hall (then the Presbyterian College) visible Sony VAIO PCG-51513L battery. McGill's downtown campus at night viewed from Mount Royal. The circular building in the foreground is the McIntyre Medical Sciences Building. McGill's main campus is situated in downtown Montreal at the foot of Mount Royal.[103] Most of its buildings are situated in a park-like campus located north of Sherbrooke Street and south of Pine Ave between Peel and Aylmer streets Sony VAIO PCG-51511L battery. The campus also extends west of Peel for several blocks, starting north of Docteur-Penfield. The campus is near the Peel and McGill metro stations. All of the major university buildings were constructed using local grey limestone, which serves as a unifying element. The university's first classes were held in at Burnside Place, James McGill's country home. Burnside Place remained the sole educational facility until the 1840s, when the school began construction on its first buildings: the central and east wings of the Arts Building. Sony VAIO PCG-51412L battery The rest of the campus was essentially a cow pasture, a situation similar to the few other Canadian universities and early American colleges of the age.[107] The university's athletic facilities, including Molson Stadium, are located on Mount Royal, near the residence halls and the Montreal Neurological Institute. The Gymnasium is named in honour of General Sir Arthur William Currie. The collegiate Gothic facade of the Faculty of Religious Studies Sony VAIO PCG-51411L battery. Old entrance of the Macdonald Physics Building The Strathcona Music Building, formerly Royal Victoria College. The Redpath Library, and example of the Richardsonian Romanesque. The Macdonald-Stewart Library Building houses the Schulich Library of Science and Engineering. View from the arts building. Residence McGill's residence system is relatively small for a school of its size, housing approximately 2,700 undergraduate students and a handful of graduate students. Sony VAIO PCG-51312L battery Most McGill students do not live in residence (known colloquially as "rez") after their first year of study, even if they are not from the Montreal area. With the exception of students returning as "floor fellows" or "dons", the majority of McGill residences are for first-year undergraduate students only. Senior students are expected to find off-campus housing Sony VAIO PCG-51311L battery. Many first-year students live in the Bishop Mountain Residences ("Upper Rez"),[109] a series of concrete dormitories on the slope of Mount Royal, consisting of McConnell Hall, Molson Hall, Gardner Hall, and Douglas Hall. Douglas Hall, which opened in 1937, is distinguished by its impressive stone facade and wood interiors. McConnell, Molson, and Gardner Halls Sony VAIO PCG-51211L battery, all built in the 1960s, share a cafeteria, located at the centre of the three dormitories, known as Bishop Mountain Hall. Royal Victoria College, the second-largest residence at McGill, was a women's only dormitory; however in September 2010 the dormitory became co-ed. McGill's second newest residence, aptly named New Residence Hall ("New Rez") is a converted four-star hotel located a few blocks east of campus. New Rez is the largest of the university's dormitories Sony VAIO PCG-41112L battery. Solin Hall is an apartment-style residence four metro stops from campus. The McGill Off-Campus Residence Experience (MORE) residences consist of a series of converted apartment buildings and houses, the largest of which is The Greenbriar, an apartment-style residence located across from the Milton Gates Sony VAIO PCG-3A4L battery. In autumn 2008, due to increased demand for first-year housing, the University chose to lease four floors of a privately owned apartment building for use as a university residence. The building, called "515 Ste. Catherine", is on the corner of Rue Ste. Catherine and Rue City Councillors, close to campus yet in the heart of downtown Montreal. It was completely renovated and featured a gym, movie theater, and fully furnished apartments Sony VAIO PCG-3A3L battery. However, the McGill Residence Office decided to forgo use of the building after summer 2009. In April 2009, McGill acquired the Four Points Sheraton Hotel at 475 Sherbrooke Street West. The hotel was converted into a new student residence, which opened in fall 2009. Although it is the newest residence, students either call it Carrefour, or, informally, "C4." Officially, however, the building has been named Carrefour Sherbrooke Residence Hall Sony VAIO PCG-3A2L battery. Most second-year students transition to off-campus apartment housing, and apartment hunting is sometimes seen as a rite of passage for McGill students. Many students end up living in the "McGill Ghetto", the neighbourhood directly to the east of the downtown campus. In recent years, finding affordable housing has been challenging because of the city's tight housing market Sony VAIO PCG-3A1L battery, particularly in neighbourhoods close to the McGill campus. Students have begun moving out to other areas because of rising rent prices. [edit]Master plan McGill has begun an ambitious process to lay the groundwork for future development. A Task Force on Campus Planning has been created to study the issue. It has begun to consult widely within the McGill and greater community on a broad range of issues including community life, physical development plans, and other issues Sony VAIO PCG-394L battery. Its recommendations include how McGill can develop in a way that supports the University’s mission and goals, and continues to benefit and bring value to the surrounding areas and the greater Montreal community. Among the guiding principles of the Task Force’s work are commitment to community, responsible stewardship, maintenance of green space and the integrity of the mountain, and the preservation of heritage architectural assets Sony VAIO PCG-393L battery. One recent initiative turned McGill into a car-free campus. Redevelopment plan, McGill University Health Centre In 2006, the Quebec government initiated a $1.6 billion LEED redevelopment project for the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC). The project will expand facilities to two separate campuses[114] and consolidate the various hospitals of the MUHC on the site of an old CP rail yard adjacent to the Vendôme metro station Sony VAIO PCG-391L battery. This site, known as Glen Yards, comprises 170,000 square metres (1,800,000 sq ft) and spans portions of Montreal's Notre-Dame-de-Grâce neighbourhood and the city of Westmount. The Glen Yards project has been controversial due to local opposition to the project, environmental issues, and the cost of the project itself. The project, which has received approval from the provincial government Sony VAIO PCG-384L battery, was, in 2003, expected to be complete by 2010. The new 'campus' is now expected to open in 2014 or 2015. Macdonald campus Main article: Macdonald Campus Macdonald Campus under construction in 1906 The Macdonald Campus coat of arms A second campus, the Macdonald Campus, in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue houses the Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, the School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, the Institute of Parasitology, and the McGill School of Environment. The Morgan Arboretum and the J. S. Marshall Radar Observatory are nearby Sony VAIO PCG-383L battery. The Morgan Arboretum was created in 1945. It is a 2.5-square-kilometre (0.965 sq mi) forested reserve with the aim of 'teaching, research, and public education'. Its mandated research goals are to continue research related to maintaining the health of the Arboretum plantations and woodlands, to develop new programs related to selecting species adapted to developing environmental Sony VAIO PCG-382L batteryconditions and to develop silvicultural practices that preserve and enhance biological diversity in both natural stands and plantations. [edit]Sustainability In 2007, McGill premiered its Office of Sustainability and added a second full-time position in this area, the Director of Sustainability in addition to the Sustainability Officer. Recent efforts in implementing its sustainable development plan include the new Life Sciences Center which was built with LEED-Silver certification and a green roof Sony VAIO PCG-381L battery, as well as an increase in parking rates in January 2008 to fund other sustainability projects.[118] Other student projects include The Flat: Bike Collective, which promotes alternative transportation, and the Farmer's Market, which occurs during the fall harvest. The Farmer's Market and many other initiatives came out of student collaboration during the Rethink Conference 2008 Sony VAIO PCG-7185L battery. Other facilities McGill's Bellairs Research Institute, located in St. James, Barbados 13°10′N 59°35′W, is Canada's only teaching and research facility in the tropics. The institute has been in use for over 50 years. Its facilities are regularly utilized by the Canadian Space Agency for research. The laboratories of the Huntsman Marine Science Centre are located in St. Andrews, N.B., on 300,000 square metres (3,200,000 sq ft) Sony VAIO PCG-7184L battery of land at the estuary of the St. Croix River. It hosts the Atlantic Reference Centre, which is known throughout the Maritimes for its extensive marine biology collections.[123] The HMS is a research facility "committed to the advancement of the marine sciences through basic and applied research"[124] and acts as a field facility for research and teaching by McGill and other member universities Sony VAIO PCG-7183L battery. McGill's Gault Nature Reserve 45°32′N 73°10′W spans over 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) of forest land, the largest remaining remnant of the primeval forests of the St. Lawrence River Valley.[125] The first scientific studies at the site occurred in 1859. The site has been the site of extensive research activities: "Today there are over 400 scientific articles Sony VAIO PCG-7182L battery, 100 graduate theses, more than 50 government reports and about 30 book chapters that are based on research at Mont St. Hilaire." In addition to the McGill University Health Centre, McGill has been directly partnered with many teaching hospitals for decades, and also has a history of collaborating with many hospitals in Montreal. These cooperations allow the university to graduate over 1,000 students in health care each year Sony VAIO PCG-7181L battery. McGill's contract-affiliated teaching hospitals include: Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal Neurological Hospital, Montreal Chest Institute and Royal Victoria Hospital which are all now part of the McGill University Health Centre. Other hospitals that health care students may use include: Sir Mortimer B. Davis – Jewish General Hospital, Douglas Hospital and St. Mary's Hospital Center. Sony VAIO PCG-7174L batteryUniversity identity and culture McGill’s coat of arms The McGill coat of arms is derived from an armorial device assumed during his lifetime by the founder of the University, James McGill. The University's patent of arms was granted by England's Garter-King-at-Arms in 1922 and registered in 1956 with Lord Lyon King of Arms in Edinburgh and in 1992 with the Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada Sony VAIO PCG-7173L battery. In heraldic terms, the coat of arms is described as follows: "Argent three Martlets Gules, on a chief dancette of the second, an open book proper garnished or bearing the legend In Domino Confido in letters Sable between two crowns of the first. Motto: Grandescunt Aucta Labore." The coat of arms consists of two parts, the shield and the scroll. The University publishes a guide to the use of the University's arms and motto Sony VAIO PCG-7172L battery. The university's symbol is the martlet, stemming from the presence of the mythical bird on the official arms of the university. The school's official colours are red and white. McGill's motto is Grandescunt Aucta Labore, Latin for "By work, all things increase and grow" (literally, "Things grown great increase by work," that is, things that grow to be great do so by means of work) Sony VAIO PCG-7171L battery. The official school song is entitled "Hail, Alma Mater."[130] [edit]Language policy Though McGill allowed students to write graduation theses in French as early as 1835, McGill never became a Francophone or officially bilingual university. Today, McGill is one of only three English-language universities in Quebec; fluency in French is not a requirement to attend. The Faculty of Law does, however, require all students to be "passively bilingual" Sony VAIO PCG-7162L battery, meaning that all students must be able to understand written and spoken French—or English if the student is Francophone—since English or French may be used at any time in a course. Though the University allowed some students to write theses in French from the time the University was founded, since 1964 students in all faculties have been able to write exams and papers in either English or French Sony VAIO PCG-7161L battery, provided that the objective of the class is not to learn a particular language. The 1960s were a period of profound social and political change in Quebec, when English was seen as the privileged language of commerce. McGill, where Francophones comprised only three percent of the students, could be seen as the force maintaining economic control by Anglophones of a predominantly French-speaking province Sony VAIO PCG-7154L battery. The McGill français movement began in 1969, demanding that McGill become Francophone, pro-nationalist, and pro-worker. The movement was led by Stanley Gray, a political science professor (and possibly unaware of government plans after the recent (1968) legislation founding the Université du Québec). It argued that, since McGill received the lion's share of government funding Sony VAIO PCG-7153L battery, paid by a taxpayer base that was largely Francophone, the university should be equally accessible to that segment of the population. Gray led a demonstration of 10,000 trade unionists, leftist activists, CEGEP students, and even some McGill students, at the university's Roddick Gates on March 28, 1969. Protesters shouted "McGill français", "McGill aux Québécois" Sony VAIO PCG-7152L battery, and "McGill aux travailleurs" (McGill for workers). However, the majority of students and faculty opposed such a position, and many of the protesters were arrested.[137][138] The McGill français protest was, at the time, the second-largest protest in the history of Montreal.[139] Francophone students, whether from Quebec or overseas, now make up approximately 18 percent of the student body, a goal set by the administration partially in the wake of the movement. Sony VAIO PCG-7151L battery The totally Francophone Université du Québec à Montréal had by 2011 an enrolment of 40,000. Student organizations The campus has an active students' union represented by the undergraduate Students' Society of McGill University (SSMU) and the Post-Graduate Students' Society of McGill University (PGSS). SSMU was one of the first student societies in Canada to use an online voting system for campus elections. Due to the large postdoctoral population Sony VAIO PCG-7148L battery, the PGSS also contains a semi-autonomous Association of Postdoctoral Fellows (APF). In addition, each faculty has its own student governing body. There are hundreds of clubs and student organizations at the university. Many of them are centred around McGill's student union building, the University Centre. In 1992, students held a referendum which called for the University Centre to be named for actor and McGill alumnus William Shatner. Sony VPCW21M2E/WI battery The university administration refused to accept the name and did not attend the opening. Traditionally, the administration names buildings in honour of deceased members of the university community or for major benefactors—Shatner is neither.[142] McGill has three English-language student-run newspapers: the McGill Daily, the McGill Tribune and the The Bull & Bear. The McGill Daily was first published in 1911 Sony VPCW21C7E battery. The Daily is currently is published twice weekly. The Délit français is the Daily's French-language counterpart. The combined circulation of both papers is over 28,000. The McGill Foreign Affairs Review is a student-run journal about international affairs. Since 1988, The Red Herring has been the main satire magazine of McGill University. CKUT (90.3 FM) is the campus radio station Sony VPCW12S1E/WZ battery. TVMcGill is the University TV station, broadcasting on closed-circuit television and over the internet. The McGill University Faculty of Law is also home to three student-run academic journals, including the world renowned McGill Law Journal, founded in 1952 Sony VPCW12S1E/W battery. While fraternities and sororities are not a large part of student life at McGill, some, including fraternities Alpha Delta Phi, Sigma Chi, Alpha Epsilon Pi, Delta Upsilon, and Zeta Psi, and sororities Gamma Phi Beta, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Kappa Alpha Theta, and Alpha Omicron Pi, have been established for many years at the university. Phi Kappa Pi Sony VPCW12S1E/T battery, Canada's only national fraternity, was founded at McGill and the University of Toronto in 1913 and continues to be active to this day. Events including Greek week, held annually during the first week of February, have been established to promote Greek life on campus. With just over 2% of the student body population participating, involvement is well below that of most American universities,[146] but on par with most Canadian schools Sony VPCW12S1E/P battery. McGill has had a student club supporting lesbian, bisexual, gay, and transgender students since 1972. The group, originally named "Gay McGill", was renamed "Queer McGill" in 1998 to better identify with the diversity of its members. Queer McGill supports both students and non-student members of the McGill community. Membership in 2002 was over 400 Sony VPCW11S1E/W battery. The three oldest a cappella groups on campus are Tonal Ecstasy, Effusion and Soulstice. These groups perform multiple times during the year at on- and off-campus events. Student organizations at McGill are internationally recognized in a variety of ways. Many larger organizations and NGOs have a local presence on campus. The International Relations Students Association of McGill (IRSAM) Sony VPCW11S1E/T battery currently has consultative status with the UN's Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).[149] Since 1990, IRSAM has hosted an annual Model United Nations, McMUN, for university students and since 1993 it has hosted an annual Model United Nations, SSUNS, for high school students Sony VPCW11S1E/P battery. Numerous other humanitarian groups can be found: UNICEF McGill, Oxfam McGill, End Poverty Now, Right to Play McGill, and Free the Children are just a few. Numerous student interest groups enhance university life while representing a variety of interests and perspectives Sony VPCYA1S1E/B battery. Athletics McGill is represented in Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS) by the McGill Redmen (men's) and the McGill Martlets (women's). Following a major restructuring of the varsity programme for the fall semester of 2010, McGill is currently home to 28 varsity teams. McGill's unique mascot, Marty the Martlet, was introduced during the 2005 Homecoming game Sony VPCYA1V9E/B battery, The downtown McGill campus sport and exercise facilities include: the McGill Sports Centre (which includes the Tomlinson Fieldhouse and the Windsor Varsity Clinic),[152] Molson Stadium, Memorial Pool, Tomlinson Hall, McConnell Arena, Forbes Field, many outdoor tennis courts and other extra-curricular arenas and faculties. Sony VPCY21S1E/SI battery The Macdonald Campus facilities, include an arena, a gymnasium, a pool, tennis courts, fitness centres and hundreds of acres of green space for regular use. The university's largest sporting venue, Molson Stadium, was constructed in 1914. Following an expansion project completed in 2010, it now seats just over 25,000, and is the current home field of the Montreal Alouettes Sony VPCY21S1E/L battery. Athletic history The inventions of North American football, hockey, and basketball are all related to McGill in some way, with rugby rules providing the foundation for the others. Even the introduction of cross-country skiing has a McGill connection. In 1868, the first recorded game of rugby in North America occurred in Montreal, between British army officers and McGill students, giving McGill the oldest university-affiliated rugby club in North America. Other McGill-originated sports evolved out of rugby rules Sony VPCY21S1E/G battery: football, hockey, and basketball. The first game of North American football was played between McGill and Harvard on May 14, 1874, leading to the spread of American football throughout the Ivy League. One of the world's first organized hockey clubs, made up of McGill students, played their first game on January 31, 1877. Very soon thereafter, those McGill students wrote the first hockey rule book Sony VPCY11S1E/S battery. McGill alumnus James Naismith invented basketball in early December 1891.[163] Norwegian Herman "Jackrabbit" Smith-Johannsen popularized cross-country skiing in North America from McGill's Gault Estate in Mont St. Hilaire. Johannsen also helped coach Canada's 1932 Olympic team. There has been a McGill alumnus or alumna competing at every Olympic Games since 1908. Swimmer George Hodgson won two gold medals at the 1912 Summer Olympics Sony VPCY11S1E battery, ice hockey goaltender Kim St-Pierre won gold medals at the 2002 Winter Olympics and at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Other 2006 gold medalists are Jennifer Heil (women's freestyle mogul) and goaltender Charline Labonté (women's ice hockey). In 1996, the McGill Sports Hall of Fame was established to honour its best student athletes. Notable members of the Hall of Fame include James Naismith and Sydney Pierce Sony VPCZ11X9E/B battery. A 2005 hazing scandal forced the cancellation of the final two games in the McGill Redmen football season. In 2006, McGill's Senate approved a proposed anti-hazing policy to define forbidden initiation practices. Fight song The McGill University song book, compiled by a committee of graduates and undergraduates, was published in Montreal by W.F. Brown Sony VPCZ11Z9E/B battery, circa 1896. Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement and convocation, and athletic games are: 'Alma Mater McGill,' with words by J. McDougall; 'L'Enfant du McGill,' with words by Louis-Honoré Fréchette, and music by Guillaume Couture; 'God Save McGill,' with words by W.M. Mackeracher, tune 'God Save the Queen'; 'A Health to Old McGill,' with words by R.W. Huntingdon, and music by Mrs W.C. Baynes; 'McGill,' with words by C.W. Colby, sung to the tune 'The Gay Cavalier' Sony VPCZ12M9E/B battery; 'McGill Revisited,' with words by John Cox, 'McGill Students' with words by W.N. Evans; 'The Student of McGill,' with words by R.D. McGibbon[169] Rivalries This section does not cite any references or sources. (November 2011) McGill maintains an academic and athletic rivalry with Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. Animosity between rowing athletes at the two schools has inspired an annual boat race between the two universities in the spring of each year since 1997 Sony VPCZ12X9E/X battery, inspired by the famous Oxford-Cambridge Boat Race. The football rivalry, which started in 1884, ended after Canadian university athletic divisions were re-organized in 2000; the Ontario-Quebec Intercollegiate Football Conference was divided into Ontario University Athletics and Quebec Student Sports Federation Sony VPCZ12Z9E/X battery. The rivalry returned in 2002 when it transferred to the annual home-and-home hockey games between the two institutions. Queen's students refer to these matches as "Kill McGill" games, and usually show up in Montreal in atypically large numbers to cheer on the Queen's Golden Gaels hockey team. In 2007, McGill students arrived in bus-loads to cheer on the McGill Redmen, occupying a third of Queen's Jock Harty Arena Sony VPCZ138GA battery. The school also competes in the annual "Old Four (IV)" soccer tournament, with Queen's University, the University of Toronto and the University of Western Ontario. McGill and Harvard also maintain their historical rivalry, represented by the biennial Harvard-McGill rugby games, alternately played in Montreal and Cambridge, MA. McGill is often regarded as being Canada's Harvard Sony VPCZ13M9E/B battery. This can also be seen when McGill is mentioned as "The Harvard of Canada" by Marge in The Simpsons, to which Lisa rebuffs. In addition, a popular student t-shirt sold at McGill spoofs this by displaying "Harvard - America's McGill". McGill in fiction In fiction, characters from movies and television shows have also been portrayed as McGill students, professors, or researchers. Fictional alumni from McGill include Lieutenant Alan McGregor, played by Gary Cooper in the movie Lives Of the Bengal Lancers (1935) Sony VPCZ13M9E/X battery, and Major Donald Craig, a Canadian commando serving with British special forces during World War II, portrayed by Rock Hudson in the 1967 war movie Tobruk (though the film was loosely based on real events, it is not clear whether or not Hudson's character was based on a real person: most likely he was a pastiche character, given a Canadian background as cover for Hudson's inability to emulate a British accent) Sony VPCZ13V9E battery. In the Fox Network television drama House, James Wilson, an oncologist at the Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital is also a McGill alumnus. On the animated sitcom The Simpsons, the school was referenced by Marge as "The Harvard of Canada." Walter Langkowski, a researcher from the Marvel Comics Canadian superhero series Alpha Flight, is portrayed as a McGill-based biophysicist researching the gamma radiation accident which created the Hulk Sony VPCZ13V9E/X battery. Langkowski's discoveries transformed him into the superhero known as Sasquatch. McGill is also referenced in several of Kathy Reichs' Temperance Brennan novels. [edit]Historical links The University of Glasgow, one of four ancient Scottish universities and member of the British Russell Group. Founded in 1451, the original benefactor of McGill College, James McGill, studied here in the 1750s[170] before his family worked as merchants in the city. Sony VPCZ13Z9E/X battery The two universities continue this link today as part of Universitas 21, an international student exchange programme. The University of Edinburgh, one of four ancient Scottish universities and member of the British Russell Group. The University was founded as a civic institution in 1583 and has maintained a strong reputation in the study of medicine, among other disciplines. McGill's first (and, for several years, its only) faculty, Medicine, was founded by four physicians/surgeons who had trained in Edinburgh. Sony VPCZ21M9E battery In common with Glasgow, Edinburgh shares an international exchange link with McGill through Universitas 21. Finances As a public university, McGill is not as dependent on its endowment for operating revenue as some of its international peers. The McGill endowment only provides approximately 10 per cent of the school's annual operating revenues.[3] Nonetheless, McGill's endowment rests within the top 10 percent of all North American post-secondary institutions' endowments. Sony VPCZ21Q9E battery While McGill's conservative investment policy has protected it from the more substantial losses experienced at many other universities during the market crisis of 2008–2009, it still faced a 20% endowment decline from approximately $920 million to $740 million.[3] Valued at $21,633 per student, the university maintains one of the largest endowments among Canadian universities on a per-student basis Sony VPCZ21V9E battery. In an open letter to faculty and students, Heather Munroe-Blum wrote: "The next few years do not promise to be easy. But in facing this challenge, McGill has a unique advantage in addition to that of the fundamental progress we have made. This university has lived with restricted resources and uncertainty for almost two hundred years – it is part of our culture Sony VPCEH3T9E battery. And yet, against this backdrop of hardship, we have always retained our commitment to excellence. We are one of the world’s great universities. This will not change. In my installation speech in the spring of 2003, I said McGill "punches above its weight." We will continue to do so. In order to stay the course, we must now move with confidence Sony VPCEH3N6E battery, pride, excitement and discipline to seize every opportunity to put McGill in an ideal position to leap forward with the inevitable recovery."[3] Campaign McGill Campaign McGill: History in the Making is a five-year comprehensive campaign that began in October 2007,[174] with the goal of raising over $750 million for the purpose of further "attracting and retaining top talent in Quebec, to increase access to quality education and to further enhance McGill's ability to address critical global problems." Sony VPCEH3N1E battery The largest goal of any Canadian university fundraising campaign in history, within the first six months, McGill had accumulated over $400 million towards its efforts.[177] Support to McGill’s annual fund has actually increased during the market crisis.[3] According to Principal Heather Munroe-Blum, she is confident that Campaign McGill will reach its $750 million goal by 2012. Sony VPCEH3D0E battery[edit]Tuition Tuition fees vary significantly between in-province, out-of-province, and international students, with full-time Quebec students paying around $2,167.80[178] per year, Canadian students from other provinces paying around $5,858.10[178] per year, and international students paying $14,461.80–$24,840 per year.[179][180] Students must also pay housing costs Sony VPCEH3B1E battery, though Montreal has some of the least expensive housing among large North American cities. Since 1996, McGill, in accordance with the Ministère de l'Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport (MELS), has had eight categories that qualifies certain international students to be excused from paying international fees. These categories include: students from France, a quota of students from select countries which have agreements with MELS, which include Algeria Sony VPCEH2Z1E battery, China, and Morocco,[181] students holding diplomatic status, including their dependents, and students enrolled in certain language programs leading to a degree in French.[182] Scholarships and financial aid Scholarships at McGill are relatively difficult to attain, compared to other Canadian universities. This is predominantly due to the number of high academic achievers at the school. For out-of-province first year undergraduate students Sony VPCEH2S9E battery, a high school average of 95% is required to receive a guaranteed one-year entrance scholarship.[188] To be considered for the same scholarships, Quebec CEGEP students need a minimum r-score of 35.5, United States high school students need a minimum A average as well as at least 700 in each SAT or 33 in the ACT, and French Baccalaureate students need an average of 15.5 plus a minimum score of 14 in each course Sony VPCEH2Q1E battery; similarly, students in the British education system need As in both GCSE Level and predicted Advanced Level results, and International Baccalaureate students need to attain a minimum overall average of 6.9 on predicted grades or a score of 42 on exam results. In general, entrance scholarship recipients rank in the top 1–2% of their class Sony VPCEH2P0E battery. For renewal of previously earned scholarships, students generally need to be within the top 10% of their faculty.[189] For in-course scholarships in particular, students must be within the top 5% of their faculty. McGill itself outlines scholarship considerations as follows: "Competition for basic and major scholarships is intense at McGill Sony VPCEH2N1E battery. An extraordinary number of exceptional applications are received each year and therefore we cannot award scholarships to all good candidates."[188] The university has joined Project Hero, a scholarship program cofounded by General (Ret'd) Rick Hillier for the families of fallen Canadian Forces members.[192] Notable people Main article: List of McGill University people As chair of physics at McGill, Ernest Rutherford was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 for his work in atomic physics Sony VPCEH2M9E battery. In the arts, McGill students include three Pulitzer Prize winners, Templeton Prize winner Charles Taylor,[196] essayist and novelist John Ralston Saul, a Companion of the Order of Canada along with Charles Taylor, Juno Award winner Sam Roberts, Singer-Songwriter Prita Chhabra and William Shatner, best known for his portrayal of Captain Kirk on Star Trek and winner of several Emmy Awards. Nine Academy Award winners studied at McGill. Sony VPCEH2M1E batteryBillboard charting musician and vocalist Mary Fahl also attended McGill University.[198] In the sciences, students include doctors, inventors, three astronauts and scientist Dr. Mark J. Poznansky, a member of the Order of Canada.[199] On October 16, 2009, the 42nd American president, Bill Clinton accepted an Honorary Doctorate from McGill University.[200] Charles Taylor studied at the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar from McGill Sony VPCEH2L9E battery. Some politicians and government officials both within Canada and abroad are McGill alumni, including two Canadian prime ministers and eleven justices of the Supreme Court of Canada. Progressive Conservative MP Robert Layton and his son, New Democratic Party leader and Leader of the Opposition Jack Layton, also attended McGill. Sony VPCEH2J1E battery Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga completed her Ph.D. at McGill and was elected as president of the Republic of Latvia in 1999 as the first female president in Eastern Europe after Turkey's Tansu Çiller. Ahmed Nazif also completed a Ph.D. at McGill in 1983 and has served as the youngest prime minister of Egypt since the republic's founding 1953. In the 2011 Canadian election, five McGill students—undergraduates Charmaine Borg, Matthew Dubé, Mylène Freeman Sony VPCEH2H1E battery (graduating shortly after the election) and Laurin Liu plus graduate student Jamie Nicholls—were elected as NDP MPs.[202] In the United States, 2006 McGill graduate Ilya Sheyman is a Democratic candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives.[203] Corporate leaders and media personalities have also studied at McGill. Leading Canadian philanthropist and entrepreneur Seymour Schulich donated $20 million, the highest donation to any music school in Canada Sony VPCEH2F1E battery, to the newly-named Schulich School of Music. Henry Mintzberg, a professor at McGill's Desautels Faculty of Management is an acclaimed management thinker and contributes to The New York Times and The Economist. Mintzberg is an Officer of the Order of Canada. Co-founder and president of Matrox Electronic Systems Ltd., which innovates globally in graphics, video editing, and image processing, Lorne Trottier has donated $10 million towards services in information and technology at McGill Sony VPCEH2E0E battery. The new engineering building is called Trottier, named after Lorne Trottier. Conrad Black, a major media magnate and convicted fraudster, also studied at McGill. McGill students are also recognized as athletes, including various members of Canadian national teams and twenty-eight Olympic medalists. Since the Olympics began, McGill has produced 112 Olympians who have won a total of eight gold medals, nine silver, and eleven bronze. Sony VPCEH2D0E batteryJacob Viner, who would later go on to form the beginnings of the modern day Chicago School of Economics, earned his undergraduate degree from McGill. William Osler, one of the founders of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the originator of the concept of medical residency, received his medical degree from McGill Sony VPCEH2C0E battery. Professors at McGill have won 26 Prix du Québec, 14 Prix de l'Association francophone pour le savoir and 21 Killam Prizes. Eleven Nobel Laureates have studied or taught at McGill. Since 1902, Canadian undergraduate students have been eligible for Rhodes Scholarships to study at the University of Oxford. More than any other university, McGill students have won 132 Rhodes Scholarships. Sony VPCEH1Z1E batteryThese students include parliamentary and cabinet ministers David Lewis (1932), Alastair Gillespie (1947), and Marcel Massé (1963), the political philosopher Charles Taylor (1952), and the U.S. political advisor and inventor Jack Phillips (1978).
Duke University is a private research university located in Durham, North Carolina, United States. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present day town of Trinity in 1838, the school moved to Durham in 1892.[7] In 1924, tobacco and electric power industrialist James B. Duke established The Duke Endowment sony vgp-bps2 battery, at which time the institution changed its name to honor his deceased father, Washington Duke. The university has "historical, formal, on-going, and symbolic ties" with the United Methodist Church, but is a nonsectarian and independent institution. Duke's research expenditures in the 2010 fiscal year topped $983 million, the fifth largest figure in the nation sony vgp-bps3 battery. Competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference, Duke's athletic teams—known as the Blue Devils—have captured twelve national championships, including four by its high profile men's basketball team. The university's campus spans over 8,600 acres (35 km2) on three contiguous campuses in Durham as well as a marine lab in Beaufort. Duke's main campus sony vgp-bps4 battery—designed largely by the prominent African American architect Julian Abele—incorporates Gothic architecture with the 210-foot (64 m) Duke Chapel at the campus' epicenter and highest point of elevation. The forest environs surrounding parts of the campus belie the University's proximity to downtown Durham. Construction projects have updated both the freshmen-populated Georgian-style East Campus and the main Gothic-style West Campus sony vgp-bps5 battery, as well as the adjacent Medical Center over the past five years. In its 2012 edition, U.S. News & World Report ranked the university's undergraduate program 10th among national universities, while the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) placed it 27th nationally and 35th in the world. Both Forbes and Washington Monthly[16] ranked Duke as 27th in the U.S. in 2011-12 sony vgp-bps7 battery, with the latter also factoring in how the university serves as an engine of social mobility and how well it promotes an ethic of service to country, in addition to traditional research measures. In the 2011 QS World University Rankings, Duke ranked 19th globally,[17] and in the 2011-12 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, Duke tied for 22nd globally sony vgp-bpl7 battery. History Main article: History of Duke University Beginnings One of the first buildings on the original Durham campus (East Campus), the Washington Duke Building ("Old Main"), was destroyed by a fire in 1911. Duke started in 1838 as Brown's Schoolhouse, a private subscription school founded in Randolph County in the present-day town of Trinity. Organized by the Union Institute Society, a group of Methodists and Quakers sony vgp-bps8 battery, Brown's Schoolhouse became the Union Institute Academy in 1841 when North Carolina issued a charter. The academy was renamed Normal College in 1851 and then Trinity College in 1859 because of support from the Methodist Church.[19] In 1892 Trinity moved to Durham, largely due to generosity from Julian S. Carr and Washington Duke, powerful and respected Methodists who had grown wealthy through the tobacco and electrical industries. sony vgp-bps8a battery Carr donated land in 1892 for the original Durham campus, which is now known as East Campus. At the same time, Washington Duke gave the school $85,000 for an initial endowment and construction costs—later augmenting his generosity with three separate $100,000 contributions in 1896, 1899, and 1900—with the stipulation that the college "open its doors to women, placing them on an equal footing with men sony vgp-bps8b battery." In 1924 Washington Duke's son, James B. Duke, established The Duke Endowment with a $40 million trust fund. Income from the fund was to be distributed to hospitals, orphanages, the Methodist Church, and four colleges (including Trinity College). William Preston Few, the president of Trinity at the time sony vgp-bpl8 battery, insisted that the institution be renamed Duke University to honor the family's generosity and to distinguish it from the myriad of other colleges and universities carrying the "Trinity" name. At first, James B. Duke thought the name change would come off as self-serving, but eventually he accepted Few's proposal as a memorial to his father. sony vgp-bps9 batteryMoney from the endowment allowed the University to grow quickly. Duke's original campus, East Campus, was rebuilt from 1925 to 1927 with Georgian-style buildings. By 1930, the majority of the Collegiate Gothic-style buildings on the campus one mile (1.6 km) west were completed, and construction on West Campus culminated with the completion of Duke Chapel in 1935 sony vgp-bps9/s battery. James B. Duke established the Duke Endowment, which provides funds to numerous institutions, including Duke University. [edit]Expansion and growth Engineering, which had been taught since 1903, became a separate school in 1939. In athletics, Duke hosted and competed in the only Rose Bowl ever played outside California in Wallace Wade Stadium in 1942.[22] During World War II, Duke was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission. sony vgp-bps9a/s battery In 1963 the Board of Trustees officially desegregated the undergraduate college.[24] Increased activism on campus during the 1960s prompted Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to speak at the University in November 1964 on the progress of the civil rights movement. Terry Sanford, the former governor of North Carolina, was elected president of the university in 1969, propelling the Fuqua School of Business's opening sony vgp-bps9/b battery, the William R. Perkins library completion, and the founding of the Institute of Policy Sciences and Public Affairs (now the Sanford School of Public Policy). The separate Woman's College merged back with Trinity as the liberal arts college for both men and women in 1972. Beginning in the 1970s, Duke administrators began a long-term effort to strengthen Duke's reputation both nationally and internationally sony vgp-bps9a/b battery. Interdisciplinary work was emphasized, as was recruiting minority faculty and students. During this time it also became the birthplace of the first Physician Assistant degree program in the United States. Duke University Hospital was finished in 1980 and the student union building was fully constructed two years later. In 1986 the men's soccer team captured Duke's first National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championship sony vgp-bps9a battery, and the men's basketball team followed shortly thereafter with championships in 1991 and 1992. [edit]Recent history The Levine Science Research Center is the largest single-site interdisciplinary research facility of any American university.[28] Duke's growth and academic focus have contributed to continuing the university's reputation as an academic and research powerhouse.[29] The school has regularly sent three-member teams to the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition sony vgp-bps9b battery, earning the title of the best collegiate undergraduate math team in the United States and Canada in 1993, 1996, and 2000. From 1996 to 2007, Duke's team finished in the top five 10 times, trailing only Harvard's 11 in that time period.[30] Construction continued on campus in the 1990s, with the 314,000-square-foot (29,200 m2) Levine Science Research Center (LSRC) opening in 1994 to house interdisciplinary research. Similar projects have updated both the freshmen-housed East Campus and the main West Campus, as well as the adjacent Medical Center, in the past two decades sony vgp-bpl9c battery. In 1998 President Nan Keohane initiated a five-year $1.5 billion "Campaign for Duke" fundraising effort. Edmund T. Pratt, Jr. ('47) endowed the Pratt School of Engineering with a $35 million gift in 1999. The Campaign for Duke ended in 2003 with $2.36 billion raised, making it the fifth largest campaign in the history of American higher education. sony vgp-bpl9 battery Three students were named Rhodes Scholars in both 2002 and 2006, a number surpassed only by Harvard in 2002 and the United States Military Academy in 2006. Overall, Duke has produced 43 Rhodes Scholars through 2011, including 22 in the 21-year period between 1990 to 2011. In August 2005, Duke established a partnership with the National University of Singapore to develop a joint medical program, which had its first entering class in 2007. sony vgp-bps10 battery Duke, in partnership with the city of Kunshan, China and Wuhan University, is forming a new Joint Venture University to be named Duke- Kunshan University (DKU). The first working demonstration of an invisibility cloak was unveiled by Duke researchers in October 2006.[35] Another notable event in 2006 occurred when three lacrosse team members were falsely accused of rape Sony VGP-BPS12 Battery. Charges against the players were later dropped and the accused were declared innocent by the state's attorney general. The incident garnered significant media attention.[36] Figures from the 2010 fiscal year show research expenditures surpassed the $983 million mark. Campus Duke Chapel, an icon for the university, can seat nearly 1,600 people and contains a 5,200-pipe organ Sony VGP-BPL12 Battery. Duke University owns 220 buildings on 8,610 acres (34.8 km2) of land, which includes the 7,200 acres (29 km2) Duke Forest.[5] The campus is divided into four main areas: West, East, and Central campuses and the Medical Center, which are all connected via a free bus service. On the Atlantic coast in Beaufort, Duke owns 15 acres (61,000 m2) as part of its marine lab Sony VGP-BPS13 Battery. One of the major public attractions on the main campus is the 55-acre (220,000 m2) Sarah P. Duke Gardens, established in the 1930s.[5] Duke students often refer to the campus as "the Gothic Wonderland," a nickname referring to the Collegiate Gothic architecture of West Campus.[38][39] Much of the campus was designed by Julian Abele, one of the first prominent African-American architects and the chief designer in the offices of architect Horace Trumbauer. Sony VGP-BPS13B/Q battery The residential quadrangles are of an early and somewhat unadorned design, while the buildings in the academic quadrangles show influences of the more elaborate late French and Italian styles. The freshmen campus (East Campus) is composed of buildings in the Georgian architecture style.[5] The stone used for West Campus has seven primary colors and seventeen shades of color.[41] The university supervisor of planning and construction wrote that the stone has "an older Sony VGP-BPS13/Q battery, more attractive antique effect" and a "warmer and softer coloring than the Princeton stone" that gave the university an "artistic look."[41] James B. Duke initially suggested the use of stone from a quarry in Princeton, New Jersey, but later amended the plans to purchase a local quarry in Hillsborough to reduce costs.[41] Duke Chapel stands at the center of West Campus on the highest ridge. Sony VGP-BPS13A/B battery Constructed from 1930 to 1935, the chapel seats 1,600 people and, at 210 feet (64 m) is one of the tallest buildings in Durham County.[42] From February 2001 to November 2005, Duke spent $835 million on 34 major construction projects as part of a five-year strategic plan, "Building on Excellence."[43] Completed projects since 2002 include major additions to the business, law, nursing, and divinity schools Sony VGP-BPS13/S battery, a new library, an art museum, a football training facility, two residential buildings, an engineering complex, a public policy building, an eye institute, two genetic research buildings, a student plaza, the French Family Science Center, and two new medical-research buildings.[44] The Gothic Reading Room of Perkins Library Libraries and museums Main articles: Duke University Library System and Nasher Museum of Art With more than six million volumes, the Duke University Library System is one of the ten largest private research university library systems in the U.S. and is 22nd largest among members of the Association of Research Libraries. Sony VGP-BPS13/B battery In addition to millions of books, there are 17.7 million manuscripts, 1.2 million public documents, and tens of thousands of films and videos.[46] The William R. Perkins Library system comprises the Perkins Library complex (Perkins Library, Bostock Library, Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library and University Archives), Lilly Library (which houses materials on fine arts, philosophy, film and video, and performing arts), the Music Library, and the Pearse Memorial Library (located at the Marine Lab). Sony VGP-BPS13B/S battery Besides the main William R. Perkins Library complex, the university library system also includes the separately-administered Ford (business), Divinity School, Goodson Law, and Medical Center libraries.[48] Duke's art collections are housed at the Nasher Museum of Art on Central Campus. The museum was designed by Rafael Viñoly and is named for Duke alumnus and art collector Raymond Nasher Sony VGP-BPS13A battery. The museum opened in 2005 at a cost of over $23 million and contains over 13,000 works of art, including works by William Cordova, Marlene Dumas, Olafur Eliasson, David Hammons, Barkley L. Hendricks, Christian Marclay, Kerry James Marshall, D Alma Thomas, Hank Willis Thomas, Bob Thompson, Kara Walker, Andy Warhol, Carrie Mae Weems, Ai Weiwei, Fred Wilson and Lynette Yiadom Boakye. Sony VGP-BPS13A/S battery[edit]West, East, and Central Campuses West Campus, considered the main campus of the University, houses the majority of the sophomores, along with some juniors and seniors.[50] Most of the academic and administrative centers are located there. Main West Campus, with Duke Chapel at its center, contains the majority of residential quads to the south, while the main academic quad, library Sony VGP-BPS13AS battery, and Medical Center are to the north. The campus, spanning 720 acres (2.9 km2), includes Science Drive, which is the location of science and engineering buildings. Most of the campus eateries and sports facilities—including the historic basketball stadium, Cameron Indoor Stadium—are on West Campus. The main West Campus is dominated by Neo-Gothic architecture. Shown here are typical residence halls Sony VGP-BPS13S battery. East Campus, the original location of Duke after it moved to Durham,[52] functions as a freshman campus as well as the home of several academic departments. Since the 1995–96 academic year, all freshmen—and only freshmen, except for upperclassmen serving as Resident Assistants—have lived on East Campus, to build class unity. The campus encompasses 97 acres (390,000 m2) Sony VGP-BPS13A/Q batteryand is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from West Campus.[5] The Art History, History, Literature, Music, Philosophy, and Women's Studies Departments are housed on East.[52] Programs such as dance, drama, education, film, and the University Writing Program reside on East. The self-sufficient East Campus contains the freshman residence halls, a dining hall, coffee shop, post office, Lilly Library Sony VGP-BPS13A/R battery, Baldwin Auditorium, a theater, Brodie Gym, tennis courts, several disc golf baskets, and a walking track as well as several academic buildings.[52] Separated from downtown by a short walk, the area was the site of the Women's College from 1930 to 1972. East Campus, home to all Duke freshmen, features Georgian style architecture. Baldwin Auditorium can be seen on the right side. Central Campus, consisting of 122 acres (0.49 km2) between East and West campuses, houses around 850 sophomores, juniors Sony VGP-BPS13AB battery, and seniors, as well as around 200 professional students in double or quadruple apartments.[53] It is home to the Nasher Museum of Art, the Freeman Center for Jewish Life, the Duke Police Department, the Duke Office of Disability Management, a Ronald McDonald House, and administrative departments such as Duke Residence Life and Housing Services Sony VGP-BPS13B battery. Central Campus has several recreation and social facilities such as basketball courts, tennis courts, a sand volleyball court, barbecue grills and picnic shelters, a general gathering building called Devil's Den, the Mill Village, and a convenience store called Uncle Harry's.[53] Since 2005, there has been a long-term plan in place to restructure Central Campus over the subsequent 20 to 50 years Sony VGP-BPS13B/B battery. The idea is to develop an "academic village" as a key center for the Duke community. This academic village will provide living arrangements for undergraduate, graduate, and professional students and some faculty, plus dining, recreation, and academic support spaces while serving as a living laboratory for sustainability Sony VGP-BPL21 battery. [edit]Key places Main articles: Duke Lemur Center, Duke University Medical Center, and Sarah P. Duke Gardens The Sarah P. Duke Gardens attract more than 300,000 visitors each year. Duke Forest, established in 1931, consists of 7,200 acres (29 km2) in six divisions, just west of West Campus.[17] The largest private research forest in North Carolina and one of the largest in the nation, Sony VGP-BPS21 battery the Duke Forest demonstrates a variety of forest stand types and silvicultural treatments. Duke Forest is used extensively for research, and includes the Aquatic Research Facility, Forest Carbon Transfer and Storage (FACTS-I) research facility, two permanent towers suitable for micrometerological studies, and other areas designated for animal behavior and ecosystem study.[58] More than 30 miles (48 km) of trails are open to the public for hiking, cycling, and horseback riding. Sony VGP-BPS21A batteryThe Duke Lemur Center, located inside the Duke Forest, is the world's largest sanctuary for rare and endangered prosimian primates.[60] Founded in 1966, the Duke Lemur Center spans 85 acres (34 ha) and contains nearly 300 animals of 25 different species of lemurs, galagos and lorises Sony VGP-BPS21B battery. Entrance to the Medical Center from West Campus The Sarah P. Duke Gardens, established in the early 1930s, is situated between West Campus and the apartments of Central Campus. The gardens occupy 55 acres (22 ha), divided into four major sections:[62] the original Terraces and their surroundings; the H.L. Blomquist Garden of Native Plants, devoted to flora of the Southeastern United States; the W.L. Culberson Asiatic Arboretum Sony VGP-BPS26 Battery, housing plants of Eastern Asia, as well as disjunct species found in Eastern Asia and Eastern North America; and the Doris Duke Center Gardens. There are five miles (8 km) of allées and paths throughout the gardens. Duke University Medical Center, bordering Duke's West Campus northern boundary, combines one of the top-rated hospitals and one of the top-ranked medical schools[64] in the U.S. Founded in 1930, the Medical Center occupies 8 million square feet (700,000 m²) in 99 buildings on 210 acres (85 ha) Sony VGP-BPS26A Battery. Duke University Marine Laboratory, located in the town of Beaufort, North Carolina, is also technically part of Duke's campus. The marine lab is situated on Pivers Island on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, 150 yards (140 m) across the channel from Beaufort. Duke's interest in the area began in the early 1930s and the first buildings were erected in 1938. Sony VGP-BPS13 battery(without CD) The resident faculty represent the disciplines of oceanography, marine biology, marine biomedicine, marine biotechnology, and coastal marine policy, and management. The Marine Laboratory is a member of the National Association of Marine Laboratories.[66] In May 2012, Duke's Board of Trustees approved construction of a $6.75 million Orrin Pilkey Marine Sciences and Conservation Genetics Center at the Duke Marine Lab. Groundbreaking for the approximately 12,000-square-foot facility will take place in July 2012, with an anticipated opening in fall 2013 Sony VGP-BPS13B/Q battery(without CD). Academics Entrance to Bostock Library, which opened in the fall of 2005 Duke's student body consists of 6,526 undergraduates and 8,220 graduate and professional students (as of fall 2011).[5] The university has "historic and symbolic ties to the Methodist Church but it always has been independent in its governance." For the undergraduate class of 2013, Duke received 31,600 applications, and accepted 11.9% of them. Sony VGP-BPS13/Q battery(without CD)According to The Huffington Post, Duke ranks among the ten toughest universities in the United States to get into based on admissions data.[69] The yield rate (the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) is approximately 45%.For the class of 2013, 95% of admitted students ranked in the top 10% of their high school classes Sony VGP-BPS13A/B battery(without CD). The middle 50% range of SAT scores for first-year students is 660-750 for verbal/critical reading, 690-780 for math, and 670-770 for writing, while the ACT range is 31–34. Duke University has two schools for undergraduates: Trinity College of Arts and Sciences and Pratt School of Engineering.[78] From 2001 to 2011, Duke has had the sixth highest number of Fulbright, Rhodes, Truman, and Goldwater scholarships in the nation among private universities Sony VGP-BPS13/S battery(without CD). The University practices need-blind admissions and meets 100% of admitted students' demonstrated need. About 50 percent of all Duke students receive some form of financial aid, which includes need-based aid, athletic aid, and merit aid. The average need-based grant for the 2010–2011 academic year was nearly $36,000. Roughly 60 merit-based scholarships are also offered, including the Angier B Sony VGP-BPS13/B battery(without CD). Duke Memorial Scholarship, awarded for academic excellence. Other scholarships are geared toward students in North Carolina, African-American students, and high-achieving students requiring financial aid.[83] Duke's endowment had a market value of $5.7 billion in the fiscal year that ended June 30, 2011.[5] The University's special academic facilities include an art museum, several language labs, the Duke Forest, the Duke Herbarium, a lemur center, a phytotron Sony VGP-BPS13B/S battery(without CD), a free electron laser, a nuclear magnetic resonance machine, a nuclear lab, and a marine lab. Duke is a leading participant in the National Lambda Rail Network and runs a program for gifted children known as the Talent Identification Program. Part of the Divinity School addition, Goodson Chapel [edit]Graduate profile In 2009, the School of Medicine received 5,166 applications[87] and accepted approximately 4% of them,[88] while the average GPA and MCAT scores for accepted students from 2002 through 2009 were 3.74 and 34, respectively Sony VGP-BPS13A battery(without CD). The School of Law accepted approximately 13% of its applicants for the Class of 2014, while enrolling students had a median GPA of 3.75 and median LSAT of 170. The University's graduate and professional schools include the Graduate School, the Pratt School of Engineering, the Nicholas School of the Environment, the School of Medicine, the Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, the School of Nursing, the Fuqua School of Business, the School of Law, the Divinity School, and the Sanford School of Public Policy Sony VGP-BPS13A/S battery(without CD). Undergraduate curriculum The West Duke Building on East Campus replaced the destroyed Washington Duke Building. Duke offers 36 arts and sciences majors, four engineering majors, and 46 additional majors that have been approved under Program II, which allows students to design their own interdisciplinary major.[93] Sixteen certificate programs also are available Sony VGP-BPS13AS battery(without CD). Students may pursue a combination of a total of up to three majors, minors, and certificates. Eighty percent of undergraduates enroll in the Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, while the rest are in the Pratt School of Engineering.[94] Trinity's curriculum operates under the revised version of "Curriculum 2000."[95] It ensures that students are exposed to a variety of "areas of knowledge" and "modes of inquiry." Sony VGP-BPS13S battery(without CD) The curriculum aims to help students develop critical faculties and judgment by learning how to access, synthesize, and communicate knowledge effectively. The intent is to assist students in acquiring perspective on current and historical events, conducting research and solving problems, and developing tenacity and a capacity for hard and sustained work. Sony VGP-BPS13A/Q battery(without CD) Freshmen can elect to participate in the FOCUS Program, which allows students to engage in an interdisciplinary exploration of a specific topic in a small group setting.[96] Pratt's curriculum is narrower in scope, but still accommodates double majors in a variety of disciplines. The school emphasizes undergraduate research—opportunities for hands-on experiences arise through internships, fellowship programs, and the structured curriculum. For the class of 2010, about 31% of Pratt undergraduates studied abroad, Sony VGP-BPS13A/R battery(without CD) small compared to the percentage for Trinity undergraduates (47%), but much larger than the national average for engineering students (3.2%). Research The Fitzpatrick Center is home to many of Duke's engineering programs. In the 2010 fiscal year, research expenditures surpassed $983 million, placing Duke as the fifth largest research university in the nation overall and second largest private university.[11][100] In the 2005 fiscal year, Duke University Medical Center received the sixth-largest amount of funding from the National Institute of Health, netting $391.2 million Sony VGP-BPS13AB battery(without CD). Duke's funding increased 14.8% from 2004, representing the largest growth of any top-20 recipient.[102] In the 2008 fiscal year, Duke University School of Nursing was 18th nationally in the rankings of the National Institute of Health funding for nursing schools, netting more than $2.34 million, up 54 percent from 2007, when it ranked 30th nationally. Sony VGP-BPS13B battery(without CD)Throughout the school's history, Duke researchers have made breakthroughs, including the biomedical engineering department's development of the world's first real-time, three-dimensional ultrasound diagnostic system and the first engineered blood vessels.[104] In the mechanical engineering department, Adrian Bejan developed the constructal theory, which explains the shapes that arise in nature Sony VGP-BPS13B/B battery(without CD). Duke has pioneered studies involving nonlinear dynamics, chaos, and complex systems in physics. In May 2006 Duke researchers mapped the final human chromosome, which made world news as the Human Genome Project was finally complete.[105] Reports of Duke researchers' involvement in new AIDS vaccine research surfaced in June 2006. Sony VGP-BPL21 battery(without CD)The biology department combines two historically strong programs in botany and zoology, while one of the divinity school's leading theologians is Stanley Hauerwas, whom Time named "America's Best Theologian" in 2001. The graduate program in literature boasts several internationally renowned figures, including Fredric Jameson Sony VGP-BPS21 battery(without CD), and Michael Hardt, while philosophers Robert Brandon and Lakatos Award-winner Alexander Rosenberg contribute to Duke's ranking as the nation's best program in philosophy of biology, according to the Philosophical Gourmet Report. [edit]Rankings In the 2012 U.S. News & World Report ranking of undergraduate programs at doctoral granting institutions, Duke ranked 10th. In the past twenty years, U.S. News & World Report has placed Duke as high as 3rd and as low as 10th Sony VGP-BPS21A battery(without CD). In 2011, Duke was ranked 19th in the world in the QS World University Rankings and 22nd in the world in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. Duke was ranked the 14th-best university in the world by Newsweek[122] and 35th best globally by Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2010, focusing on quality of scientific research and the number of Nobel Prizes. Sony VGP-BPS21B battery(without CD) The Wall Street Journal ranked Duke sixth (fifth among universities) in its "feeder" rankings in 2006, analyzing the percentage of undergraduates that enroll in what it considers the top five medical, law, and business schools.[124] The 2010 report by the Center for Measuring University Performance puts Duke at 6th in the nation. The 2011 Emerging/Trendence Global Employability Ranking as published by The New York Sony VGP-BPS14/B BatteryTimes surveyed hundreds of chief executives and chairmen from around the world and asked them to select the best universities from which they recruited, placed Duke at 13th in the world and 9th in the country. In 2005, Duke enrolled 117 National Merit Scholars, the 6th university in rank by number. Duke ranks 5th among national universities to have produced Rhodes, Marshall, Truman, Goldwater, and Udall Scholars. Sony VGP-BPS14B Battery According to the 2010–2011 PayScale's statistical study on "How Much a College Degree is Worth" through graduation rate, total cost to graduate, and university's return on investment (ROI), Duke is ranked 9th nationally.[129] According to the 2011 Princeton Review's survey on "Top Dream Colleges" among parents, Duke ranked as the 6th dream university. Sony VGP-BPS14/S Battery Kiplinger's 50 Best Values in Private Universities 2010–11 ranks Duke at 5th best overall after taking financial aid into consideration.[131] According to a study by Forbes, Duke ranks 11th among universities that have produced billionaires and 1st among universities in the South. A survey by the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education in 2002 ranked Duke as the #1 university in the country in regard to the integration of African American students and faculty. Sony VGP-BPL14/B Battery Data from Payscale.com in 2012 shows Duke graduates earning the 6th highest median salaries among national universities in the US. According to a poll of recruiters conducted by the Wall Street Journal, Duke ranks 2nd in terms of producing the best graduates who have received either a marketing or liberal arts degree. Collegeatlas.com ranks the undergraduate liberal arts program at Duke number 3 in the nation Sony VGP-BPL14 Battery, the ranking incorporates both research universities as well as liberal arts colleges in the United States. In U.S. News & World Report's "America's Best Graduate Schools 2013," Duke's medical school ranked 9th for research.[135] The hospital was ranked 8th in the nation by the 2011–2012 U.S. News & World Report Health Rankings of Best Hospitals in America.[136] The School of Law was ranked 11th in 2012 by the same publication Sony VGP-BPL14B Battery, while law recruiters ranked the program 8th in the country. Duke's nursing school ranked 7th in U.S. News & World Report's 2013 rankings,[135] while the Sanford School of Public Policy ranked 16th in 2012 for national public affairs programs and 6th for public policy analysis. Among business schools in the United States, the Fuqua School of Business was ranked 4th for its Executive M.B.A. program Sony VGP-BPL14/S Battery, 3rd for marketing, 8th for management, and 12th overall by U.S. News & World Report in 2012, while BusinessWeek ranked its full-time MBA program 6th in the nation in 2010. The graduate program for the Pratt School of Engineering was ranked 28th while the biomedical engineering program was ranked 3rd by U.S. News & World Report.[144] Taking the U.S. News & World Report Professional School Rankings in 2008 based on Mean Reputation Score Sony VGP-BPS14 Battery, Duke ranks 7th among national universities. Times Higher Education ranked the mathematics department tenth in the world in 2011.[146] Duke's graduate level specialties that are ranked among the top ten in the nation include areas in the following departments: biological sciences, medicine, nursing, engineering, law, business, English, history, physics, statistics, public affairs, physician assistant (ranked #1), clinical psychology, political science, and sociology. Sony VGP-BPL15/B BatteryStudent life Residential life East Campus' Union building, home to the freshman dining hall Duke requires its students to live on campus for the first three years of undergraduate life, except for a small percentage of second semester juniors who are exempted by a lottery system.[50] This requirement is justified by the administration as an effort to help students connect more closely with one another and sustain a sense of belonging within the Duke community. Sony VGP-BPS15/B Battery Thus, 85% of undergraduates live on campus.[149] All freshmen are housed in one of 14 residences on East Campus. These buildings range in occupancy size from 50 (Epworth—the oldest residence hall, built in 1892 as "the Inn") to 190 residents (Gilbert-Addoms). Most of these are in the Georgian style typical of the East Campus architecture. Although the newer residence halls differ in style, they still relate to East’s Georgian heritage Sony VGP-BPL15/S Battery. Learning communities connect the residential component of East Campus with students of similar academic and social interests.[152] Similarly, students in FOCUS, a first-year program that features courses clustered around a specific theme, live together in the same residence hall as other students in their cluster. The majority of sophomores reside on West Campus, but they may also elect to live on Central Campus. Sony VGP-BPS15/S Battery Juniors and seniors can choose to reside on either of the two campuses, although the majority of undergraduate seniors choose to live off campus. West Campus contains six quadrangles—the four along "Main" West were built in 1930s, while two newer ones have since been added. Central Campus provides housing for over 1,000 students in several apartment buildings. Sony VGP-BPS15 Battery Various learning communities are allocated sections of the quadrangles, thereby living close to one another, but still within the context of a larger community.[157] Twenty-seven "selective living groups" are housed within sections on West, including 15 fraternities.[158] Most of the non-fraternity selective living groups are coeducational Sony VGP-BPS18 battery. Greek and social life Cameron Crazies gathering in K-ville About 30% of undergraduate men and about 40% of undergraduate women at Duke are members of fraternities and sororities.[149] Most of the 15 Interfraternity Council recognized fraternity chapters live in sections within the residence halls, while the nine Panhellenic Association sorority chapters feature no such living arrangements Sony VGP-BPS22 Battery, although students can elect to "block" in groups to live near one another.[158] Eight National Pan-Hellenic Council (historically African American) fraternities and sororities also hold chapters at Duke.[160] In addition, there are seven other fraternities and sororities that are a part of the Inter-Greek Council, the multicultural Greek umbrella organization. Sony VPCEG14FJ/P Battery Duke also has 11 Selective Living Groups, or SLGs, on campus for students wanting self-selected living arrangements. SLGs are residential groups similar to fraternities or sororities, except they are generally co-ed and unaffiliated with any national organizations.[162] Fraternity chapters frequently host social events in their residential sections, which are often open to non-members. Sony VPCEG14FJ/W BatteryIn the late-1990s, a new keg policy was put into effect that requires all student groups to purchase kegs through Duke Dining Services. According to administrators, the rule change was intended as a way to ensure compliance with alcohol consumption laws as well as to increase on-campus safety.[164] Some students saw the administration's increasingly strict policies as an attempt to alter social life at Duke. Sony VPCEG14FX/W Battery As a result, off-campus parties at rented houses became more frequent in subsequent years as a way to avoid Duke policies. Many of these houses were situated in the midst of family neighborhoods, prompting residents to complain about excessive noise and other violations. Police have responded by breaking up parties at several houses, handing out citations, and occasionally arresting party-goers. Sony VPCEG15EA/B Battery In the mid-to-late 2000s (decade), the administration made a concerted effort to help students re-establish a robust, on-campus social life and has worked with numerous student groups, especially the Duke University Union, to feature a wide array of events and activities. In March 2006, the university purchased 15 houses in the Trinity Park area that Duke students had typically rented and subsequently sold them to individual families in an effort to encourage renovations Sony VPCEG15EG/B Battery to the properties and to reduce off-campus partying in the midst of residential neighborhoods. Duke athletics, particularly men's basketball, traditionally serves as a significant component of student life. Duke's students have been recognized as some of the most creative and original fans in all of collegiate athletics.[169] Students, often referred to as Cameron Crazies Sony VPCEG15EH/B Battery, show their support of the men's basketball team by "tenting" for home games against key Atlantic Coast Conference rivals, especially University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC).[170] Because tickets to all varsity sports are free to students, they line up for hours before each game, often spending the night on the sidewalk. For a mid-February game against UNC, some of the most eager students might even begin tenting before spring classes begin. Sony VPCEG15EN/B Battery The total number of participating tents is capped at 100 (each tent can have up to 12 occupants), though interest is such that it could exceed that number if space permitted.[172] Tenting involves setting up and inhabiting a tent on the grass near Cameron Indoor Stadium, an area known as Krzyzewskiville, or K-ville for short. There are different categories of tenting based on the length of time and number of people who must be in the tent.[172] At night Sony VPCEG16EG/W Battery, K-ville often turns into the scene of a party or occasional concert. The men's basketball coach, Mike Krzyzewski, occasionally buys pizza for the inhabitants of the tent village. Activities Student organizations Duke's West Campus Union building has restaurants, offices, and some administrative departments. The Chronicle's administrative office, the Mary Lou Williams Center for Black Culture, and the Center for LGBT Life are all located in the Union Sony VPCEG17FA/W Battery. More than 400 student clubs and organizations operate on Duke's campus. These include numerous student government, special interest, and service organizations.[175] Duke Student Government (DSG) charters and provides most of the funding for other student groups and represents students' interests when dealing with the administration.[176] The Duke University Union (DUU) is the school's primary programming organization, serving a center of social, cultural, intellectual and recreational life. Sony VPCEG17FG/B Battery Cultural groups are provided funding directly from the university via the Multicultural Center as well as other institutional funding sources. One of the most popular activities on campus is competing in sports. Duke has 38 sports clubs, and 8 intramural teams that are officially recognized.[178] Performance groups such as Hoof 'n' Horn, the country's second oldest student-run musical theater organization Sony VPCEG17FH/W Battery, a cappella groups, student bands, and theater organizations are also prominent on campus.[179] The Duke University mock trial team won the national championship in 2012. The Duke University Student Dining Advisory Committee provides guidance to the administration on issues regarding student dining, life, and restaurant choices. Cultural groups on campus include the Asian Students Association, Blue Devils United (the student lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender group) Sony VPCEG18FA/P Battery, Black Student Alliance, Diya (South Asian Association), Jewish Life at Duke, Mi Gente (Latino Student Association), International Association/International Council, Muslim Student Association, Native American Student Coalition, Newman Catholic Student Center, Languages Dorm, and Students of the Caribbean Sony VPCEG18FG/B Battery. Civic engagement The von der Heyden Pavilion is a popular place among students for gathering and studying. According to The Princeton Review, Duke is one of 81 institutions in the country with outstanding community service programs.[182] In 2008 Duke received the Community Engagement Classification from Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Sony VPCEG18FG/L Battery In February 2007, Duke launched DukeEngage, a $30 million civic engagement program that allows undergraduates to participate in an in-depth service opportunity over the course of a summer or semester.[184] The program's scope has been called "unprecedented in U.S. higher education."[185] Duke students have created more than 30 service organizations in Durham and the surrounding area Sony VPCEG18FG/P Battery. Examples include a weeklong camp for children of cancer patients (Camp Kesem) and a group that promotes awareness about sexual health, rape prevention, alcohol and drug use, and eating disorders (Healthy Devils). The Duke-Durham Neighborhood Partnership, started by the Office of Community Affairs in 1996, attempts to address major concerns of local residents and schools by leveraging university resources. Sony VPCEG18FG/W Battery Another community project, "Scholarship with a Civic Mission," is a joint program between the Hart Leadership Program and the Kenan Institute for Ethics.[187] Another program includes Project CHILD, a tutoring program involving 80 first-year volunteers; and an after-school program for at-risk students in Durham that was started with $2.25 million grant from the Kellogg Foundation in 2002. [188] Two prominent civic engagement pre-orientation programs also exist for incoming freshmen Sony VPCEG18FH/L Battery: Project CHANGE and Project BUILD. Project CHANGE is a free weeklong program co-sponsored by the Kenan Institute for Ethics and the Duke Women's Center with the focus on ethical leadership and social change in the Durham community; students are challenged in a variety of ways and work closely with local non-profits. Sony VPCEG24FJ/B Battery Project BUILD is a freshman volunteering group that dedicates 3,300 hours of service to a variety of projects such as schools, Habitat for Humanity, food banks, substance rehabilitation centers, and homeless shelters. Some courses at Duke incorporate service as part of the curriculum to augment material learned in class such as in psychology or education courses (known as service learning courses) Sony VPCEG24FJ/P Battery. Student media See also: The Chronicle, Cable 13, and WXDU The Chronicle, Duke's independent undergraduate daily newspaper, has been continually published since 1905 and now, along with its website, has a readership of about 70,000.[191] Its editors are responsible for selecting the term "Blue Devil". The newspaper won Best in Show in the tabloid division at the 2005 Associated Collegiate Press National College Media Convention.[192] Cable 13, established in 1976, is Duke's student-run television station Sony VPCEG24FJ/W Battery. It is a popular activity for students interested in film production and media.[193] WXDU-FM, licensed in 1983, is the University's nationally recognized, noncommercial FM radio station, operated by student and community volunteers. Athletics Main article: Duke Blue Devils See also: Carolina-Duke rivalry Duke Blue Devils mascot. This is an older design; an updated mascot was introduced in 2008. Duke's 26 varsity sports teams, known as the Blue Devils, are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)'s Division I Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) Sony VPCEG24FX/B Battery. Duke's teams have won twelve NCAA team national championships—the women's golf team has won five (1999, 2002, 2005, 2006, and 2007), the men's basketball team has won four (1991, 1992, 2001, and 2010), and the men's soccer (1986), women's tennis (2009), and men's lacrosse (2010) teams have won one each. Sony VPCEG25EA/B BatteryIn the past ten years, Duke has finished in the top 30 in the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics (NACDA) Directors' Cup, an overall measure of an institution's athletic success. In 2011 Duke finished fifth in all of Division I and placed the best in the ACC,[198] while the athletic program finished tenth in 2010.[199] Duke has won 118 ACC Championships Sony VPCEG25EG/B Battery, 47 of which have come since 1999–2000 (through 2010–11), which is the second most in the ACC.[200] Duke teams that have been ranked in the top ten nationally in the 2000s (decade) include men's and women's basketball, men's and women's tennis, men's and women's soccer, men's and women's fencing, men's and women's cross country running, men's and women's lacrosse Sony VPCEG25EN/W Battery, women's field hockey, and men's and women's golf. Ten of these teams were ranked in the top ten in the country during the 2010–11 school year, while 17 were in the top 25. The men's lacrosse program has proven successful, reaching the NCAA tournament semifinals in six consecutive participating seasons from 2005 to 2011, including winning the national championship in 2010 Sony VPCEG26EG/B Battery. The Blue Devil mascot's origins are rooted in an elite French alpine fighting unit that garnered accolades and much global attention during World War I and its aftermath for its flowing blue capes and blue berets.[207] Duke's mascot origin is considered to be military and patriotic rather than anti-religious.[207] Historically, Duke's major rival has been the Tar Heels of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, especially in basketball Sony VPCEG27FA/W Battery. The rivalry has led the fanbases to identify the two differing shades of blue in relation to their respective university—calling the lighter powder blue "Carolina blue" and the darker blue "Duke blue".[208] On the academic front, according to a 2006 evaluation conducted by the NCAA, Duke's student-athletes have the highest graduation rate of any institution in the nation. Sony VPCEG27FG/W Battery From 2005 to 2010, Duke has placed in the top three every year (and finished first in 2005 through 2007) among Division I schools in the National Collegiate Scouting Association Power Rankings—a combination of the institution's Director's Cup standing, its athletic graduation rate, and its academic rank in U.S. News & World Report. Duke led the ACC in Honor Roll inductees 23 out of the last 24 years through the 2010–2011 academic year. Sony VPCEG27FH/B BatteryMen's basketball Main article: Duke Blue Devils men's basketball Duke's famous Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke's men's basketball team is one of the nation's most successful basketball programs. The team has captured four National Championships (fifth place all time), while attending 15 Final Fours (third place overall) and 10 Championship games (tied for second). Duke has the most Atlantic Coast Conference championships, with 19, and has the most National Players of the Year in the nation, with 11. Sony VPCEG28FA/B Battery Seventy-two players have been selected in the NBA Draft, while 32 players have been honored as All-Americans.[221] Duke's program is one of only two to have been to at least one Final Four and one National Championship game in each of the past five decades.[222] The program's home facility is historic Cameron Indoor Stadium, considered one of the top venues in the nation. Sony VPCEG28FG/L BatteryThe team's success has been particularly outstanding over the past 30 years under coach Mike Krzyzewski (often simply called "Coach K"), who also has coached the USA men's national basketball team since 2006 and led the team to Olympic gold in 2008 and to World Championship gold in 2010. Their successes include becoming the only team to win four national championships since the NCAA Tournament field was expanded to 64 teams in 1985 Sony VPCEG28FH/P Battery, 11 Final Fours in the past 25 years, and eight of nine ACC tournament championships from 1999 to 2006. Wallace Wade Stadium Football Main article: Duke Blue Devils football The Blue Devils have won seven ACC Football Championships, have had ten players honored as ACC Player of the Year (the most in the ACC),[196] and have had three Pro Football Hall of Famers come through the program (second in the ACC to only Miami's four). The Blue Devils have produced 11 College Football Hall of Famers Sony VPCEG28FN/L Battery, which is tied for the 2nd most in the ACC. Duke has also won 18 total conference championships (7 ACC, 9 Southern Conference, and 1 Big Five Conference). That total is the highest in the ACC. The most famous Duke football season came in 1938, when Wallace Wade coached the "Iron Dukes" that shut out all regular season opponents; only three teams in history can claim such a feat. Sony VPCEH13FX/B BatteryThat same year, Duke made their first Rose Bowl appearance, where they lost 7–3 when USC scored a touchdown in the final minute of the game.[226] Wade's Blue Devils lost another Rose Bowl to Oregon State in 1942, this one held at Duke's home stadium due to the attack on Pearl Harbor, which resulted in the fear that a large gathering on the West Coast might be in range of Japanese aircraft carriers. Sony VPCEH13FX/L Battery The football program proved successful in the 1950s and 1960s, winning six of the first ten ACC football championships from 1953 to 1962 under coach Bill Murray; the Blue Devils would not win the ACC championship again until 1989 under coach Steve Spurrier. Duke has not had a winning football season since 1994, but has shown some signs of improvement in recent years.[230] David Cutcliffe was brought in prior to the 2008 season Sony VPCEH13FX/P Battery, and amassed more wins in his first season than the previous three years combined. The 2009 team won 5 of 12 games, and was eliminated from bowl contention in the next-to-last game of the season.[230] Mike MacIntyre, the defensive coordinator, was named 2009 Assistant Coach of the Year by the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA). While the football team has struggled at times on the field Sony VPCEH13FX/W Battery, the graduation rate of its players is consistently among the highest among Division I-A schools. Duke's high graduation rates have earned it more AFCA Academic Achievement Awards than any other institution. Alumni Main article: List of Duke University people Duke's active alumni base of more than 145,000 devote themselves to the university through organizations and events such as the annual Reunion Weekend and Homecoming. Sony VPCEH15EG/B BatteryThere are 75 Duke clubs in the U.S. and 38 such international clubs.[234] For the 2008–09 fiscal year, Duke tied for third in alumni giving rate among U.S. colleges and universities according to U.S. News & World Report.[235] Based on statistics compiled by PayScale in 2011, Duke alumni rank seventh in mid-career median salary among all U.S. colleges and universities. Sony VPCEH15EN/W Battery A number of alumni have made significant contributions in the fields of government, law, science, academia, business, arts, journalism, and athletics, among others. Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States graduated with a law degree in 1937. Former U.S. Senator and Secretary of Transportation Elizabeth Dole, 33rd President of Chile Ricardo Lagos, former U.S. Secretary of Commerce Juanita M. Kreps, congressman and three-time presidential candidate Ron Paul Sony VPCEH16EA/P Battery, U.S. Secretary of Veterans Affairs and former Chief of Staff of the United States Army Eric Shinseki, and the first United States Chief Performance Officer Jeffrey Zients[243] and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Martin Dempsey are among the most notable alumni with involvement in politics and government. In the research realm, Duke graduates who have won the Nobel Prize in Physics include Hans Dehmelt for his development of the ion trap technique, Sony VPCEH16EF/B Battery Robert Richardson for his discovery of superfluidity in helium-3,[245] and Charles Townes for his work on quantum electronics.[246] Other alumni in research and academia include Turing Award winners Fred Brooks[247] and John Cocke, Templeton Prize winning physicist and religion scholar Ian Barbour,[249] MacArthur Award recipient Paul Farmer,[250] and former Dean of the Graduate School at Princeton Theodore Ziolkowski Sony VPCEH16EG/W Battery. Prominent journalists include talk show host Charlie Rose,[252] The Washington Post sports writer John Feinstein,[253] Chief Washington Correspondent for CNBC and The Wall Street Journal writer John Harwood,[254] CBS News President Sean McManus, chief legal correspondent for Good Morning America Dan Abrams, and CNN anchor and senior correspondent for The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer Judy Woodruff Sony VPCEH16EH/W Battery. Basketball analysts and commentators include Jay Bilas, Mike Gminski, Jim Spanarkel, and Jay Williams. Magazine editors include Rik Kirkland of Fortune[264] and Clay Felker, founder of New York Magazine,[265] who died in 2008. In the area of literature, William C. Styron won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1968 for his novel The Confessions of Nat Turner and is well known for his 1979 novel Sophie's Choice. Anne Tyler also received the Pulitzer Prize for her 1988 novel Breathing Lessons. Sony VPCEH16EN/B Battery In the arts realm, Annabeth Gish[268] (actress in the X-Files and The West Wing), Ken Jeong[269] (actor in The Hangover and Community), Randall Wallace (screenwriter, producer, and director, Braveheart, Pearl Harbor, We Were Soldiers), Mike Posner (singer, songwriter, and producer, Cooler Than Me, Please Don't Go) and David Hudgins (television writer and producer, Everwood, Friday Night Lights) headline the list Sony VPCEH17FG/B Battery. On the business front, the current or recent President, CEO, or Chairman of each of the following Fortune 500 companies is a Duke alumnus: Hugh Gouw, Apple (Tim Cook), BB&T (John A. Allison IV),[274] Boston Scientific Corporation (Peter Nicholas), Chesapeake Energy (Aubrey McClendon),[276] Cisco System (John Chambers), General Motors (Rick Wagoner), JPMorgan Chase (Steven Black), Medtronic (William A. Hawkins), Sony VPCEH17FG/L Battery Morgan Stanley (John J. Mack),[281] Norfolk Southern (David R. Goode),[282] Northwest Airlines (Gary L. Wilson),[283] PepsiCo (Karl von der Heyden),[284] Pfizer (Edmund T. Pratt, Jr.),[285] The Bank of New York Mellon (Gerald Hassell),[286] and Wachovia (Robert K. Steel).[287] Kevin Martin was Chairman of the FCC,[288] and Rex Adams serves as the Chairman of PBS. Sony VPCEH17FG/P Battery Another alumna, Melinda Gates,[290] is the co-founder of the $31.9 billion Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the nation's wealthiest charitable foundation.[291][292] Management and ownership of professional athletic franchises include John Angelos[293] (Executive Vice President of the Baltimore Orioles), Aubrey McClendon[294] (partial owner of the Oklahoma City Thunder), John Canning, Jr.[295] (co-owner of Milwaukee Brewers), Danny Ferry[296] (former general manager of the Cleveland Cavaliers) Sony VPCEH17FG/W Battery, Stephen Pagliuca[297] (co-owner of Boston Celtics), and Jeffrey Vinik[298] (owner of the Tampa Bay Lightning). Finally, several athletes have become stars at the professional level, especially in basketball's NBA. Shane Battier, Corey Maggette, Elton Brand, Carlos Boozer, Luol Deng, Christian Laettner, Bobby Hurley, Grant Hill, Kyrie Irving and J.J. Redick are among the most famous Sony VPCEH17FJ/W Battery. The Johns Hopkins University[5] (informally Johns Hopkins, JHU, or simply Hopkins) is a private research university based in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. The university was founded on January 22, 1876 and named for its benefactor, the philanthropist Johns Hopkins.[6] Daniel Coit Gilman was inaugurated as the first president on February 22, 1876. Sony VPCEH18FA/B BatteryJohns Hopkins maintains campuses in Maryland; Washington, D.C.; Italy; China and Singapore. The university is organized into two undergraduate divisions and five graduate divisions on two main campuses—the Homewood campus and the Medical Institutions campus—both located in Baltimore. The university also consists of the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, the Peabody Institute, the Carey Business School, and various other facilities Sony VPCEH18FF/B Battery. Johns Hopkins pioneered the concept of the modern research university in the United States and has ranked among the world's top such universities throughout its history. The National Science Foundation (NSF) has ranked Johns Hopkins #1 among U.S. academic institutions in total science, medical and engineering research and development spending for 31 consecutive years. Sony VPCEH18FG/L Battery As of 2011, thirty-seven Nobel Prize winners have been affiliated with Johns Hopkins,[9] and the university's research is among the most cited in the world. History The philanthropist and the founding See also: Johns Hopkins' Philanthropy and Legacy Johns Hopkins On his death in 1873, Johns Hopkins, a Quaker entrepreneur and childless bachelor, bequeathed $7 million (Between $140 million to $1.6 billion in 2011 dollars, by varying estimates) to fund a hospital and university in Baltimore, Maryland.[11] At that time this fortune, generated primarily from the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,[12] was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States. Sony VPCEH18FH/P BatteryThe first name of philanthropist Johns Hopkins is the surname of his great-grandmother, Margaret Johns, who married Gerard Hopkins. They named their son Johns Hopkins, who named his own son Samuel Hopkins. Samuel named one of his sons after his father and that son would be the university's benefactor Sony VPCEH18FJ/B Battery. In his 2001 undergraduate commencement address, university president William R. Brody said about the name: "In 1888, just 12 years after the university was founded, Mark Twain wrote about this university in a letter to a friend. He said: 'A few months ago I was told that the Johns Hopkins University had given me a degree. I naturally supposed this constituted me a Member of the Faculty and so I started in to help as I could there Sony VPCEH18FJ/P Battery. I told them I believed they were perfectly competent to run a college as far as the higher branches of education are concerned, but what they needed was a little help here and there from a practical commercial man. I said the public is sensitive to little things and they wouldn't have full confidence in a college that didn't know how to spell the name John.' More than a century later, we continue to bestow diplomas upon individuals of outstanding capabilities and great talent Sony VPCEH18FJ/W Battery. And we continue to spell Johns with an s."[14] Milton Eisenhower, a former university president, once spoke at a convention in Pittsburgh where the Master of Ceremonies introduced him as "President of John Hopkins." Eisenhower retorted that he was "glad to be here in Pittburgh."[15] [edit]Early years and Daniel Coit Gilman The original board opted for an entirely novel university model dedicated to the discovery of knowledge at an advanced level, extending that of contemporary Germany Sony VPCEH19FJ/B Battery. Johns Hopkins thereby became the model of the modern research university in the United States. Its success eventually shifted higher education in the United States from a focus on teaching revealed and/or applied knowledge to the scientific discovery of new knowledge. The founders intended the university to be national in scope to strengthen ties across a divided country in the aftermath of the American Civil War. Therefore, the university's official inauguration took on great significance Sony VPCEH19FJ/P Battery: 1876 was the nation's centennial year and February 22 was George Washington's birthday. Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about the Early History. The University's viability depended on its first president, Daniel Coit Gilman, recruited from the presidency of the University of California. Gilman launched what many at the time considered an audacious and unprecedented academic experiment to merge teaching and research Sony VPCEH19FJ/W Battery. He dismissed the idea that the two were mutually exclusive: "The best teachers are usually those who are free, competent and willing to make original researches in the library and the laboratory," he stated. To implement his plan, Gilman recruited internationally known luminaries such as the biologist H. Newell Martin; the physicist Henry A. Rowland (the first president of the American Physical Society), the classical scholars Basil Gildersleeve and Charles D. Morris;[16] the economist Richard T. Ely Sony VPCEH1E1E Battery; and the chemist Ira Remsen, who became the second president of the university in 1901. Daniel Coit Gilman Gilman focused on the expansion of knowledge, graduate education and support of faculty research. To Gilman, Johns Hopkins existed not for the sake of God, the state, the community, the board, the parents, or even the students, but for knowledge. Faculty who added to such knowledge were rewarded. A complementary focus on graduate education fused advanced scholarship with such professional schools as medicine and engineering Sony VPCEH1AJ Battery. Hopkins became the national trendsetter in doctoral programs and the host for numerous scholarly journals and associations with the founding of the first U.S. university press in 1878. With the completion of Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1889 and the medical school in 1893, the university's research–focused mode of instruction soon began attracting world-renowned faculty members who would become major figures in the emerging field of academic medicine, including William Osler, William Halsted, Howard Kelly, and William Welch Sony VPCEH1J1E Battery. During this period Hopkins made more history by becoming the first medical school to admit women on an equal basis with men and to require a Bachelors degree, based on the efforts of Mary E. Garrett, who had endowed the school at Gilman's request. In his will and in his instructions to the trustees of the university and the hospital, Hopkins requested that both institutions be built upon the vast grounds of his Baltimore estate, Clifton. When Gilman assumed the presidency Sony VPCEH1J8E Battery, he decided that it would be best to use the university's endowment for recruiting faculty and students, deciding to "build men, not buildings." In his will Hopkins stipulated that none of his endowment should be used for construction; only interest on the principal could be used for this purpose. Unfortunately, stocks in The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which would have generated most of the interest Sony VPCEH1L0E Battery, became virtually worthless soon after Hopkins's death. The university's first home was thus in Downtown Baltimore delaying plans to site the university in Clifton. This decision became the only major criticism of Gilman's presidency. In the early 20th century the university outgrew its buildings and the trustees began to search for a new home. Developing Clifton for the university was too costly, and so the estate became a public park Sony VPCEH1L8E Battery. In the end, the 140 acres (57 ha) estate in north Baltimore known as Homewood was purchased as the university's new campus with assistance from prominent Baltimore citizens. Since the 1910s, Johns Hopkins University has famously been a "fertile cradle" to Arthur Lovejoy's history of ideas. Institutions The Johns Hopkins University Press, founded in 1878, is the oldest American university press in continuous operation Sony VPCEH1L9E Battery. Along with the hospital, Hopkins established one of the nation's oldest schools of nursing in 1889. The school of medicine was America's first coeducational, graduate-level medical school, and was a prototype for academic medicine that emphasized bedside learning, research projects, and laboratory training. In 1909, the university was among the first to start adult continuing education programs and in 1916 it founded the US' first school of public health Sony VPCEH1M1E Battery. Programs in international studies and the performing arts were established in 1950 and 1977 when the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies in Washington D.C and the Peabody Institute in Baltimore became divisions of the university. Civil rights [edit]African-Americans Hopkins was a prominent abolitionist who supported Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. After his death, reports said his conviction was a decisive factor in enrolling Hopkins' first African-American student, Kelly Miller Sony VPCEH1M9E Battery, a graduate student in physics, astronomy and mathematics, and in admitting Harvard-trained physician Whitfield Winsey and two other African-American physicians to Maryland's Medical and Chirurgical Society MedChi.[18] These physicians could attend meetings only because they were held on campus. As the memory of Hopkins faded and trustees like King died Sony VPCEH1S0E Battery, Hopkins became like other Baltimore institutions, particularly in terms of race. The Johns Hopkins University chronology stated that on March 15, 1892, an administrator hired by Gilman recommended that the hospital should have a "…separate ward for colored patients."[19] Johns Hopkins Hospital subsequently became segregated. Johns Hopkins' "separate but equal" stance was evident when it came to these segregated wards Sony VPCEH1S1E Battery: "Special care will be taken to see that the heating and ventilation apparatus is as perfect as possible. A sun balcony will be erected on each floor on the east side, for convalescents, while a sun bay-window will be constructed at the south end of the south wing. On each floor there will be a dining room, kitchen, lavatory and bath-rooms...The building will be fireproof throughout." Sony VPCEH1S8E BatteryAs segregation grew within Johns Hopkins institutions, it affected pay, hiring and promotions. Staff in segregated wards and those employed in the lower rungs of the service industries had the longest history within the Johns Hopkins Institutions. Johns Hopkins' students, physicians, administrators and staff of African descent had a much shorter history within these institutions Sony VPCEH1S9E Battery. The first black undergraduate was Frederick Scott who entered the school in 1945. In 1967 the first black students earned graduate degrees. Dr. James Nabwangu a British-trained Kenyan, was the first black graduate of the medical school. A second was earned by Robert Gamble.[20] The first African-American instructor was laboratory supervisor Vivien Thomas, who also invented and developed research instruments, served as an assistant in surgery to surgeon Alfred Blalock and worked closely with Blalock and Helen Taussig in developing and conducting the first successful blue baby operation Sony VPCEH1Z1E Battery. Black students and professionals were rare at Johns Hopkins Institutions and Maryland's state medical societies until after the 1940s. Diversity increased only in the 1960s and 1970s. African-Americans and women were labeled "The Uninvited" in the second major history of the university.[citation needed] [edit]Women Hopkins' most well–known battle for women's rights was the one led by daughters of trustees of the university; Mary E. Garrett, M. Carey Thomas Sony VPCEH24FX/B Battery, Mamie Gwinn, Elizabeth King, and Julia Rogers.[21] They donated and raised the funds needed to open the medical school, and required Hopkins' officials to agree to their stipulation that women would be admitted. Unfortunately, this stipulation applied only to the medical school. Other graduate schools were opened to women by president Ira Remsen only in 1907 Sony VPCEH24FX/L Battery. Christine Ladd-Franklin was the first woman to earn a PhD at Hopkins, in mathematics in 1882. The trustees denied her the degree and refused to change the policy about admitting women; she finally received her degree 44 years later. In 1893 Florence Bascomb became the university's first female PhD.[21] The nursing school opened in 1889 and accepted women and men as students Sony VPCEH24FX/P Battery. The decision to admit women at undergraduate level was not considered until the late 1960s and was eventually adopted in October 1969; in the fall of 1970, 90 females, five of them African-American, became undergraduates. In the academic year 1970–1971, 4.7% of students in the Arts and Sciences programs were women. In the year 1985–1986 the proportion of female students in the Arts and Sciences programs had increased to around 38% Sony VPCEH24FX/W Battery. As of 2009–2010, the undergraduate population was 47% female and 53% male.[22] [edit]Campuses Homewood Main article: Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University Homewood House Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences: The Krieger School offers more than 60 undergraduate majors and minors and more than 40 graduate programs.[23] G.W.C. Whiting School of Engineering: The Whiting School contains 14 undergraduate and graduate engineering programs and 12 additional areas of study. Sony VPCEH25EG/B BatterySchool of Education: Originally established in 1909 as The School of Professional Studies in Business and Education, the divisions of Education and Business became separate schools in 2007. The first campus was located on Howard Street. Eventually, they relocated to Homewood, in northern Baltimore, the estate of Charles Carroll, son of the oldest surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence Sony VPCEH25EN/W Battery. Carroll's Homewood House is considered one of the finest examples of Federal residential architecture. The estate then came to the Wyman family, which participated in making it the park-like main campus of the schools of arts and sciences and engineering at the start of the 20th century. Most of its architecture was modeled after the Federal style of Homewood House. Homewood House is preserved as a museum. Most undergraduate programs are here Sony VPCEH26EA/W Battery. East Baltimore Johns Hopkins Hospital Collectively known as Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (JHMI) campus, the East Baltimore facility occupies several city blocks spreading from the Johns Hopkins Hospital trademark dome. School of Nursing: The School of Nursing is is one of America's oldest and pre-eminent schools for nursing education. It has consistently ranked first in the nation. Sony VPCEH26EF/B BatterySchool of Medicine: The School of Medicine is widely regarded as one of the best medical schools and biomedical research institutes in the world. Bloomberg School of Public Health: The Bloomberg School was founded in 1916, the world's first and largest public health school. It has consistently been ranked first in its field Sony VPCEH26EG/P Battery. Downtown Baltimore Peabody Institute Carey Business School: The Carey Business School was established in 2007, incorporating divisions of the former School of Professional Studies in Business and Education. It was originally located on Charles Street, but relocated to the Legg Mason building in Harbor East in 2011 Sony VPCEH26EH/P Battery. Peabody Institute: founded in 1857, is the oldest continuously active music conservatory in the United States; it became a division of Johns Hopkins in 1977. The Conservatory retains its own student body and grants degrees in musicology and performance, though both Hopkins and Peabody students may take courses at both institutions. It is located on East Mount Vernon Place. Washington, D.C Sony VPCEH26EN/B Battery. Washington D.C. Campus (SAIS) Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) is located on the Washington D.C. campus near Dupont Circle. SAIS is devoted to international studies, particularly international relations, diplomacy, and economics. SAIS has full-time international campuses in Bologna, Italy and Nanjing, China. Founded in 1943, SAIS became a part of the university in 1950 Sony VPCEH26FJ/W Battery. In a 2005 survey 65% of respondents ranked SAIS as the nation's top Master's Degree program in International Relations.[29] The Krieger School of Arts and Sciences' Advanced Academic Programs (AAP)[30] Carey Business School The Washington, D.C. campus is on Massachusetts Avenue. Laurel, Maryland Installing a New Horizons Imager at the APL Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL): The APL in Laurel, Maryland, specializes in research for the U.S. Department of Defense, NASA and other government and civilian research agencies. It has developed more than 100 biomedical devices, many in collaboration with the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. Sony VPCEH27FG/W BatteryThe Applied Physics Laboratory, a division of the university co-equal to the nine schools but with a non-academic mission, lies between Baltimore and Washington in Laurel, Maryland. Other campuses see also List of Johns Hopkins University Research Centers and Institutes Domestic Columbia, Maryland Center (Branches of The Carey Business School[32] and The School of Education) Sony VPCEH28FA/B BatteryMontgomery County, Maryland Campus (Part-time programs in Biosciences, Engineering, Business & Education[34]) [edit]International The SAIS Bologna Center, Italy The SAIS Hopkins-Nanjing Center for Chinese and American Studies, China Yong Siew Toh Conservatory of Music (Collaboration between the Peabody Institute and the National University of Singapore) In 2009, JHU ranked fifth among US universities in private fund–raising, collecting $433.39 million. Sony VPCEH28FF/B BatteryThe President is JHU's chief executive officer, and the university is organized into nine academic divisions.[36] Campus environmental initiatives Johns Hopkins University has implemented a number of sustainability initiatives.[37] In 2011, the Sustainable Endowments Institute gave Johns Hopkins a College Sustainability Report Card grade of "C+." In particular the Institute criticized JHU for failing to disclose its endowment's holdings and proxy voting record on environmental issues. Sony VPCEH28FG/B Battery[edit]Transportation In 2007 carbon emissions were inventoried and electric vehicles were used for some campus transportation needs. [edit]Food As of 2007 dining services managers sought locally–sourced produce and seafood, and integrated organic food into menus.[39] In addition, the smaller cafés around campus sell exclusively organic, shade–grown coffees Sony VPCEH28FG/P Battery. A small pilot composting program operated on the undergraduate campus.[39] Buildings In 2007 the university was pursuing LEED certification for several buildings.[39] Energy retrofits in certain buildings have resulted in over 50% less energy consumption.[39] Retrofits included a green roof, experimentation with waterless urinals and low-flow shower heads, and upgraded fluorescent lighting that reduced electricity for lighting on one campus by over 40 percent Sony VPCEH28FH/B Battery. Similar lighting retrofits were underway at all campuses. At the beginning of 2012, Hopkins sustainability announced the installation of 2,708 solar panels atop buildings at Homewood (Rec/Athletic Center, Mattin Center), the Eastern Building on 33rd Street and the East Baltimore Campus (Pinkard Building, 2024 Building, Bloomberg Building, Hampton House). These solar panels will produce 997,400 kWh and decrease 1,200,000 lbs of greenhouse gases each year. Sony VPCEH28FJ/B Battery[edit]Water In 2004, one campus completed a water conservation retrofit that annually saved over 8,000,000 US gallons (30,000,000 l) of water.[39] [edit]Student support As of 2010 students contributed significantly to environmental initiatives, setting up the JHU recycling program, hosting a national "Greening" conference, launching a transportation shuttle service between campuses and making the campus more bike-friendly. Sony VPCEH28FJ/P Battery Each year, students conduct the "S.E.X.:I.T." competition to see which dormitory can save the most electricity.[41] Organization The Johns Hopkins entity is structured as two corporations, the university and The Johns Hopkins Health System, formed in 1986. The latter has grown into the bigger entity, with fiscal year 2005 consolidated net revenue of $3.3 billion, employing 27,700 people, including some 4,700 full–time physicians. Sony VPCEH28FJ/W BatteryJHU's bylaws specify a Board of Trustees of between 18 and 65 voting members. Trustees serve six–year terms subject to a two–term limit. The alumni select 12 trustees. Four recent alumni serve 4-year terms, one per year, typically from the graduating class. The bylaws prohibit students, faculty or administrative staff from serving on the Board, except the President as an ex–officio trustee. Sony VPCEH28FN/L Battery The Johns Hopkins Health System has a separate Board of Trustees, many of whom are doctors or health care executives. Some JHU Trustees also serve on the Johns Hopkins Health System Board. Academics Mason Hall, the Visitor's Center & Admissions Office at Johns Hopkins University The full-time, four year undergraduate program is "most selective"[44] with low transfer-in and a high graduate co-existence.[45][45] The university is one of fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities (AAU) Sony VPCEH29FJ/B Battery; it is also a member of the Consortium on Financing Higher Education (COFHE) and the Universities Research Association (URA). [edit]Undergraduate Admissions In 2010, 87% of admitted students graduated in the top tenth of their high school class and the inter-quartile range on the SAT reading was 670–750, math was 690–780, and writing was 670–770. 97% of freshmen returned after the first year, 84% of students graduated in 4 years and 92% graduated in 6 years. Sony VPCEH29FJ/P Battery Over time, applications to Johns Hopkins University have risen steadily. As a result, the selectivity of Johns Hopkins University has also increased. Early Decision is an option at Johns Hopkins University for students who wish to demonstrate that the university is their first choice. These students, if admitted, are required to enroll. This application is due November 1. Most students, however, apply Regular Decision, which is a traditional non-binding round Sony VPCEH29FJ/W Battery. These applications are due January 1 and students are notified April 1. Population At the undergraduate level, Hopkins was ranked #13 among National Universities by U.S. News and World Report (USNWR).[57] It is ranked #6 in the nation in the high school counselor reputation rankings.[58] The 2010 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) ranked Hopkins #18 internationally (#16 nationally) and 3rd in the world for Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy. Sony VPCEH2C0E Battery In 2010, Johns Hopkins ranked 13th in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings[60] and 16th in the 2011 QS World University Rankings. Johns Hopkins also placed #2 in the 2010 University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP),[64] #2 in the 2011 HEEACT – Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities, ranked #7 among Top Performing Schools according to the Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index (FSPI) in 2008, Sony VPCEH2D0E Battery and was listed #9 among research universities by the Center for Measuring University Performance in 2007.[67] For medical and public health research U.S. News and World Report ranks the School of Medicine #2[68] and has consistently ranked the Bloomberg School of Public Health #1[69] in the nation. The School of Nursing was ranked #1 nationally among peer institutions. The Times Higher Education Supplement ranked Johns Hopkins University #3 in the world for biomedicine and life sciences. Sony VPCEH2E0E Battery Hopkins ranks #1 nationally in receipt of federal research funds and the School of Medicine is #1 among medical schools in receipt of extramural awards from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).[72] Newsweek named Johns Hopkins as the "Hottest School for Pre-meds" in 2008. The Johns Hopkins Hospital was ranked as the top hospital in the United States for the eighteenth year in a row by the U.S. News and World Report annual ranking of American hospitals. Sony VPCEH2F1E BatteryThe university's graduate programs in the areas of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, Engineering (Biomedical, Electrical & Environmental), Human Development & Family Studies, Health Sciences, Humanities, Physical & Mathematical Sciences and International Affairs & Development all rank among the top-10 of their respective disciplines. Sony VPCEH2H1E BatteryThe Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) ranked #1 (2005), #2 (2007), and #2 (2009), by College of William and Mary's surveys conducted once every two years beginning in 2005, for its MA program among the world's top schools of International Affairs for those who want to pursue a policy career. Sony VPCEH2J1E BatteryThe School of Education is ranked #6 nationally by U.S. News and World Report.[77] Although no formal rankings exist for music conservatories, the Peabody Institute is generally considered one of the most prestigious conservatories in the country, along with Juilliard and the Curtis Institute. Johns Hopkins is ranked the #1 Social Media College by StudentAdvisor. Sony VPCEH2L9E BatterySeveral university departments have been known to actively engage on various social media platforms such as Blogs, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Flickr to reach prospective students, current students, and alumni.[79] [edit]Libraries The Johns Hopkins University Library system houses more than 3.6 million volumes.[80] It includes ten main divisions: the Sheridan Libraries at Homewood, the Welch Medical Library, the Medical Institution Libraries, the School of Nursing Library Sony VPCEH2M1E Battery, Abraham M. Lilienfeld Library at the Bloomberg School, the Peabody Institute Library, the Carey Business School and School of Education libraries, the School of Advanced International Studies Libraries (Sydney R. and Elsa W. Mason Library and Bologna Center Library), the R.E. Gibson Library at the Applied Physics Laboratory Library and other minor satellite locations, as well as the archives Sony VPCEH2M9E Battery. Milton S. Eisenhower Library The Milton S. Eisenhower Library, located on the Homewood campus, is the main library. It was built in the 1960s. It houses over 2.6 million volumes and over 20,000 journal subscriptions. The Eisenhower Library is a member of the university's Sheridan Libraries encompassing collections at the Albert D. Hutzler Reading Room (called "The Hut" by students) in Gilman Hall Sony VPCEH2N1E Battery, the John Work Garrett Library at Evergreen House, and the George Peabody Library at Mount Vernon Place. Together these collections provide the major research library resources for the university, serving Johns Hopkins academic programs worldwide. The library was named for Milton S. Eisenhower, former president of the university and brother of former U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower. JHU's library was previously housed in Gilman Hall, and other smaller departmental libraries throughout the Homewood campus. Sony VPCEH2P0E BatteryOnly two of the Eisenhower library's six stories are above ground, though the architects designed the building so that every level has windows and natural light. The design accords with a bit of traditional campus lore that no structure can be taller than Gilman Hall, the oldest academic building ( although no written rule limits building height). In December 2008, an addition directly to the south of the library was announced Sony VPCEH2Q1E Battery. The six-and-a-half-story expansion will be named the Brody Learning Commons in honor of University President William R. Brody and will function as a "…collaborative learning space." It is scheduled to open on August 13, 2012.[82][83] [edit]Research The opportunity to participate in important research is one of the distinguishing characteristics of Hopkins' undergraduate education. About 80 percent of undergraduates perform independent research, often alongside top researchers. Sony VPCEH2S9E Battery In FY 2009, Johns Hopkins received $1.856 billion in federal research grants—more than any other US university.[8] Thirty-six (36) Nobel Prize winners have been affiliated with the university as alumni or faculty members.[85] JHU views its academic strengths as being in art history, biological, physical and other natural sciences, biomedical engineering, creative writing, English, history, economics, international studies, medicine, music, neuroscience, nursing, political theory Sony VPCEH2Z1E Battery, public health, public policy, and the Romance languages.[citation needed] Between 1999 and 2009, Johns Hopkins was among the most cited institutions in the world. It attracted nearly 1,222,166 citations and produced 54,022 papers under its name, ranking #3 globally behind Harvard University and Max Planck Society with the highest total citations published in Thomson Reuters-indexed journals over 22 fields in America. Sony VPCEH3B1E BatteryIn FY 2000, Johns Hopkins received $95.4 million in research grants from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), making it the leading recipient of NASA research and development funding.[86] In FY 2002, Hopkins became the first university to cross the $1 billion threshold on either list, recording $1.14 billion in total research and $1.023 billion in federally sponsored research Sony VPCEH3D0E Battery. In FY 2008, Johns Hopkins University performed $1.68 billion in science, medical and engineering research, making it the leading U.S. academic institution in total R&D spending for the 30th year in a row, according to a National Science Foundation (NSF) ranking.[87] These totals include grants and expenditures of JHU's Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland Sony VPCEH3N1E Battery. The Johns Hopkins University also offers the "Center for Talented Youth" program—a nonprofit organization dedicated to identifying and developing the talents of the most promising K-12 grade students worldwide. As part of the Johns Hopkins University, the "Center for Talented Youth" or CTY helps fulfill the university's mission of preparing students to make significant future contributions to the world Sony VPCEH3N6E Battery. Johns Hopkins University Press Main article: Johns Hopkins University Press The Johns Hopkins University Press is the publishing division of the Johns Hopkins University. It was founded in 1878 and holds the distinction of being the oldest continuously running university press in the United States.[97] To date the Press has published more than 6,000 titles and currently publishes 65 scholarly periodicals and over 200 new books each year Sony VPCEH3T9E Battery. Since 1993, the Johns Hopkins University Press has run Project MUSE, an online collection of over 250 full–text, peer–reviewed journals in the humanities and social sciences. The Press also houses the Hopkins Fulfilment Services (HFS), which handles distribution for a number of university presses and publishers. Taken together, the three divisions of the Press—Books, Journals (including MUSE) and HFS—make it one of the largest of America's university presses Sony VPCEJ15FG/B Battery. Student life Students gather under the holidays lights at the yearly "Lighting of the Quad", a Hopkins tradition The Johns Hopkins Student Government Association represents undergraduates in campus issues and projects. It is elected annually.[98] Blueprints for a new programming board called The Hopkins Organization for Programming ("The HOP") were drawn up during the summer and fall of 2006 Sony VPCEJ16FX/B Battery. In addition Charles Village, the region of North Baltimore surrounding the university, has undergone several restoration projects, and the university has gradually bought the property around the school for additional student housing and dormitories. The Charles Village Project, scheduled for completion in 2008, brought new commercial spaces to the neighborhood Sony VPCEJ1E1E Battery. The project included Charles Commons, a new, modern residence hall that includes popular retail franchises. Hopkins invested in improving campus life with an arts complex in 2001, the Mattin Center, and a three–story sports facility, the O'Connor Recreation Center. The large on–campus dining facilities at Homewood were renovated in the summer of 2006 Sony VPCEJ1J1E Battery. Quality of life is enriched by the proximity of neighboring academic institutions, including Loyola College, Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA), UMBC, Goucher College, and Towson University, as well as nearby Inner Harbor. Annually, the Johns Hopkins Spring Fair is held on the Homewood campus over a three day weekend in mid-to-late April. Food, arts and crafts, and non–profit vendors, along with a popular musical act and various other activities attract nearly 25,000 people from the greater Baltimore–Washington area Sony VPCEJ1L1E Battery. The Spring Fair is the largest entirely student–run fair in the country. Since 1972, the Johns Hopkins Outdoors Club, or JHOC, has organized weekend trips for students looking to experience the outdoors. Along with Outdoor Pursuits, an arm of the University's Rec Center, JHOC offers students the opportunity to participate in activities such as canoeing, kayaking, caving, and mountain biking Sony VPCEJ1M1E Battery. Housing Freshman Residence Hall at JHU Living on campus is required for first- and second-year students, except for commuter students who live with a parent or legal guardian.[101] Housing is not guaranteed for juniors or seniors at Johns Hopkins. Freshmen housing is centered around Freshman Quad, which consists of three major residence hall complexes: The Alumni Memorial Residences (AMR I and AMR II), Building A and Building B. Sony VPCEJ1S1E BatteryAMR I was built in 1923 and includes Royce, Sylvester, Vincent, Willard, Wilson and Wood houses; AMR II in 1954, holding Adams, Baker, Clark, Gildersleeve, Griffin, Hollander, Jennings, Lazear houses.[citation needed] The houses were named for Hopkins Alumni who died in World Wars I and II. While each house has its own outside entrance, there are no dividers indoors that distinguish them Sony VPCEJ1Z1E Battery. In 1983, Buildings A and B were added to Freshmen Quad.[citation needed] They have not yet been dedicated. Freshmen are also housed in Wolman Hall and the terrace floor of McCoy Hall, located on the other side of North Charles Street.[102] Freshman enter a housing lottery in their spring semester to determine where they will live during their sophomore year. Juniors and seniors may choose between entering the campus housing lottery or moving into nearby apartments or row houses Sony VPCEJ25FG/B Battery. They occupy one of four buildings.[103] The first, McCoy Hall, is located next to Wolman Hall on North Charles Street. McCoy Hall is predominantly composed of sophomores and transfer students.[104] Apartment-style housing is offered in the Bradford Apartments, one block east of campus on St. Paul Street, and in the Homewood Apartments, two blocks south on North Charles Street.[103] The last is Charles Commons, the newest and largest university–owned dormitory Sony VPCEJ2B1E Battery, located at the corner of North Charles and East 33rd. It was completed in 2006 to house 618 students and represented a major step by the university towards offering on–campus housing to students.[104] Charles Commons consists of two 11–story towers connected by a bridge, residential suites and features a ballroom, fitness center and several conference rooms. Nolan's on 33rd, a dining hall specializing in dinner services, is also located in the building. Sony VPCEJ2D1E BatteryJHU rents several buildings on North Charles Street to house students when necessary. At full capacity, dormitory buildings can house approximately 60% of undergraduates.[citation needed] Privately–owned apartment buildings around Homewood are usually filled with Hopkins upperclassmen, so despite the lack of university–owned dormitories, housing is available Sony VPCEJ2E1E Battery. [edit]Fraternities and sororities The University Office of Greek Life recognizes thirteen fraternities and eight sororities, which include approximately 25% of the student body. Greek life has been a part of the university culture since 1877, when Beta Theta Pi fraternity became the first to form a chapter on campus. Sororities arrived at Hopkins in 1982. As with all Hopkins programs, Greek discrimination on the basis of "marital status, pregnancy Sony VPCEJ2J1E Battery, race, color, ethnicity, national origin, age, disability, religion, sexual orientation, veteran status" is prohibited.[105] JHU also has an anti–hazing policy[106] and prohibits alcohol at recruitment activities.[107] Hopkins does not permit "city–wide" chapters, and requires all members of a JHU recognized fraternity or sorority to be a JHU student. Sony VPCEJ2L1E BatteryAs of spring 2011, 1,208 students were members of one of Hopkins' fraternities or sororities. The All–Greek Average GPA was 3.31, above the undergraduate average GPA.[109] In spring 2010 the university was considering construction of a "fraternity row" of houses to consolidate the groups on campus. Sony VPCEJ2S1E BatteryAll Johns Hopkins fraternities and sororities belong to one of four Councils: the Inter–Fraternity Council, the National Panhellenic Conference, the National Pan-Hellenic Council and the Multicultural Council. Unrecognized Alpha Kappa Alpha and Delta Sigma Theta African–American interest sororities often recruit Johns Hopkins undergraduates, in their city–wide chapters Sony VPCEJ2Z1E Battery. Delta Sigma Theta was the first National Pan–Hellenic Council member to charter on the campus in 1976, as well as the first sorority of any kind on the JHU campus. Kappa Alpha Theta, a National Panhellenic Conference (NPC) sorority, was disbanded by its national headquarters on April 14, 2009 after twelve years on campus.[117] The removal was due to repeated risk management violations Sony VPCEJ3T1E Battery. In March 2010, Johns Hopkins University officially opened for NPC extension.[clarification needed] In May 2010, the University Panhellenic Council selected Pi Beta Phi, which opened in the fall of 2010. Recruitment for Inter–Fraternity Council and Panhellenic Conference fraternities and sororities takes place during the spring semester for freshmen, though some groups recruit upperclassmen during the fall semester. Sony VPCEJM1E BatteryAll participants must have completed one semester and must be in good academic standing.[citation needed] Many of the fraternities maintain houses off campus, but no sororities do.[citation needed] Baltimore City allows housing to be zoned specifically for use as a fraternity or sorority house, but in practice this zoning code has not been awarded for at least 50 years.[citation needed] Only Sigma Phi Epsilon's building has this zoning code due to its consistent ownership since the 1920s Sony VPCEK25EG/B Battery. Student publications Gilman Hall, Center for the Humanities Hopkins has many student publications. The Johns Hopkins News-Letter, founded in 1896, is one of the oldest continuously published weekly college newspapers in the nation with a press run of 5,200.[120] The News-Letter won a Associated Collegiate Press Newspaper Pacemaker award for four–year, non–daily college newspapers in 2007 Sony VPCEK25EH/B Battery. The Hopkins Donkey is a political newspaper with a Democratic perspective on international, national and state–wide political topics. The Carrollton Record is a political newspaper with an American conservative perspective on campus and city–wide politics.[121] Epidemic Proportions is the university's public health research journal, designed to highlight JHU research and field work in public health. Combining research and scholarship, the journal seeks to capture the breadth and depth of the JHU undergraduate public health experience. Sony VPCEK25EN/B BatteryThoroughfare, Zeniada and j.mag are literary magazines. Prometheus is the undergraduate philosophy journal.[123] Frame of Reference is an annual magazine that focuses on film and film culture.[124] The New Diplomat is the multi–disciplinary international relations journal. Foundations is the undergraduate history journal. Américas is the Latin American Studies journal. Argot is the undergraduate anthropology journal. The Triple Helix is the university's journal to address issues concerning science, law and society. Perspectives is the official newsletter of the Black Student Union. Sony VPCS11V9E/B BatteryThe Black & Blue Jay is among the nation's oldest campus humor magazines. It was founded in 1920.[129] According to The Johns Hopkins News–Letter, the magazine's name led the News–Letter to first use the moniker Blue Jays to refer to a Hopkins athletic team in 1923.[130] While the magazine enjoyed popularity among students, it received repeated opposition from the university administration, reportedly for its vulgar humor Sony VPCCW15FA/B Battery. In October 1934, Dean Edward R. Berry removed financial support for the magazine; without funding, the magazine continued under the name The Blue Jay until Berry threatened to expel the editors in 1939. The magazine had a revival in 1984, and has appeared intermittently since then. Sony VPCCW15FA/P Battery[edit]Student–run businesses Hopkins Student Enterprises (HSE)[132] is a startup incubator with the goal of fostering student innovation and encouraging the development of student–run businesses. Currently, four businesses are in operation:[133] Hopkins Consulting Agency (HCA)—Business and technology consulting company that prepares technology commercialization reports and business plans. Hopkins Student Movers (HSM)—Moving and storage company that serves JHU faculty, staff, and students and the broader Baltimore community. Sony VPCCW15FA/W BatteryHopkins Student Creative Services (HSCS)—Full service graphic design company.[135] The Blue Jay Cleaners - Student janitorial service for all on-campus and select off campus residence halls. Athletics Athletics logo Main article: Johns Hopkins Blue Jays Athletic teams are called Blue Jays. Even though sable and gold are used for academic robes, the university's athletic colors are Columbia blue (PMS 284) and black. Sony VPCCW15FG/B Battery Hopkins celebrates Homecoming in the spring to coincide with the height of the lacrosse season. The Men's and Women's lacrosse teams are in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I. Other teams are in Division III and participate in the Centennial Conference. JHU is also home to the Lacrosse Museum and National Hall of Fame, maintained by US Lacrosse. Men's lacrosse Sony VPCCW15FG/P BatteryMain article: Johns Hopkins Blue Jays men's lacrosse Johns Hopkins Men's Lacrosse at Homewood Field The school's most prominent team is its men's lacrosse team. The team does not belong to a conference. The team has won 44 national titles – nine Division I (2007, 2005, 1987, 1985, 1984, 1980, 1979, 1978, 1974), 29 United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (USILA), and six Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (ILA) titles Sony VPCCW15FG/W Battery. Hopkins' primary national rivals are Princeton University, Syracuse University, and the University of Virginia; its primary intrastate rivals are Loyola College (competing in what is called the "Charles Street Massacre"), Towson University, the United States Naval Academy, and the University of Maryland. The rivalry with Maryland is the oldest. The schools have met 103 times since 1899, twice in playoff matches Sony VPCCW15FN/R Battery. [edit]Women's lacrosse Main article: Johns Hopkins Blue Jays women's lacrosse The women's team is a member of the American Lacrosse Conference (ALC). The team is developing into a top twenty team. The Lady Blue Jays were ranked number 19 in the 2008 Inside Lacrosse Women's DI Media Poll (ILWDIMP). They ranked number 8 in both the 2007 Intercollegiate Women's Lacrosse Coaches Association (IWLCA) Poll for Division I and the ILWDIMP. In 2006, they were ranked 14th in the ILWDIMP, in 2005 Sony VPCCW16FA/B Battery, they were 11th, and, in 2004, they were 9th. However, recently the team has struggled and finished with a record of 5 wins and 12 losses in the 2009 season. [edit]Other teams Hopkins has notable Division III Athletic teams. JHU Men's Swimming won three consecutive NCAA Championships in 1977, 1978, and 1979.[137] In 2009–2010, Hopkins won 8 Centennial Conference titles in Women's Cross Country, Women's Track & Field, Baseball, Men's and Women's Soccer, Football, and Men's and Women's Tennis Sony VPCCW16FA/L Battery. The Women's Cross Country team became the first women's team at Hopkins to achieve a #1 National ranking. In 2006–2007 teams won Centennial Conference titles in Baseball, Men's and Women's Soccer, Men's and Women's Tennis and Men's Basketball. Hopkins has an acclaimed fencing team, which ranked in the top three Division III teams in the past few years and in both 2008 and 2007 defeated the University of North Carolina, a Division I team Sony VPCCW16FA/P Battery. In 2008, they defeated UNC and won the MACFA championship. The Swimming team ranked highly in NCAA Division III for the last 10 years, most recently placing second at DIII Nationals in 2008. The Water Polo team was number one in Division III for several of the past years, playing a full schedule against Division I opponents. Hopkins also has a century-old rivalry with McDaniel College Sony VPCCW16FA/R Battery (formerly Western Maryland College), playing the Green Terrors 83 times in football since the first game in 1894. In 2009 the football team reached the quarterfinals of the NCAA Division III tournament, with three tournament appearances since 2005. In 2008, the baseball team ranked second, losing in the final game of the DIII College World Series to Trinity College. Sony VPCCW16FA/W Battery[edit]Notable alumni, faculty and staff Main article: List of Johns Hopkins University people [edit]Nobel laureates Main article: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Johns Hopkins University As of 2011, there had been 37 Nobel Laureates, who attended the university as undergraduate students, graduate students or were faculty members.[139] Woodrow Wilson, who received his PhD from Johns Hopkins in 1886, was Hopkins' first affiliated laureate, winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919.[139][140] Twenty-three laureates were faculty members, five earned PhDs Sony VPCCW16FG/B Battery, eight earned M.D. while Francis Peyton Rous and Martin Rodbell earned undergraduate degrees. Eighteen Johns Hopkins laureates have won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, more than any other category.[139] Four Nobel Prizes were shared by Johns Hopkins laureates: George Minot and George Whipple won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,[141] Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Sony VPCCW16FG/L Battery Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,[143] and David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[144] Two Johns Hopkins laureates won Nobel Prizes in Physics, Riccardo Giacconi in 2002 [145] and Adam Riess in 2011 Sony VPCCW16FG/P Battery.
Imperial College London (officially The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine)[1] is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom, specialising in science, engineering, business and medicine.[5] Formerly a constituent college of the federal University of London, Imperial became fully independent in 2007, the 100th anniversary of its founding. Sony PCG-71313M batteryImperial's main campus is located in the South Kensington area of central London on the boundary between the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the City of Westminster. It has additional campuses in the Chelsea, Hammersmith and Paddington areas of central London. With a total of 525,233 square metres of operational property Sony PCG-71212M battery, it has one of the largest estates of any higher education institution in the UK.[7] Imperial is organised into four main academic units – Imperial College Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Faculty of Engineering and the Imperial College Business School – within which there are over 40 departments, institutes and research centres. Sony PCG-71311M batteryImperial has around 13,500 full-time students and 3,330 academic and research staff[9] and had a total income of £705 million in 2010/11, of which £299 million was from research grants and contracts.[2] Imperial is a major centre for biomedical research and is a founding member of the Imperial College Healthcare academic health science centre. Sony PCG-71213M battery It is consistently ranked among the top universities in the world, ranking 24th in the world (and 5th in Europe) in the 2011 Academic Ranking of World Universities,[11] 6th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) in the 2011 QS World University Rankings,[12] and 8th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) in the 2012 Times Higher Education World University Rankings. Sony PCG-61211M battery There are currently 14 Nobel Prize winners and two Fields Medal winners amongst Imperial's alumni and current and former faculty.[14][15] Imperial is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the Association of MBAs, the European University Association, the G5, the IDEA League, the League of European Research Universities, Oak Ridge Associated Universities and the Russell Group Sony VAIO VPCF24Q1E battery. It forms part of the 'Golden Triangle' of British universities.[16] History Sir Henry de la Beche [edit]Origins The origins of the constituent elements of Imperial can be traced back as far as the 15th century. The College of St Gregory and St Martin at Wye was originally founded in 1447 as a seminary, with an agricultural college being established at Wye in the 1890s after the removal of the theological college Sony VAIO VPCF13M1E/H battery. The medical schools of Charing Cross Hospital, Westminster Hospital and St Mary's Hospital were opened in 1823, 1834 and 1854 respectively. The Royal School of Mines was founded by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851, laying one of the foundation stones for scientific teaching in Britain. The Royal College of Science was established in 1881 and the City and Guilds College in 1884. Sony VAIO VPCF12Z1E/BI battery[edit]20th century In 1907, the newly established Board of Education found that greater capacity for higher technical education was needed and a proposal to merge the City and Guilds College, the Royal School of Mines and the Royal College of Science was approved and passed, creating The Imperial College of Science and Technology as a constituent college of the University of London Sony VAIO VPCF12S1E/B battery. Imperial's Royal Charter, granted by Edward VII, was officially signed on 8 July 1907. The main campus of Imperial College was constructed beside the buildings of the Imperial Institute in South Kensington. The Queen's Tower near dusk The Imperial College Boat Club was founded on 12 December 1919. Imperial acquired Silwood Park in 1947, to provide a site for research and teaching in those aspects of biology not well suited for the main London campus Sony VAIO VPCF13Z8E/BI battery. Felix, Imperial's student newspaper, was launched on 9 December 1949. On 29 January 1950, the government announced that it was intended that Imperial should expand to meet the scientific and technological challenges of the 20th century and a major expansion of the College followed over the next decade. In 1959 the Wolfson Foundation donated £350,000 for the establishment of a new Biochemistry Department Sony VAIO VPCF13Z8E battery. A special relationship between Imperial and the Indian Institute of Technology (Delhi) was established in 1963. The Department of Management Science was created in 1971 and the Associated Studies Department was established in 1972. The Humanities Department was opened in 1980, formed from the Associated Studies and History of Science departments Sony VAIO VPCF13M1E/B battery. In 1988 Imperial merged with St Mary's Hospital Medical School, becoming The Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine. In 1995 Imperial launched its own academic publishing house, Imperial College Press, in partnership with World Scientific.[20] Imperial merged with the National Heart and Lung Institute in 1995 and the Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School Sony VAIO VPCF1318E/H battery, Royal Postgraduate Medical School (RPMS) and the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in 1997. In that year the Imperial College School of Medicine was formally established. In 1998 the Sir Alexander Fleming Building was opened in order to provide purpose-built headquarters for the College's medical and biomedical research. In 2000 Imperial merged with both the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology and Wye College Sony VAIO VPCF13J0E/H battery, the University of London's agricultural college in Wye, Kent. It agreed to keep Agricultural Sciences at Wye, but closed them in 2004.[21] In December 2005, Imperial announced a science park programme at the Wye campus, with extensive housing;[22] however, this was abandoned in September 2006 following complaints that the proposal infringed on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty Sony VAIO VPCF13E8E battery, and that the true scale of the scheme, which could have raised £110m for the College, was known to Kent and Ashford Councils and their consultants but concealed from the public.[21] Wye College will now be run by the University of Kent from September 2007 in association with Imperial College London and Wye College, graduates will receive a degree from the University of Kent and an Imperial Associateship of Wye College. Sony VAIO VPCF13E4E battery21st century In May 2001 a new faculty structure was established, with all departments being assigned to the Faculties of Engineering, Medicine, Physical Sciences and Life Sciences. A merger with University College London was proposed in October 2002, but was abandoned a month later following protests from staff over potential redundancies. Sony VAIO VPCF12M1E/H battery In 2003 Imperial was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right by the Privy Council. The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in the same year as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London.[25][26] In 2004 the Tanaka Business School (now named the Imperial College Business School) and a new Main Entrance on Exhibition Road were opened by Her Majesty The Queen Sony VAIO VPCF12F4E/H battery. In November 2005 the faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences merged to become the Faculty of Natural Sciences. On 9 December 2005, Imperial College announced that it would commence negotiations to secede from the University of London.[27] The University of London became fully independent of Imperial College in July 2007 and the first students to register for an Imperial College degree were postgraduates beginning their course in October 2007 Sony VAIO VPCF12E1E/H battery, with the first undergraduates enrolling for an Imperial degree in October 2008. In May 2012 Imperial, UCL and the IT company Intel announced the establishment of the Intel Collaborative Research Institute for Sustainable Connected Cities, a London-based institute for research into the future of cities. Campus The Natural History Museum on Exhibition Road Imperial's main campus is in South Kensington, situated in an area with a high concentration of cultural and academic institutions known as Albertopolis Sony VAIO VPCF11Z1E/BI battery, which also includes the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Royal College of Music, the Royal College of Art, the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Albert Hall. The expansion of the South Kensington campus in the 1960s absorbed the site of the former Imperial Institute, designed by Thomas Collcutt, of which only the 287 foot (87 m) high Queen's Tower remains among the more modern buildings Sony VAIO VPCF24M1E battery. Imperial has two other major campuses – at Silwood Park (near Ascot in Berkshire) and at Wye (near Ashford in Kent). The Wye campus, some of it dating back to the 15th century, is currently vacant and available for sale or rent. The Imperial College NHS Trust has multiple hospitals throughout Greater London and various medic lectures are conducted within these hospitals Sony VAIO VPCF23S1E battery, including St. Mary's Hospital, Charing Cross Hospital, Northwick Park Hospital & St. Mark's Hospital and Hammersmith Hospital. In 1997, the parliamentary Imperial College Act 1997 officially transferred all the obligations, powers and property of Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, the National Heart and Lung Institute and the Royal Postgraduate Medical School to Imperial Sony VAIO VPCF231S1E battery. Extensive renovation continues throughout the College estate. Recent major projects include the Imperial College Business School, the Ethos sports centre, the Southside hall of residence and the Eastside hall of residence. Current major projects include the reconstruction of the south-eastern quadrant of the South Kensington campus Sony VAIO VPCF23Q1E battery. Organisation and administration Imperial's entrance on Exhibition Road [edit]Faculties and departments Imperial’s research and teaching is organised within a network of faculties and academic departments. Imperial currently has the following three constituent faculties: Imperial College Faculty of Engineering Imperial College Faculty of Medicine Imperial College Faculty of Natural Sciences. The Imperial College Business School, Department of Humanities and Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine exist as academic units outside of the faculty structure Sony VAIO VPCF23M1E battery. The humanities department's main purpose is to provide elective subjects and language courses outside the field of science for students in the other faculties and departments. Students are encouraged to take these classes either for credit or in their own time, and in some departments this is mandatory.[34] Courses exist in a wide range of topics including philosophy Sony VAIO VPCF22S8E battery, ethics in science and technology, history, modern literature and drama, art in the 20th century, film studies.[35] Language courses are available in French, German, Japanese, Italian, Russian, Spanish, Arabic and Mandarin Chinese.[36] The humanities department also runs a full-time course in scientific translation,[37] and is home to the Science Communication Group which offers Masters degrees in Science Communication and Science Media Production for science graduates Sony VAIO VPCF22S1E battery. Finances In the financial year ended 31 July 2011, Imperial had total net income of £704.2 million (2009/10 – £693.2 million) and total expenditure of £660.4 million (2009/10 – £651.2 million).[2] Key sources of income included £299.2 million from research grants and contracts (2009/10 – £296.8 million), £168.6 million from Funding Council grants (2009/10 – £172.2 million) Sony VAIO VPCF22M1E battery, £137.9 million from academic fees and support grants (2009/10 – £120.9 million) and £5.6 million from endowment and investment income (2009/10 – £15.0 million).[2] During the 2010/11 financial year Imperial had a capital expenditure of £76.9 million (2009/10 – £115.0 million). At 31 July 2011 Imperial had endowments of £75.6 million (2009/10 – £58.8 million) and total net assets of £843.2 million (2009/10 – £744.6 million) Sony VAIO VPCF22L1E battery. Academics Imperial has over 6,000 academic staff, including 2 Fields Medallists, 66 Fellows of the Royal Society, 71 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 62 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences. Research The Bessemer building Imperial had a total income from research grants and contracts in 2010/11 of £299 million, the second-highest of any British university in that year (after the University of Oxford) Sony VAIO VPCF22J1E battery. In the December 2001 Research Assessment Exercise (RAE), 75% of staff achieved a 5* rating, the highest proportion in any UK university.[40] The College was second in the country with an overall score of 6.68 out of 7.[41] The most recent RAE returned 26% of the 1225 staff submitted as being world-leading (4*) and a further 47% as being internationally excellent (3*) Sony VAIO VPCF11S1E/B battery. In the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise five subjects – Pure Mathematics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Mechanical, Aeronautical and Manufacturing Engineering – were assessed to be the best in terms of the proportion of internationally recognised research quality. Sony VAIO VPCF11M1E/H batteryImperial has a dedicated technology transfer company known as Imperial Innovations. Imperial actively encourages its staff to commercialise its research and as a result has given rise to a proportionally large number of spin-out companies based on academic research. Imperial College, in conducting research on Parkinson's disease and Multiple Sclerosis, hosts a brain bank consisting of brains donated by individuals affected with either of these diseases. Sony VAIO VPCF11D4E battery This brain bank is the largest in the world, consisting of 296 samples.[45] [edit]Medicine Main articles: Imperial College Faculty of Medicine and Imperial College Healthcare St. Mary's Hospital The Imperial Faculty of Medicine is one of the largest faculties of medicine in the UK. It was formed through mergers between Imperial and the St Mary’s, Charing Cross and Westminster, and Royal Postgraduate medical schools and has six teaching hospitals. It accepts more than 300 undergraduate medical students per year and has around 321 taught and 700 research full-time equivalent postgraduate students Sony VAIO VPCF11C5E battery. Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust was formed on 1 October 2007 by the merger of Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust (Charing Cross Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital and Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital) and St Mary's NHS Trust (St. Mary's Hospital and Western Eye Hospital) with Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine. Sony VAIO VPCF11C4E/B battery It is an academic health science centre and manages five hospitals: Charing Cross Hospital, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital, St Mary's Hospital, and Western Eye Hospital. The Trust is currently the largest in the UK and has an annual turnover of £800 million, treating more than a million patients a year. Sony VAIO PCG-31114V batteryOther (non-academic health science centres) hospitals affiliated with Imperial College include Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Royal Brompton Hospital, West Middlesex University Hospital, Hillingdon Hospital, Mount Vernon Hospital, Harefield Hospital, Ealing Hospital, Central Middlesex Hospital, Northwick Park Hospital, St. Mark's Hospital, St. Charles' Hospital and St.Peter's Hospital (UK). Sony VAIO PCG-31114M batteryAdmissions The Faculty Building at the South Kensington campus Imperial is among the most selective universities in the UK.[48] From 1999 to 2009 (dates of all the online available records), the overall acceptance rate of Imperial College programmes has been consistently below 20%[49] and, in 2009, the acceptance rate of the college for undergraduates was 15.3%.[50] The acceptance rate for postgraduate courses was 19.5%. Sony VAIO PCG-31113M batteryImperial, along with University College London[51] and the University of Cambridge[52] was one of the first universities in the UK to make use of the A* grade at A Level for admissions, with engineering and physics courses requiring an A* in Mathematics. Aeronautical Engineering is the course with the highest entry standards requiring an A* in Mathematics Sony VAIO PCG-31112M battery (A grades in every single module) and an A* in Physics and another A grade at A Level (Further Mathematics preferred). Mathematics courses themselves require A* grades in Mathematics and Further Mathematics, along with another A grade at A Level. Imperial announced in summer 2008 that it was exploring the possibility of entrance exams to help it select the most suitable students. Sony VAIO PCG-31111M battery Since then, the College has been reviewing and piloting a range of assessment approaches, such as subject-specific tests, skills tests and motivation-based tests as part of enhanced interviews and will continue to do so during the 2009–10 academic year. The Cambridge Thinking Skills assessment (TSA) was one test trialled on existing Imperial College students Sony VAIO PCG-41112M battery. No date is set for the implementation of any entrance exam for applicants. Medicine and BioMedical Sciences at Imperial already uses the BMAT (BioMedical Attainment Test) as part of the selection process. [edit]Rankings Imperial College is consistently ranked one of the top universities in the world. Most rankings place it in the top 10 globally. In the 2010 Academic Ranking of World Universities, Imperial is ranked 24th overall in the world (and 5th in Europe). Sony VAIO PCG-41111M batteryIn the subject tables it is ranked 23rd in the world (and 5th in Europe) for clinical medicine and pharmacy,[62] 30th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) for engineering/technology and computer sciences,[63] 24th in the world (and 5th in Europe) for natural sciences and mathematics[64] and 14th in the world (and 2nd in Europe) for physics. In the 2010 QS World University Rankings SONY VAIO PCG-21212M battery, Imperial is ranked 7th overall in the world (and 4th in Europe). In the subject tables it is ranked 6th in the world (and 2nd in Europe) for engineering and technology,[66] 11th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) for life sciences and medicine[67] and 11th in the world (and 4th in Europe) for natural sciences. SONY VAIO PCG-21211M batteryIn the 2011 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, Imperial is ranked 8th overall in the world (and 3rd in Europe). In the subject tables it is ranked 3rd in the world (and 2nd in Europe) for clinical, pre-clinical and health,[69] 9th in the world (and 4th in Europe) for engineering and technology, 9th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) for life sciences[71] and 13th in the world (and 4th in Europe) for physical sciences. SONY VAIO PCG-51212M batteryImperial is also consistently one of the highest ranked universities in the UK university rankings and is 3rd overall in the 2011 Complete University Guide, Sunday Times University Guide and Times Good University Guide and 7th in the 2011 Guardian University Guide. In the Complete University Guide subject tables Imperial is currently ranked 3rd for biological sciences SONY VAIO PCG-51211M battery, 2nd for chemical engineering, 1st for civil engineering, 3rd for computer science and 3rd for medicine.[73] In the Guardian University Guide subject tables it is currently ranked 2nd for chemical engineering, 1st for civil engineering, 3rd for materials and mineral engineering and 3rd for mechanical engineering.[74] The college has been the only institution to have displaced Oxford from the top two spots in a major university league table. SONY VAIO PCG-51112M batteryThe Financial Times placed Imperial's Business School within the top 20 in Europe.[76] The Business School is also consistently ranked in the top 10 worldwide for entrepreneurship[citation needed]. The business school also offers a full time MBA that is ranked 17th in Europe by the Financial Times and a part time Executive MBA programme that is ranked 4th in Europe SONY VAIO PCG-51111M battery. Human Resources & Labor Review, a human competitiveness index & analysis published in Chasecareer Network, ranked Imperial 26th internationally in 2010 as one of the 300 Best World Universities. Furthermore, in terms of job prospects, Imperial is one of the best in the UK. The average starting salary of an Imperial graduate is £25,780 which is the highest of any UK university. SONY VAIO PCG-81212M batteryIn 2009, the Sunday Times ranked Computing graduates from Imperial as earning the second highest average starting salary behind Cambridge economics graduates, £34,960,[78] after graduation, over all universities and courses. Student life Royal School of Mines entrance and the Goldsmiths' wing, Prince Consort Road, London Student body For the 2007–08 academic year, Imperial College had a total full-time student body of 12,319: 8741 undergraduate students and 3578 postgraduates. In addition there were 1036 part-time students Sony VAIO PCG-81112M battery, all postgraduates. 29% of all full-time students come from outside the European Union Average age in Imperial College is 23 for Post Grad. Imperial's male:female ratio for undergraduate students is uneven at approximately 64:36 overall[50] and 5:1 in some engineering courses. However, medicine has an approximate 1:1 ratio with biology degrees tending to be higher SONY VAIO PCG-71111M battery. Imperial College Union Main article: Imperial College Union Imperial College Union, the students' union at Imperial College, is run by five full-time sabbatical officers elected from the student body for a tenure of one year, and a number of permanent members of staff. The Union is given a large subvention by the university, much of which is spent on maintaining around 300 clubs, projects and societies SONY VAIO PCG-7196M battery. Examples of notable student groups and projects are Project Nepal which sends Imperial College students to work on educational development programmes in rural Nepal and the El Salvador Project, a construction based project in Central America. The Union also hosts sports-related clubs such as Imperial College Boat Club and Imperial College Gliding Club SONY VAIO PCG-7195M battery. The Union operates on two sites; Beit Quad, South Kensington and Reynold's, Hammersmith while the Imperial College School of Medicine Students' Union additionally looks after the social, academic and welfare needs of the 2,200 students within the faculty of medicine. Facilities Sports facilities at Imperial's London campuses include four gyms, two swimming pools and two sports halls. Imperial has additional sports facilities at the Teddington and Hartington sports grounds SONY VAIO PCG-7194M battery. On the South Kensington campus, there are a total of six music practice rooms which consist of upright pianos for usage by people of any grade, and grand pianos which are exclusively for people who have achieved Grade 8 or above.[85] There are two student bars on the South Kensington campus, one at the Imperial College Union and one at Eastside.[86] There is also a bar for postgraduates and staff called the Holland Club SONY VAIO PCG-7192M battery. Student Media Imperial College Radio Imperial College Radio (or ICRadio) was founded in November 1975 with the intention of broadcasting to the student halls of residence from a studio under Southside, actually commencing broadcasts in late 1976. It now broadcasts from the West Basement of Beit Quad over the internet www.icradio.com[88] and, since 2004, on 1134 AM in Wye SONY PCG-8113M battery. The radio station has a library of over 51,000 tracks, which are searchable on their website. In 2006 IC Radio received two nominations in the Student Radio Awards: Best Entertainment Show for Liquid Lunch[89] and Best Male Presenter for Martin Archer.[90] Popular shows on IC Radio in recent years (2006/2007) include: Rocktopia, School Daze' (pop), 'Instru(Mental)' (dance), 'VPT'[91] (Entertainment/Shambles), 'Peter and James'[92]'Moon Unit'[93] and 'The Cornerstone' SONY PCG-8112M battery (both of which play rock and alternative) and 'Album – A Discourse in Musical History'[95] (devoted to seminal albums). Imperial College Radio is now best known for its specialist dance music shows, with the likes of Believe The Hype (Electro/Indie), Peer Pressure (Techno) and On Dancefloors (Electro/House) gaining critical acclaim and notoriety not just in college but throughout London SONY PCG-7134M battery . [edit]stoic TV stoic TV (Student Television of Imperial College) is Imperial College Union's TV station, founded in 1969 and operating from a small TV studio in the Electrical Engineering block. The department had bought an early AMPEX Type A 1-inch videotape recorder and this was used to produce an occasional short news programme which was then played to students by simply moving the VTR and a monitor into a common room SONY PCG-7131M battery . A cable link to the Southside halls of residence was laid in a tunnel under Exhibition Road in 1972. Besides the news, early productions included a film of the Queen opening what was then called College Block and interview programmes with DJ Mike Raven, Richard O'Brian and Monty Python producer Ian MacNaughton SONY PCG-7122M battery. In 2006 it was named Best Broadcaster at NaSTA and also won awards for Best On-Screen Male and Best On-Screen Female. It now broadcasts from studios in the specially built media centre in the Student Union to the Junior Common Room and occasionally DaVinci's Bar. Programmes are also available to watch on their website. SONY PCG-7121M battery[edit]Felix Published weekly, Felix is the free student newspaper of Imperial. It aims to be independent of both the College itself and the Student Union. The editor is elected annually from the student body; the editorship is a full-time, sabbatical position. In 2006 and 2008, Felix won the Guardian Student Media Awards for Student newspaper of the year and Student journalist of the year SONY PCG-7113M battery. Live! Live! is an online student news source and forum run by the City and Guilds College Union. Live! also enables readers to view published articles from Livic, the monthly newspaper of CivSoc, the student society in the department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Content on Live! is text-based news, with one or more photographs per article to illustrate the event SONY PCG-7112M battery . At the start of 2007 the ability to display videos was added, increasing the breadth of its coverage. Co-operation with Imperial's student television station, stoic TV has led to the introduction of politically-focused video content on the site by syndicating weekly news bulletins and the "Ask the President" show. Live! was also named the best student website in the 2007 Guardian Student Media Awards SONY PCG-8Z3M battery. Student housing Beit Hall (student housing) Imperial College owns and manages twenty halls of residence in Inner London, Ealing, Ascot and Wye. Over three thousand rooms are available, guaranteeing first year undergraduates a place in College residences. The majority of halls offer single or twin accommodation with some rooms having en suite facilities. Study bedrooms are provided with basic furniture and with access to shared kitchens and bathrooms SONY PCG-8Z2M battery. The majority of rooms come with internet access and access to the Imperial network. Most of them are considered among the newest student halls at London universities. Most students in college or university accommodation are first-year undergraduates, since they are granted a room once they have selected Imperial College as their firm offer at UCAS. The majority of older students and postgraduates find accommodation in the private sector, help for which is provided by the College private housing office SONY PCG-8Z1M battery. However a handful of students may continue to live in halls in later years if they take the position of a "hall senior". Some students are also selected to live in International Students House, London. Other The El Salvador Project is a charitable volunteer project that is constructing earthquake-proof buildings in the poorer areas of El Salvador. About 10 students from the Civil and Environmental Engineering department travel to El Salvador each year to carry out construction work SONY PCG-8Y3M battery. The project has resulted in a registered charity run by Imperial College alumni and former leaders of the El Salvador Project called Engage for Development (www.engagefordevelopment.org). The charity still continues to run and support the annual El Salvador Project within Imperial College but has also taken on a range of other projects such as the Imperial College Tanzania Raincatcher Project SONY PCG-8Y2M battery . Teams from Imperial won University Challenge in 1996 and 2001.[98] Notable alumni, faculty and staff Some of Imperial's most well-known alumni, faculty and staff include: Friends of Imperial College is an association with strong links into the college. It offers anyone interested in the great advances that are being made in science, medicine and technology the opportunity to learn more from leading figures in their fields. Friends provides opportunities for members and their guests to meet and talk with staff, students, alumni and other like-minded people in a programme of visits, talks and social events SONY PCG-7Z1M battery . University College London (UCL) is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom, and the oldest and largest constituent college of the federal University of London.[5] Founded in 1826, UCL was the first university institution to be founded in London and the first in England to be established on an entirely secular basis, to admit students regardless of their religion and to admit women on equal terms with men. SONY PCG-6W2M battery UCL became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London in 1836. UCL's main campus is located in the Bloomsbury area of central London, with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals located elsewhere in central London. UCL is organised into 10 constituent faculties, within which there are over 100 departments, institutes and research centres. UCL had a total income of £802 million in 2010/11 SONY PCG-5J5M battery , of which £283 million was from research grants and contracts.[2] For the period 1999 to 2009 it was the 13th most-cited university in the world (and the most-cited in Europe). UCL has around 4,000 academic and research staff and 650 professors, the highest number of any British university.[8] There are 26 Nobel Prize winners and three Fields Medalists amongst UCL’s alumni and current and former staff, the most recent being Sir Charles K. Kao, who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2009 SONY PCG-5K2M battery. UCL is ranked 20th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) in the 2011 Academic Ranking of World Universities, 7th in the world (and 4th in Europe) in the 2011 QS World University Rankings and 17th in the world (and 5th in Europe) in the 2011 Times Higher Education World University Rankings. UCL is part of three of the 11 biomedical research centres established by the NHS in England and is a founding member of UCL Partners, the largest academic health science centre in Europe. SONY PCG-5K1M battery UCL is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association, the G5, the League of European Research Universities, the Russell Group, UNICA and Universities UK. It forms part of the 'Golden Triangle' of British universities. History The London University as drawn by Thomas Hosmer Shepherd and published in 1827/28 (now the UCL Main Building) William Ramsay is regarded as a "father of noble gases". Main article: History of University College London SONY PCG-5J4M battery1826 to 1901 UCL was founded on 11 February 1826 under the name London University as a secular alternative to the religious universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Although the philosopher Jeremy Bentham is commonly seen as the father of UCL, he personally took no part in its creation. Bentham's radical ideas on education and society were the inspiration to the institution's founders however SONY PCG-5J1M battery , particularly the Scotsmen James Mill (1773–1836) and Henry Brougham (1778–1868).[17] In 1827 the Chair of Political Economy at London University was created, with John Ramsay McCulloch as the first incumbent, establishing one of the first Department of Economics in England.[18] In 1828 the university became the first in England to offer English as a degree subject[19] and the teaching of Classics and medicine began SONY PCG-5G2M battery. In 1830 London University founded the London University School, which was to later become University College School. In 1833 the university appointed Captain Alexander Maconochie, Secretary to the Royal Geographical Society, as the first professor of geography in the UK. In 1834 University College Hospital opened as a teaching hospital for the university medical school. Sony VAIO PCG-8131M battery In 1836, London University became formally known as University College, London, when, under a Royal Charter, it worked with the recently established King's College, London, to create the federal University of London. The Slade School of Fine Art was founded in 1871 as the result of a bequest from Felix Slade. In 1878 UCL became the first British university to admit women on equal terms to men. Sony VAIO PCG-8152M battery In 1898 William Ramsay discovered the elements krypton, neon and xenon whilst professor of chemistry at UCL. 1901 to 2001 Sir Gregory Foster became UCL’s first Provost in 1906, a post that he held for the next 23 years. In the same year the Cruciform Building was opened as the new home for University College Hospital. Sony VAIO PCG-31311M battery In 1907 the University of London was formally reconstituted with a new Royal charter, and a number of new institutions joined the federation. As part of this reorganisation each of the constituent institutions, including UCL, lost their legal independence, and henceforth all offered degrees awarded by the University of London. UCL sustained considerable bomb damage during the Second World War Sony VAIO PCG-31111M battery, including to the Great Hall and the Carey Foster Physics Laboratory. The first UCL student magazine, Pi Magazine, was published for the first time on 21 February 1946. The Institute of Jewish Studies relocated to UCL in 1959. The Mullard Space Science Laboratory was established in 1967. In 1973 UCL became the first international link to the ARPANET, the precursor of the internet, sending the world's first e-mail in the same year Sony VAIO PCG-8112M battery. In 1976 a new charter restored UCL's legal independence, although not – at that time – the power to award its own degrees. It was also under this charter that the College became formally known as University College London (thus abandoning the comma after "College" which had been used since 1836). In 1986 UCL merged with the Institute of Archaeology. Sony VAIO PCG-7186M battery In 1988 UCL merged with the Institute of Laryngology & Otology, the Institute of Orthopaedics, the Institute of Urology & Nephrology and Middlesex Hospital Medical School.[30] In 1994 the University College London Hospitals NHS Trust was established. UCL merged with the College of Speech Sciences and the Institute of Ophthalmology in 1995, the Institute of Child Health and the School of Podiatry in 1996 and the Institute of Neurology in 1997. Sony VAIO PCG-7171M battery In 1998 UCL merged with the Royal Free Hospital Medical School to create the Royal Free and University College Medical School (renamed the UCL Medical School in October 2008). In 1999 UCL merged with the School of Slavonic and East European Studies and the Eastman Dental Institute.[30] 2001 to 2011 Jeremy Bentham's auto-icon is on public display in the cloisters of the UCL Main Building Sony VAIO PCG-9Z1M battery. The UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science, the first university department in the world devoted specifically to reducing crime, was founded in 2001. Proposals were launched in 2002 to merge UCL with Imperial College London to create 'the world's number-one university'.[35] The proposal provoked strong opposition from UCL teaching staff and students and the AUT union, which criticised 'the indecent haste and lack of consultation', leading to its abandonment and the resignation of the UCL Provost Sir Derek Roberts Sony VAIO PCG-5S1M battery. The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in 2003 as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London. In 2005 UCL was again granted its own taught and research degree awarding powers and all new UCL students registered from 2007/08 qualified with UCL degrees rather than University of London degrees Sony VAIO PCG-5P1M battery. Also in 2005 a major new £422 million building was opened for University College Hospital on Euston Road,[39] and the UCL Ear Institute was established. Another major campus addition was the opening of the award-winning 16 Taviton Street building – purpose-built as the home for the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies. In 2007 the UCL Cancer Institute was opened in the newly constructed Paul O'Gorman Building Sony VAIO PCG-5N2M battery. In August 2008 UCL formed UCL Partners, the largest academic health science centre in Europe, with Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust and University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.[40] In 2008 UCL established the UCL School of Energy & Resources in Adelaide, Australia, the first campus of a British university in the country Sony VAIO PCG-3C2M battery. In 2009, the Yale UCL Collaborative was established between UCL, UCL Partners, Yale University, Yale School of Medicine and Yale – New Haven Hospital.[42] Yale's President Richard Levin noted that Yale has hundreds of other partnerships across the world, but "no existing collaboration matches the scale of the new partnership with UCL" Sony VAIO PCG-8161M battery. As part of the protests against the UK Government's plans to increase student fees, around 200 students occupied the Jeremy Bentham Room and part of the Slade School of Fine Art for over two weeks during November and December 2010. The university successfully obtained a court order to evict the students but stated that it did not intend to enforce the order if possible Sony VAIO PCG-8141M battery. 2011 to present In June 2011 the mining company BHP Billiton agreed to donate AUS$10 million to UCL to fund the establishment of two energy institutes - the Energy Policy Institute, based in Adelaide, and the Institute for Sustainable Resources, based in London.[46] In November 2011 UCL announced plans for a £500 million investment in its main Bloomsbury campus over 10 years Sony VAIO PCG-3J1M battery, and the establishment of a new 23-acre campus next to the Olympic Park in Stratford in the East End of London.[47] The School of Pharmacy, University of London merged with UCL on 1 January 2012, becoming the UCL School of Pharmacy within the Faculty of Life Sciences.[48][49] In May 2012 UCL, Imperial College London and the IT company Intel announced the establishment of the Intel Collaborative Research Institute for Sustainable Connected Cities Sony VAIO PCG-3H1M battery, a London-based institute for research into the future of cities. In August 2012 the University waded into controversy as it advertised an unpaid research position [52]. After the university was branded exploitative and unethical by the University and College Union, the university was forced into withdrawing the advert. Campus A summertime view from the South-Western corner of the quadrangle towards the UCL main building on Gower Street Sony VAIO PCG-3F1M batteryUCL is primarily based in the Bloomsbury area of central London. The main campus is located around Gower Street and includes the biology, chemistry, economics, engineering, geography, history, languages, mathematics, philosophy, politics and physics departments, the preclinical facilities of the UCL Medical School, the London Centre for Nanotechnology Sony VAIO PCG-3C1M battery, the Slade School of Fine Art, the UCL Union, the main UCL Library, the UCL Science Library, the Bloomsbury Theatre and the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology. Close by in Bloomsbury are the UCL Cancer Institute, the UCL Ear Institute, the UCL Eastman Dental Institute, the UCL Faculty of the Built Environment (The Bartlett), the UCL Faculty of Laws, the UCL Institute of Archaeology, the UCL Institute of Child Health Sony VAIO PCG-9Z2L battery, the UCL Institute of Neurology, the UCL School of Pharmacy, the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies and University College Hospital.[53] Elsewhere in central London are the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (based in Clerkenwell), the Windeyer Institute (based in Fitzrovia), the UCL Institute of Orthopedics and Musculoskeletal Science (based in Stanmore), The Royal Free Hospital and the Whittington Hospital campuses of the UCL Medical School, and a number of other teaching hospitals Sony VAIO PCG-9Z1L battery. The Department of Space and Climate Physics (Mullard Space Science Laboratory) is based in Holmbury St Mary, Surrey, the UCL School of Energy and Resources is based in Adelaide, Australia and there is a UCL campus in Doha, Qatar specialised in archaeology, conservation and museum studies.[54] Since September 2010 UCL has been running a University Preparatory Certificate course at Nazarbayev University in Astana, Kazakhstan Sony VAIO PCG-9131L battery. A number of important institutions are based near to the main campus, including the British Library, the British Medical Association, the British Museum, Cancer Research UK, the Medical Research Council, RADA, the Royal Academy of Art, the Royal Institution and the Wellcome Trust. Many University of London schools and institutes are also close by Sony VAIO PCG-8161L battery, including Birkbeck, University of London, the Institute of Education, London Business School, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the Royal Veterinary College, the School of Advanced Study, the School of Oriental and African Studies and the Senate House Library. The nearest London Underground station is Euston Square, with Goodge Street, Russell Square and Warren Street all nearby Sony VAIO PCG-8152L battery. The mainline railway stations at Euston, King's Cross and St Pancras are all within walking distance. Notable buildings Notable UCL buildings include: the UCL Main Building, including the Octagon, Quad, Cloisters and the Wilkins building designed by William Wilkins; the Cruciform Building, Gower Street (a red, cross-shaped building previously home to University College Hospital); and the Rockefeller Building, University Street Sony VAIO PCG-8141L battery, home to the original University College Hospital Medical School and named after the American oil magnate John Davison Rockefeller after support from the Rockefeller foundation in the 1920s. Filming Main article: Filming at UCL Due to its position within London and the historical nature of its buildings, including most notably the UCL Main Building and quad, UCL has been used as a location for a number of film and television productions, including Doctor in the House (1954), Gladiator (2000), The Mummy Returns (2001), The Dark Knight (2008) and Inception (2010). Sony VAIO PCG-8131L batteryOrganisation and administration Drayton House, which houses the UCL Department of Economics Although UCL is a constituent college of the federal University of London, in most ways it is comparable with free-standing, self-governing and independently funded universities, and it awards its own degrees.[57] The current Provost and President of UCL is Professor Malcolm Grant.[58] Faculties and departments See also: Category:Departments of University College London The Kathleen Lonsdale Building, home to a number of UCL science departments UCL’s research and teaching is organised within a network of faculties and academic departments. Faculties and academic departments are formally established by the UCL Council Sony VAIO PCG-81312L battery, the governing body of UCL, on the advice of the Academic Board, which is UCL’s senior academic authority. The UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies operates as an academic unit outside of the faculty structure. In order to facilitate greater interdisciplinary interaction in research and teaching UCL has also established three strategic faculty groupings: the UCL School of Life and Medical Sciences (comprising the Faculties of Brain Sciences, Life Sciences, Medical Sciences and Population Health Sciences) Sony VAIO PCG-81214L battery; the UCL School of the Built Environment, Engineering and Mathematical and Physical Sciences (comprising the UCL Faculty of the Built Environment, UCL Faculty of Engineering Sciences and UCL Faculty of Mathematical & Physical Sciences); and the UCL Faculty of Arts & Humanities, UCL Faculty of Laws, UCL Faculty of Social & Historical Sciences and the UCL School of Slavonic & East European Studies Sony VAIO PCG-81115L battery. Finances In the financial year ended 31 July 2011, UCL had a total income (including share of joint ventures) of £801.6 million (2009/10 – £762.4 million) and total expenditure of £777.4 million (2009/10 – £732.4 million). Key sources of income included £283.4 million from research grants and contracts (2009/10 – £275.1 million), £203.3 million from Funding Council grants (2009/10 – £201.0 million) Sony VAIO PCG-81114L battery, £172.2 million from academic fees and support grants (2009/10 – £150.5 million) and £5.2 million from endowment and investment income (2009/10 – £5.0 million).[2] During the 2010/11 financial year UCL had a capital expenditure of £93 million (2009/10 – £37 million).[2] At year end UCL had endowments of £72.7 million (2009/10 – £67.9 million) and total net assets of £706.7 million (2009/10 – £640.3 million). Sony VAIO PCG-81113L batteryIn 2010/11 UCL and the School of Pharmacy (which merged in January 2012) had a combined income of £826.52 million, the third-highest of any British university (after the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford).[60] Secularism From its foundation the College was deliberately secular; the initial justification of this secularity was that students of different denominations (specifically Catholics and Protestants) could study alongside each other without conflict Sony VAIO PCG-7142L battery. Even today UCL retains its strict secular position, and unlike most other UK universities has no specific religious prayer rooms. However there has been a Christian chaplaincy since 2005, there is no restriction on religious groups among students, and a 'quiet contemplation room' allows prayer for staff and students of all faiths Sony VAIO PCG-7141L battery. Logo, arms and colours Whereas most universities primarily use their logo on mundane documents but their coat of arms on official documents such as degree certificates, UCL exclusively uses its logo.[61] UCL does have a coat of arms however, which depicts a raised bent arm dressed in armour holding a green upturned open wreath Sony VAIO PCG-71111L battery. The blazon of these arms is: Purpure, on a wreath of the colours Argent and Blue Celeste, an arm in armour embowed Argent holding an upturned wreath of laurel Vert, beneath which two branches of laurel Or crossed at the nombril and bound with a bowed cord Or, beneath the nombril a motto of Blue Celeste upon which Cuncti adsint meritaeque expectent praemia palmae. Sony VAIO PCG-61411L batteryUCL's traditional sporting and academic colours of purple and light blue are derived from the arms. Academics UCL has hundreds of research and teaching partnerships, including around 150 research links and 130 student-exchange partnerships with European universities.[6] Students from more than 150 countries study at UCL, with non-British students making up almost a third of the student body Sony VAIO PCG-61112L battery. UCL has the highest number of professors of any university in the UK, with 648 established and personal chairs.[8] There are currently 36 Fellows of the Royal Society, 26 Fellows of the British Academy, 10 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 78 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences amongst UCL academic and research staff. Sony VAIO PCG-61111L batteryResearch 16 Taviton Street, home to the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies UCL has made cross-disciplinary research a priority and orientates its research around four "Grand Challenges".[66] According to Professor David Price, Pro-Provost for Research: "We believe we have a moral obligation to make a difference to global problems, and to combine the knowledge that our research generates to develop wisdom that can be applied in each of the four Grand Challenges Sony VAIO PCG-5T4L battery: Global Health, Sustainable Cities, Intercultural Interaction and Human Wellbeing". According to a ranking of universities produced by SCImago Research Group, UCL is ranked 12th in the world (and 1st in Europe) in terms of total research output.[68] According to data released in July 2008 by ISI Web of Knowledge, UCL is the 13th most-cited university in the world (and most-cited in Europe) Sony VAIO PCG-5T3L battery. The analysis covered citations from 1 January 1998 to 30 April 2008, during which 46,166 UCL research papers attracted 803,566 citations. The report covered citations in 21 subject areas and the results revealed some of UCL's key strengths, including: Clinical Medicine – 1st outside North America; Immunology – 2nd in Europe; Neuroscience & Behaviour – 1st outside North America and 2nd in the world; Pharmacology & Toxicology – 1st outside North America and 4th in the world; Psychiatry & Psychology – 2nd outside North America; and Social Sciences, General – 1st outside North America. Sony VAIO PCG-5T2L batteryAccording to a separate analysis by ISI Web of Knowledge, for the period January 2000 to August 2010 UCL was ranked 16th in the world (and 2nd in Europe) for citations per paper in engineering.[70] In the Microsoft Academic Search, which measures total research output, UCL ranks highly in a diverse range of areas.[71] As of 2012 UCL ranks among the top five institutions in the world in Chromatography (5th), Geography (2nd), Linguistics (5th), Literature (2nd) Sony VAIO PCG-5S3L battery, Medical Education and Training (2nd), Neuroscience (2nd), Oncology (4th), Ophthalmology (4th) and Pathology (5th).[71] It ranks among the top 10 in the world in Archaeology (6th), Art History (8th), Dentistry (9th), Evolutionary Sciences (10th), Gynecology and Obstetrics (10th), Machine Learning and Recognition (10th), Pharmacology (9th), Plastic Arts (6th), Regional Studies (10th), Religion (6th) and Simulation (10th) Sony VAIO PCG-5S2L battery. UCL ranks 11th to 20th in the world in Anatomy (15th), Biochemistry (15th), Biomedical Engineering (20th), Biotechnology (16th), Cardiology (20th), Diabetes (11th), Diseases (11th), Endocrinology (17th), Family Medicine (20th), Genetics and Genealogy (14th), History (14th), Hydrology (13th), Immunology (12th), Labor and Demographics Economics (14th), Mineralogy and Petrology (15th), Molecular Biology (16th) Sony VAIO PCG-5S1L battery, Nutrition (12th), Physiology (12th), Psychiatry and Psychology (19th), Public Affairs (12th) and Statistics (16th).[71] UCL is ranked 10th overall in Arts and Humanities and 9th in Medicine.[71] In 2010/11 UCL and the School of Pharmacy (which merged in January 2012) had a combined research income of £291.5 million (UCL - £283.38 million; School of Pharmacy - £8.13 million), the third-highest of any British university Sony VAIO PCG-5R2L battery (after the University of Oxford and Imperial College London).[60] In the Times Higher Education ranking of research council awards 2008-9 UCL is shown to have won the most research awards with 174 awards amounting to £81,365,000. In second place Cambridge won 162 awards amounting to £74,263,000 Sony VAIO PCG-5R1L battery. There are currently approximately 3,000 PhD students working at UCL. Medicine The Cruciform Building on Gower Street, which houses the preclinical facilities of the UCL Medical School; previously the main building of University College Hospital UCL has offered courses in medicine since 1834 but the current UCL Medical School developed from mergers with the medical schools of the Middlesex Hospital (founded in 1746) and the Royal Free Hospital (founded as the London School of Medicine for Women in 1874). Sony VAIO PCG-5P4L battery Clinical medicine is primarily taught at the Royal Free Hospital, University College Hospital and the Whittington Hospital, with other associated teaching hospitals including the Eastman Dental Hospital, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Moorfields Eye Hospital, the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital Sony VAIO PCG-5P2L battery. UCL is a major centre for biomedical research. It is a member of three of the 11 biomedical research centres established by the NHS in England – the UCLH/UCL Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, the Moorfields Eye Hospital/UCL Institute of Ophthalmology Biomedical Research Centre and the Great Ormond Street Hospital/UCL Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre. Sony VAIO PCG-5N4L batteryIt is also a founding member of UCL Partners, the largest academic health science centre in Europe with a turnover of approximately £2 billion.[12] UCL has joined with the Medical Research Council, Cancer Research UK and the Wellcome Trust to establish the Francis Crick Institute, a new £600 million medical research centre to be based next to St Pancras railway station and planned to open in 2015. Sony VAIO PCG-5N2L batteryIt will be one of the world’s largest medical research centres, housing 1,250 scientists. Admissions Admission to UCL is highly selective. For undergraduate entry many of UCL's courses require three A grades at A Level, or a grade equivalent of 6,6,6 on higher level subjects on the International Baccalaureate Program. Due to a very high proportion of applicants receiving the highest school grades Sony VAIO PCG-51513L battery, UCL, along with institutions such as Imperial College London and the University of Cambridge was one of the first universities in the UK to make use of the A* grade at A-Level (introduced in 2010) for admissions, particularly for very oversubscribed courses such as Economics, Mathematics,Theoretical Physics, Medicine, History, Psychology, and European Social and Political Studies Sony VAIO PCG-51511L battery. Undergraduate law applicants are required to take the National Admissions Test for Law[78] and undergraduate medical applicants are required to take the BioMedical Admissions Test.[79] Some UCL departments interview undergraduate applicants prior to making an offer of admission.[80] [edit]Foundation programmes Sony VAIO PCG-51412L batteryUCL runs intensive one-year foundation courses that lead to a variety of degree programmes at UCL and other top UK universities. Called the UCL University Preparatory Certificate (UPC), the courses are targeted at international students of high academic potential whose education systems in their own countries usually do not offer qualifications suitable for direct admission Sony VAIO PCG-51411L battery. There are two pathways. One in science and engineering called the UPCSE; and one in the humanities called UPCH. Libraries The main reading room of UCL's Main Library The UCL library system comprises 16 libraries located across several sites within the main UCL campus and across Bloomsbury, linked together by a central networking catalogue and request system called eUCLid.[82][83] The libraries contain a total of over 1.5 million books. Sony VAIO PCG-51312L battery The largest library is the UCL Main Library, which is located in the UCL Main Building and contains collections relating to the arts and humanities, economics, history, law and public policy.[82] The second largest library is the UCL Science Library, which is located in the DMS Watson Building on Malet Place and contains collections relating to anthropology, engineering, geography Sony VAIO PCG-51311L battery, life sciences, management and the mathematical and physical sciences.[82] Other libraries include the UCL Bartlett Library (architecture and town planning), the Cruciform Library (general clinical and medical sciences), the UCL Eastman Dental Institute Library (oral health sciences), the UCL Institute of Archaeology Library (archaeology and egyptology), the UCL Institute of Neurology Rockefeller Medical Library (neurosurgery and neuroscience) Sony VAIO PCG-51211L battery, the Joint Moorfields Eye Hospital & the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology Library (biomedicine, medicine, nursing, ophthalmology and visual science), the UCL Language & Speech Science Library (audiology, communication disorders, linguistics & phonetics, special education, speech & language therapy and voice) and the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies Library Sony VAIO PCG-41112L battery (the economics, geography, history, languages, literature and politics of Eastern Europe).[82] UCL staff and students have full access to the main libraries of the University of London—the Senate House Library and the libraries of the Institutes of the School of Advanced Study—which are located close to the main UCL campus in Bloomsbury.[85] These libraries contain over 3.7 million books and focus on the arts, humanities and social sciences. Sony VAIO PCG-3A4L battery The British Library, which contains around 14 million books, is also located close to the main UCL campus. Since 2004 UCL Library Services has been collecting the scholarly work of UCL researchers to make it freely available on the internet via an open access repository known as UCL Eprints. The intention is that material curated by UCL Eprints will remain accessible indefinitely. Sony VAIO PCG-3A3L battery[edit]Museums and collections UCL's Special Collections contains UCL's collection of historical or culturally significant works. It is one of the foremost university collections of manuscripts, archives and rare books in the UK.[88] It includes collections of medieval manuscripts and early printed books, as well as significant holdings of 18th-century works, and highly important 19th- and 20th-century collections of personal papers Sony VAIO PCG-3A2L battery, archival material, and literature, covering a vast range of subject areas. Archives include the Latin American archives, the Jewish collections and the George Orwell Archive.[89] Collections are often displayed in a series of glass cabinets in the Cloisters of the UCL Main Building. The most significant works are housed in the Strong Rooms. The special collection includes first editions of Isaac Newton's Principia, Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species and James Joyce's Ulysses Sony VAIO PCG-3A1L battery. The earliest book in the collection is The crafte to lyve well and to dye well, printed in 1505. The Flaxman Gallery UCL is responsible for several museums[92] and collections in a wide range of fields across the arts and sciences: Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology: one of the leading collections of Egyptian and Sudanese archaeology in the world. Open to the public on a regular basis.[93] Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy: a diverse Natural History collection covering the whole of the animal kingdom Sony VAIO PCG-394L battery. Includes rare dodo and quagga skeletons. A teaching and research collection, it is named after Robert Edmund Grant, UCL's first professor of comparative anatomy and zoology from 1828, now mainly noted for having tutored the undergraduate Charles Robert Darwin at the University of Edinburgh in the 1826–1827 session. Open at limited fixed times and by appointment. Sony VAIO PCG-393L batteryGeology Collections: founded around 1855. Primarily a teaching resource and may be visited by appointment. Art Collections: these date from 1847 when a collection of sculpture models and drawings of the Neo-classical artist John Flaxman was presented to UCL. There are over 10,000 pieces dating from the 15th century onwards including drawings by Turner, etchings by Rembrandt Sony VAIO PCG-391L battery, and works by many leading 20th century British artists. The works on paper are displayed in the Strang Print Room, which has limited regular opening times. The other works may be viewed by appointment.[96] Institute of Archaeology Collections: Items include prehistoric ceramics and stone artefacts from many parts of the world, the Petrie collection of Palestinian artefacts, and Classical Greek and Roman ceramics. Visits by appointment only. Sony VAIO PCG-384L batteryEthnography Collections: This collection exemplifying Material Culture, holds an enormous variety of objects, textiles and artefacts from all over the world. Visits by appointment only.[98] Galton Collection: The scientific instruments, papers and personal memorabilia of Sir Francis Galton. Housed in the department of biology. Visits by appointment only. Sony VAIO PCG-383L batteryScience Collections: Diverse collections primarily accumulated in the course of UCL's own work, including the operating table on which the first anaesthetic was administered. Items may be a viewed by appointment. The Flaxman Gallery: a series of plaster casts of full-size details of sculptures by the Neo-classical sculptor John Flaxman, is located inside the Main Library under the central dome of the UCL Main Building Sony VAIO PCG-382L battery. [edit]Rankings In the 2011 Academic Ranking of World Universities, UCL is ranked 20th in the world (and 3rd in Europe). In the subject tables it is ranked 10th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) for Clinical Medicine & Pharmacy,[109] 17th in the world (and 4th in Europe) for Life & Agricultural Sciences,[110] 51st to 75th in the world for Natural Sciences and Mathematics[111] and 52nd to 75th in the world for Social Sciences Sony VAIO PCG-381L battery. In the 2011 QS World University Rankings, UCL is ranked 7th in the world (and 4th in Europe).[10] In the subject tables it is ranked 20th in the world (and 5th in Europe) for Arts and Humanities, 47th in the world (and 12th in Europe) for Engineering & Technology,[114] 17th in the world (and 4th in Europe) for Life Sciences and Medicine,[115] 39th in the world (and 11th in Europe) Sony VAIO PCG-7185L battery for Natural Sciences[116] and 27th in the world (and 4th in Europe) for Social Sciences & Management. In the 2011-2012 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, UCL is ranked 17th in the world (and 5th in Europe). In the subject tables it is ranked 8th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) for Arts and Humanities,[118] 7th in the world (and 4th in Europe) for Clinical, Pre-Clinical and Health, 27th in the world (and 8th in Europe) for Engineering and Technology Sony VAIO PCG-7184L battery, 11th in the world (and 4th in Europe) for Life Sciences,[121] 38th in the world (and 11th in Europe) for Physical Sciences[122] and 8th in the world (and 2nd in Europe) for Social Sciences. In the 2012 Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings, UCL is ranked 21st in the world (and 4th in Europe). UCL is consistently one of the top multi-faculty universities in UK university rankings. UCL is ranked first in the UK for its staff/student ratio in The Times Good University Guide Sony VAIO PCG-7183L battery, The Sunday Times University Guide and The Guardian University Guide.[6] In the 2013 Guardian University Guide subject tables, UCL is ranked first in six subject areas (out of a total of 46): Archaeology and Forensics, Architecture, Art and Design, Civil Engineering, English, and Psychology.[125] In the 2013 Complete University Guide subject tables, UCL is ranked in the top 10 in 28 subjects, and is ranked first for Building. Sony VAIO PCG-7182L batteryUCL is ranked 20th in the world in the 2011 300 Best World Universities human competitiveness ranking produced by Human Resources & Labor Review.[127] In a ranking of universities' international reputations produced by The Guardian in 2009, UCL placed 3rd in the UK (behind Oxford and Cambridge). In 2011, UCL was ranked 12th in the world (and 3rd in the Europe) in a survey of business leaders at top companies carried out by The New York Times. Sony VAIO PCG-7181L batteryStudent life UCL Union Main article: University College London Union The main UCL Union building situated on Gordon Street Founded in 1893, the UCL Union has a credible claim to be the oldest students' union in England.[28] UCL Union operates both as the representative voice for UCL students, and as a provider of a wide range of services. It is democratically controlled through General Meetings and referendums, and is run by elected student officers. The Union has provided a prominent platform for political campaigning of all kinds in recent years Sony VAIO PCG-7174L battery. It also supports a range of services, including numerous clubs and societies, sports facilities, an advice service, and a number of bars, cafes and shops.[130] There are currently over 150 clubs and societies under the umbrella of the UCL Union, including: University College London Boat Club (both Men's and Women's clubs); Pi Media (responsible for Pi Magazine and Pi Newspaper, UCL's official student publications); UCL Union Conservative Society, the oldest student Conservative association in England Sony VAIO PCG-7173L battery; UCL Cross Country and Athletics Club; UCL Union Debating Society, UCL's oldest and the third oldest student society in the UK; University College London Dramatic Society; UCL Rugby Club (both Men's and Women's as well as Medical School clubs); The Cheese Grater (a student magazine containing a mix of news investigations and humorous items); and UCL Union Jewish Society. Notable UCL Union-supported campaigns have included: UCLU Free Education Campaign (a campaign for the return of free and non-marketised higher education) Sony VAIO PCG-7172L battery; The London Living wage Campaign (a campaign for a basic minimum wage for all UCL staff); Disarm UCL (a campaign which successfully persuaded UCL to not invest in defence companies); Save UCL (this name has been used by two campaigns: one in 2006 which opposed a merger between UCL and Imperial College London in 2006, and a more recent one against education cuts) Sony VAIO PCG-7171L battery. Student housing Main article: Halls of residence at University College London All single first-year undergraduate students entering UCL for the first time and requiring accommodation are generally guaranteed a place. Graduate students may apply for accommodation but places are limited. The majority of second and third-year undergraduate students and graduate students find their own accommodation in the private sector Sony VAIO PCG-7162L battery. Ramsay Hall, Maple Street (student housing) UCL's student housing includes: Arthur Tattersall House (115–131 Gower Street); Astor College (99 Charlotte Street); Campbell House East and West (Taviton Street); Frances Gardner House and Langton Close (Gray's Inn Road); Goldsmid House (Gillingham Street); Ifor Evans & Max Rayne Student Residences (109 Camden Road); James Lighthill House (Pentonville Road); John Dodgson House (Bidborough Street); John Tovell House (89 & 93–7 Gower Street); Prankerd House (195 North Gower Street) Sony VAIO PCG-7161L battery; Ramsay Hall and Ian Baker House Student Residences (Maple Street); and Schafer House Student Residence (Drummond Street). There is limited UCL accommodation available for married students and those with children at Bernard Johnson House, Hawkridge, Neil Sharp House and the University of London's Lilian Penson Hall. UCL students are eligible to apply for places in the University of London intercollegiate halls of residence.[134] The halls are Sony VAIO PCG-7154L battery: Canterbury Hall, Commonwealth Hall, College Hall, Connaught Hall, Hughes Parry Hall and International Hall near Russell Square in Bloomsbury; Lillian Penson Hall (postgraduates only) in Paddington; and Nutford House in Marble Arch. Some students are also selected to live in International Students House, London. [edit]Rivalry with King's College London Main article: Student Rags UCL has a long-running, mostly friendly, rivalry with King's College London (King's), which has historically been known as "Rags". Sony VAIO PCG-7153L battery UCL is often referred to by students from King's as the "Godless Scum of Gower Street", in reference to a comment made at the founding of King's, which was based on Christian principles. UCL students refer to King's as "Strand Polytechnic" in a similar attitude. The King's' mascot, Reggie the Lion, went missing in the 1990s and was recovered after being found dumped in a field. It was restored at the cost of around £15,000 and then placed on display in the students' union. Sony VAIO PCG-7152L battery It is in a glass case and filled with concrete to prevent theft, particularly by UCL students who once castrated it. In turn, King's' students are also believed to have once stolen Phineas, a UCL mascot.[137] It is often claimed that King's' students played football with the embalmed head of Jeremy Bentham. Although the head was indeed stolen, the football story is a myth or legend which is unsupported by official UCL documentation about Bentham available next to his display case Sony VAIO PCG-7151L battery (his Auto Icon) in the UCL cloisters. The head is now kept in the UCL vaults.[138] Notable people Main article: List of University College London people See also: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with University College London and List of University College London people in the Law 26 Nobel prizes have been awarded to UCL academics and students (fourteen of which were in Physiology & Medicine) as well as three Fields Medals. Sony VAIO PCG-7148L batteryNotable alumni Alexander Graham Bell, whose inventions included the first practical telephone. Co-discoverer of DNA structure, Francis Crick, attended University College UCL alumni include the "Father of the Nation" of both India and Kenya, the inventor of the telephone, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA, and all of the members of the band Coldplay Sony VPCW21M2E/WI battery. Artists include Sir William Coldstream (realist painter), Antony Gormley (sculptor), Augustus John (painter, draughtsman and etcher), Gerry Judah (artist and designer), Ben Nicholson (abstract painter) and Sir Eduardo Paolozzi (sculptor and artist). Authors include Edith Clara Batho, Raymond Briggs, Robert Browning, G. K. Chesterton,[141] David Crystal, Stella Gibbons, Clive Sansom, Marie Stopes,[141] Helen MacInnes, and Rabindranath Tagore Sony VPCW21C7E battery. Business people include Lord Digby Jones (Director-General of the Confederation of British Industry (2001–2006)) and Edwin Waterhouse (a founding partner of what is now the professional services firm PwC). Engineers and scientists include Alexander Graham Bell (inventor of the telephone),[141] Colin Chapman (founder of Lotus Cars), Francis Crick (co-discoverer of the structure of DNA), John Ambrose Fleming (inventor of the vacuum tube) Sony VPCW12S1E/WZ battery, Jaroslav Heyrovský (father of the electroanalytical method), Sir Charles Kuen Kao (winner of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics) and Joseph Lister (pioneer of antiseptic surgery). Entertainers, musicians, composers and filmmakers include Ricky Gervais (comedian and actor),[141] Gustav Holst (composer), Chris Martin and all three other members of the band Coldplay, Christopher Nolan (director of films including The Dark Knight saga), Franny Armstrong (director) Sony VPCW12S1E/W battery, Tim Rice-Oxley and Richard Hughes of the band Keane and Jonathan Ross (television presenter). Journalists and commentators include A. A. Gill (columnist), three former editors of The Economist, most notably Walter Bagehot, two editors of The Times Literary Supplement, and Jonathan Dimbleby (television and radio current affairs presenter). Former ITN Home Affairs Correspondent Sarah Cullen also attended UCL Sony VPCW12S1E/T battery. Lawyers include a Lord Chancellor (Lord Herschell); Chief Justices of England (Lord Woolf), Hong Kong (Sir Yang Ti-liang), India (A. S. Anand), Malaysia (Arifin Zakaria), Ghana (Samuel Azu Crabbe) and the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (Rt. Hon. Sir Vincent Floissac); two Masters of the Rolls (Lord Cozens-Hardy and Sir George Jessel); and Attorneys-General of England (Lord Goldsmith and Baroness Scotland) Sony VPCW12S1E/P battery, Singapore (Tan Boon Teik and Chao Hick Tin) and Gambia (Hassan Bubacar Jallow). Politicians include Mahatma Gandhi (leader of the Indian independence movement and "Father of the Nation"),[141] Jomo Kenyatta (first Prime Minister, first President and "Father of the Nation" of Kenya), Chaim Herzog (President of Israel), Itō Hirobumi (first Prime Minister of Japan), Junichiro Koizumi (Prime Minister of Japan), Wu Tingfang (Acting Premier during the early years of the Republic of China) Sony VPCW11S1E/W battery and Sir Stafford Cripps (British Chancellor of the Exchequer 1947–1950). Sports people include David Gower (former captain of the England cricket team), Patrick Head (co-founder of the Williams Formula One team) and Christine Ohuruogu (Olympic 400 metres gold medalist). Notable faculty and staff Notable former UCL faculty and staff include Jocelyn Bell Burnell (co-discoverer of radio pulsars), A. S. Byatt (writer), Ronald Dworkin (philosopher of law and scholar of constitutional law), Sony VPCW11S1E/T battery Sir A.J. Ayer (philosopher), Lucian Freud (painter), Francis Galton (founder of psychometrics and father of fingerprinting), Peter Higgs[142] (the proposer of the Higgs mechanism, which predicted the existence of the Higgs boson), Andrew Huxley (physiologist and biophysicist), Sir Frank Kermode (literary critic), Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (first President of Czechoslovakia and "Father of the Nation"), John Stuart Mill (philosopher) and George R. Price (population geneticist) Sony VPCW11S1E/P battery. All five of the naturally occurring noble gases were discovered at UCL by Sir William Ramsay, who was a professor of chemistry and after whom Ramsay Hall is named.
The University of Cambridge (informally known as Cambridge University or Cambridge) is a public research university located in Cambridge, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world (after the University of Oxford), and the seventh-oldest in the world. In post-nominals the university's name is abbreviated as Cantab( Sony VPCCW2Z1E/B Battery), a shortened form of Cantabrigiensis (an adjective derived from Cantabrigia, the Latinised form of Cambridge). The university grew out of an association of Cambridge scholars that was formed in 1209, early records suggest, by scholars leaving Oxford after a dispute with townsfolk.[5] The two "ancient universities" have many common features and are often jointly referred to as Oxbridge. In addition to cultural and practical associations as a historic part of British society( Sony VPCCW2S1E/W Battery), they have a long history of rivalry with each other. Cambridge ranks first in the world in the 2011 QS World University Rankings,[6] sixth in the world in the 2011 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, and fifth in the world (and first in Europe) in the 2011 Academic Ranking of World Universities. Cambridge regularly contends with Oxford for first place in UK league tables. ( Sony VPCCW2S1E/R Battery) In the two most recently published rankings of UK universities by The Guardian newspaper, Cambridge was ranked first.[10][11] In 2011, Cambridge ranked third, after Harvard and MIT, in the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings.[12] Graduates of the university have won a total of 65 Nobel Prizes, the most of any university in the world( Sony VPCCW2S1E/P Battery). Cambridge is a member of the Coimbra Group, the G5, the International Alliance of Research Universities, the League of European Research Universities and the Russell Group of research-led British universities. It forms part of the 'Golden Triangle' of British universities.[14] History The official founding of Cambridge University is traced to the enhancement, by a charter in 1231 from King Henry III of England, which awarded the ius non trahi extra ( Sony VPCCW2S1E/L Battery) (a right to discipline its own members) plus some exemption from taxes, and a bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX that gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom.[citation needed] After Cambridge was described as a studium generale in a letter by Pope Nicholas IV in 1290,[15] and confirmed as such in a bull by Pope John XXII in 1318,[16] it became common for researchers from other European medieval universities to come and visit Cambridge to study or to give lecture courses( Sony VPCCW1S1E/W Battery). Clare College (left) and part of King's College, including King's College Chapel (centre), built between 1441 and 1515. Foundation of the colleges Cambridge's colleges were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself. The colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels. The hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries( Sony VPCCW1S1E/R Battery), but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane. Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhouse in 1284, Cambridge's first college. Many colleges were founded during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but colleges continued to be established throughout the centuries to modern times, although there was a gap of 204 years between the founding of Sidney Sussex in 1596 and Downing in 1800( Sony VPCCW1S1E/P Battery). The most recently established college is Robinson, built in the late 1970s. However, Homerton College only achieved full university college status in March 2010, making it the newest full college (it was previously an "Approved Society" affiliated with the university). In medieval times, many colleges were founded so that their members would pray for the souls of the founders, and were often associated with chapels or abbeys( Sony VPCCW1S1E/L Battery). A change in the colleges’ focus occurred in 1536 with the Dissolution of the Monasteries. King Henry VIII ordered the university to disband its Faculty of Canon Law[17] and to stop teaching "scholastic philosophy". In response, colleges changed their curricula away from canon law and towards the classics, the Bible, and mathematics( Sony VPCCW1S1E/B Battery). As Cambridge moved away from Canon Law, it also moved away from Catholicism. As early as the 1520s, Lutheranism and what was to become more broadly known as the Protestant Reformation were making their presence felt in the intellectual discourse of the university. Among the intellectuals involved was the theologically influential Thomas Cranmer( Sony VPCCW1EFX/W Battery), later to become Archbishop of Canterbury. As it became convenient to Henry VIII in the 1530s, the King looked to Cranmer and others (within and without Cambridge) to craft a new religious path that was different from Catholicism yet also different from what Martin Luther had in mind( Sony VGN-FW93XS Battery). Nearly a century later, the university was at the centre of another Christian schism. Many nobles, intellectuals and even common folk saw the ways of the Church of England as being too similar to the Catholic Church and that it was used by the crown to usurp the rightful powers of the counties. East Anglia was the centre of what became the Puritan movement and at Cambridge( Sony VGN-FW93JS Battery), it was particularly strong at Emmanuel, St Catharine's Hall, Sidney Sussex and Christ's College.[18] They produced many "non-conformist" graduates who greatly influenced, by social position or pulpit, the approximately 20,000 Puritans who left for New England and especially the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the Great Migration decade of the 1630s( Sony VGN-FW93DS Battery). Oliver Cromwell, Parliamentary commander during the English Civil War and head of the English Commonwealth (1649–1660), attended Sidney Sussex. Sir Isaac Newton was a student of the University of Cambridge [edit]Mathematics and Mathematical Physics From the time of Isaac Newton in the later 17th century until the mid-19th century, the university maintained a strong emphasis on applied mathematics, particularly mathematical physics. Study of this subject was compulsory for graduation, and students were required to take an exam for the Bachelor of Arts degree( Sony VGN-FW91S Battery), the main first degree at Cambridge in both arts and science subjects. This exam is known as a Tripos. Students awarded first-class honours after completing the mathematics Tripos were named wranglers. The Cambridge Mathematical Tripos was competitive and helped produce some of the most famous names in British science, including James Clerk Maxwell( Sony VGN-FW90S Battery), Lord Kelvin and Lord Rayleigh. However, some famous students, such as G. H. Hardy, disliked the system, feeling that people were too interested in accumulating marks in exams and not interested in the subject itself. Pure mathematics at Cambridge in the 19th century had great achievements but also missed out on substantial developments in French and German mathematics( Sony VGN-FW41M/H Battery). Pure mathematical research at Cambridge finally reached the highest international standard in the early 20th century, thanks above all to G. H. Hardy and his collaborator, J. E. Littlewood. In geometry, W. V. D. Hodge brought Cambridge into the international mainstream in the 1930s. Although diversified in its research and teaching interests, Cambridge today maintains its strength in mathematics( Sony VGN-FW41J/H Battery). Cambridge alumni have won six Fields Medals and one Abel Prize for mathematics, while individuals representing Cambridge have won four Fields Medals.[19] The University also runs a special Master of Advanced Study course in mathematics. Trinity Lane in the snow, with King's College Chapel (centre), Clare College Chapel (right), and the Old Schools (left) ( Sony VGN-FW41E/H Battery). [edit]Contributions to the advancement of science Many of the most important scientific discoveries and revolutions were made by Cambridge alumni. These include: Understanding the scientific method, by Francis Bacon The laws of motion and the development of calculus, by Sir Isaac Newton The development of thermodynamics, by Lord Kelvin The discovery of the electron, by J. J. Thomson The splitting of the atom, by Ernest Rutherford and of the nucleus by Sir John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton( Sony VGN-FW37J/B Battery) The unification of electromagnetism, by James Clerk Maxwell The discovery of hydrogen, by Henry Cavendish Theory of Evolution by natural selection, by Charles Darwin Mathematical synthesis of Darwinian selection with Mendelian genetics, by Ronald Fisher The Turing machine, a basic model for computation, by Alan Turing The structure of DNA, by Rosalind Franklin, Francis Crick, James D. Watson and Maurice Wilkins Pioneering quantum mechanics, by Paul Dirac and string theory, by Michael Green( Sony VGN-FW37J Battery) [edit]Women's education Initially, only male students were enrolled into the university. The first colleges for women were Girton College (founded by Emily Davies) in 1869 and Newnham College in 1872 (founded by Anne Clough and Henry Sidgwick), followed by Hughes Hall in 1885 (founded by Elizabeth Phillips Hughes as the Cambridge Teaching College for Women), New Hall ( Sony VGN-FW35TJ/B Battery) (later renamed Murray Edwards College) in 1954, and Lucy Cavendish College in 1965. The first women students were examined in 1882 but attempts to make women full members of the university did not succeed until 1948. Women were allowed to study courses, sit examinations, and have their results recorded from 1881; for a brief period after the turn of the twentieth century( Sony VGN-FW35F/W Battery), this allowed the "steamboat ladies" to receive ad eundem degrees from the University of Dublin. From 1921 women were awarded diplomas which "conferred the Title of the Degree of Bachelor of Arts". As they were not "admitted to the Degree of Bachelor of Arts" they were excluded from the governing of the university. Since students must belong to a college, and since established colleges remained closed to women( Sony VGN-FW35F/B Battery), women found admissions restricted to colleges established only for women. Starting with Churchill College, all of the men's colleges began to admit women between 1972 and 1988. One women's college, Girton, also began to admit male students from 1979, but the other women's colleges did not follow suit. As a result of St Hilda's College, Oxford, ending its ban on male students in 2008( Sony VGN-FW35F Battery), Cambridge is now the only remaining United Kingdom University with colleges which refuse to admit males, with three such institutions (Newnham, Murray Edwards and Lucy Cavendish).[20][21] In the academic year 2004–5, the university's student gender ratio, including post-graduates, was male 52%: female 48%.[22] The Mathematical Bridge over the River Cam (at Queens’ College) ( Sony VGN-FW32J Battery). Emmanuel College Chapel. Myths, legends and traditions Main article: University of Cambridge legends As an institution with such a long history, the University has developed a large number of myths and legends. The vast majority of these are untrue, but have been propagated nonetheless by generations of students and tour guides. A discontinued tradition is that of the wooden spoon, the ‘prize’ awarded to the student with the lowest passing grade in the final examinations of the Mathematical Tripos( Sony VGN-FW31M Battery). The last of these spoons was awarded in 1909 to Cuthbert Lempriere Holthouse, an oarsman of the Lady Margaret Boat Club of St John's College. It was over one metre in length and had an oar blade for a handle. It can now be seen outside the Senior Combination Room of St John's. Since 1909, results were published alphabetically within class rather than score order( Sony VGN-FW30B Battery). This made it harder to ascertain who the winner of the spoon was (unless there was only one person in the third class), and so the practice was abandoned. Each Christmas Eve, BBC radio and television broadcasts The Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols by the Choir of King's College, Cambridge. The radio broadcast has been a national Christmas tradition since it was first transmitted in 1928 (though the festival has existed since 1918) ( Sony VGN-FW29/B Battery). The radio broadcast is carried worldwide by the BBC World Service and is also syndicated to hundreds of radio stations in the USA. The first television broadcast of the festival was in 1954. Organisation View over Trinity College, Gonville and Caius, Trinity Hall and Clare College towards King's College Chapel, seen from St John's College chapel. On the left, just in front of King's College chapel, is the University Senate House( Sony VGN-FW27T/H Battery). Cambridge is a collegiate university, meaning that it is made up of self-governing and independent colleges, each with its own property and income. Most colleges bring together academics and students from a broad range of disciplines, and within each faculty, school or department within the university, academics from many different colleges will be found( Sony VGN-FW27/W Battery). The faculties are responsible for ensuring that lectures are given, arranging seminars, performing research and determining the syllabi for teaching, overseen by the General Board. Together with the central administration headed by the Vice-Chancellor, they make up the entire Cambridge University. Facilities such as libraries are provided on all these levels( Sony VGN-FW27/B Battery): by the University (the Cambridge University Library), by the Faculties (Faculty libraries such as the Squire Law Library), and by the individual colleges (all of which maintain a multi-discipline library, generally aimed mainly at their undergraduates). Colleges Main article: List of colleges of the University of Cambridge The colleges are self-governing institutions with their own endowments and property, founded as integral parts of the university( Sony VGN-FW26T/B Battery). All students and most academics are attached to a college. Their importance lies in the housing, welfare, social functions, and undergraduate teaching they provide. All faculties, departments, research centres, and laboratories belong to the university, which arranges lectures and awards degrees, but undergraduates receive their supervisions—small-group teaching sessions( Sony VGN-FW25T/B Battery), often with just one student—within the colleges. Each college appoints its own teaching staff and fellows, who are also members of a university department. The colleges also decide which undergraduates to admit to the university, in accordance with university regulations. Cambridge has 31 colleges, of which three, Murray Edwards, Newnham and Lucy Cavendish, admit women only. The other colleges are mixed( Sony VGN-FW21Z Battery), though most were originally all-male. Darwin was the first college to admit both men and women, while Churchill, Clare, and King's were the first previously all-male colleges to admit female undergraduates, in 1972. In 1988 Magdalene became the last all-male college to accept women.[25] Clare Hall and Darwin admit only postgraduates, and Hughes Hall( Sony VGN-FW21M Battery), Lucy Cavendish, St Edmund's and Wolfson admit only mature (i.e. 21 years or older on date of matriculation) students, encompassing both undergraduate and graduate students. All other colleges admit both undergraduate and postgraduate students with no age restrictions. Darwin College, Cambridge is named after the family of Charles Darwin. Colleges are not required to admit students in all subjects, with some colleges choosing not to offer subjects such as architecture, history of art or theology( Sony VGN-FW21L Battery), but most offer close to the complete range. Some colleges maintain a bias towards certain subjects, for example with Churchill leaning towards the sciences and engineering,[26] while others such as St Catharine's aim for a balanced intake.[27] Costs to students (accommodation and food prices) vary considerably from college to college. ( Sony VGN-FW21J Battery) Others maintain much more informal reputations, such as for the students of King's College to hold left-wing political views,[30] or Robinson College and Churchill College's attempts to minimise its environmental impact.[31] There are also several theological colleges in Cambridge, separate from Cambridge University, including Westcott House, Westminster College and Ridley Hall Theological College( Sony VGN-FW21E Battery), that are, to a lesser degree, affiliated to the university and are members of the Cambridge Theological Federation.[32] Faculty of Divinity at Cambridge University Teaching Teaching involves a mixture of lectures, organised by the university departments, and supervisions, organised by the colleges. (Science subjects also involve laboratory sessions, organised by the departments.) The relative importance of these methods of teaching varies according to the needs of the subject( Sony VGN-FW19 Battery). Supervisions are typically weekly hour-long sessions in which small groups of students (usually between one and three) meet with a member of the teaching staff or with a doctoral student. Students are normally required to complete an assignment in advance of the supervision, which they will discuss with the supervisor during the session( Sony VGN-FW17W Battery), along with any concerns or difficulties they have had with the material presented in that week's lectures. The assignment is often an essay on a subject set by the supervisor, or a problem sheet set by the lecturer. Depending on the subject and college, students might receive between one and four supervisions per week. This pedagogical system is often cited[by whom?] ( Sony VGN-FW17T/H Battery) as being unique to Cambridge and Oxford (where "supervisions" are known as "tutorials"). A tutor named William Farish developed the concept of grading students' work quantitatively at the University of Cambridge in 1792. Schools, faculties and departments In addition to the 31 colleges, the university is made up of over 150 departments, faculties, schools, syndicates and other institutions. Members of these are usually also members of one of the colleges and responsibility for running the entire academic programme of the university is divided amongst them( Sony VGN-FW17/B Battery). The entrance to the administrative centre of the university, the Old Schools. A "School" in the University of Cambridge is a broad administrative grouping of related faculties and other units. Each has an elected supervisory body—the "Council" of the school—comprising representatives of the constituent bodies. There are six schools: ( Sony VGN-FW15T Battery) Technology Teaching and research in Cambridge is organised by faculties. The faculties have different organisational sub-structures which partly reflect their history and partly their operational needs, which may include a number of departments and other institutions. In addition, a small number of bodies entitled 'Syndicates' have responsibilities for teaching and research, e.g. Cambridge Assessment, the University Press, and the University Library( Sony VGN-FW145E/W Battery). Academic year The academic year is divided into three academic terms, determined by the Statutes of the University.[35] Michaelmas Term lasts from October to December; Lent Term from January to March; and Easter Term from April to June. Within these terms undergraduate teaching takes place within eight-week periods called Full Terms. These terms are shorter than those of many other British universities. ( Sony VGN-FW139E/H Battery) Undergraduates are also expected to prepare heavily in the three holidays (known as the Christmas, Easter and Long Vacations). Central administration Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor The office of Chancellor of the University, for which there are no term limits, is mainly ceremonial and is held by David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville, following the retirement of the Duke of Edinburgh on his 90th birthday in June, 2011( Sony VGN-FW139E/H Battery). Lord Sainsbury was nominated by the official Nomination Board to succeed him,[37] and Abdul Arain, owner of a local grocery store, Brian Blessed and Michael Mansfield were also nominated.[38][39][40] The election took place on 14 and 15 October 2011.[40] David Sainsbury won the election taking 2,893 of the 5,888 votes cast, winning on the first count( Sony VGN-FW11S Battery). The current Vice-Chancellor is Leszek Borysiewicz. While the Chancellor's office is ceremonial, the Vice-Chancellor is the de facto principal administrative officer of the University. The university's internal governance is carried out almost entirely by its own members,[41] with very little external representation on its governing body( Sony VGN-FW11M Battery), the Regent House (though there is external representation on the Audit Committee, and there are four external members on the University's Council, who are the only external members of the Regent House). Senate and the Regent House Light show on the Senate House, for the 800th anniversary of the foundation of the university. The Senate consists of all holders of the MA degree or higher degrees( Sony VGN-FW11 Battery). It elects the Chancellor and the High Steward, and elected two members of the House of Commons until the Cambridge University constituency was abolished in 1950. Prior to 1926, it was the University's governing body, fulfilling the functions that the Regent House fulfils today.[43] The Regent House is the University's governing body, a direct democracy comprising all resident senior members of the University and the Colleges( Sony VGN-CS61B/R Battery), together with the Chancellor, the High Steward, the Deputy High Steward, and the Commissary.[44] The public representatives of the Regent House are the two Proctors, elected to serve for one year, on the nomination of the Colleges. Council and the General Board Although the University Council is the principal executive and policy-making body of the University, therefore, it must report and be accountable to the Regent House through a variety of checks and balances( Sony VGN-CS61B/Q Battery). It has the right of reporting to the University, and is obliged to advise the Regent House on matters of general concern to the University. It does both of these by causing notices to be published by authority in the Cambridge University Reporter, the official journal of the University. Since January 2005, the membership of the Council has included two external members, ( Sony VGN-CS61B/P Battery) and the Regent House voted for an increase from two to four in the number of external members in March 2008, and this was approved by Her Majesty the Queen in July 2008. Senate House Passage in the snow with Senate House on the right and Gonville and Caius College on the left. The General Board of the Faculties is responsible for the academic and educational policy of the University,[49] and is accountable to the Council for its management of these affairs( Sony VGN-CS60B/R Battery). Faculty Boards are responsible to the General Board; other Boards and Syndicates are responsible either to the General Board (if primarily for academic purposes) or to the Council. In this way, the various arms of the University are kept under the supervision of the central administration, and thus the Regent House( Sony VGN-CS60B/Q Battery). Finances Cambridge is by far the wealthiest university in the UK and in the whole of Europe, with an endowment of £4.3 billion in 2011. This is made up of around £1.6 billion tied directly to the university and £2.7 billion to the colleges. As of 2011, Oxford had an endowment valued at around £3.3 billion. The university's operating budget is well over £1 billion per year. ( Sony VGN-CS60B/P Battery) Each college is an independent charitable institution with its own endowment, separate from that of the central university endowment. If ranked on a US university endowment table on most recent figures, Cambridge would rank fourth in a ranking compared with the eight Ivy League institutions (subject to market fluctuations) ( Sony VGN-CS36H/W Battery). Comparisons between Cambridge's endowment and those of other top US universities are, however, inaccurate because being a state-funded public university (although the status of Cambridge as a public university can not be compared with US or European public universities as, for example, the state do not "own" the university), Cambridge receives a major portion of its income through education and research grants from the British Government( Sony VGN-CS36H/R Battery). In 2006-7, it was reported that approximately one third of Cambridge's income comes from UK government funding for teaching and research, with another third coming from other research grants. Endowment income contributes around £130 million. The University also receives a significant income in annual transfers from the Cambridge University Press, which is the oldest, and second largest university press in the world( Sony VGN-CS36H/Q Battery). Benefactions and fundraising In 2000, Bill Gates of Microsoft donated US$210 million through the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to endow the Gates Scholarships for students from outside the UK seeking postgraduate study at Cambridge. The University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, which taught the world's first computing course in 1953( Sony VGN-CS36H/P Battery), is housed in a building partly funded by Gates and named after his father, William Gates. In 2005, the Cambridge 800th Anniversary Campaign was launched, aimed at raising £1 billion by 2012—the first US-style university fund-raising campaign in Europe. This aim was reached in the financial year 2009-2010, with raising £1.037 billion( Sony VGN-CS36H/C Battery). Collections Libraries and museums The Cambridge University Library. The Museum of Archeology and Anthropology The university has 114 libraries.[56] The Cambridge University Library is the central research library, which holds over 8 million volumes and, in contrast with the Bodleian or the British Library, many of its books are available on open shelves, and most books are borrowable. It is a legal deposit library, therefore it is entitled to request a free copy of every book published in the UK and Ireland( Sony VGN-CS36H Battery). It receives around 80,000 books every year, not counting the books donated to the library. In addition to the University Library and its dependent libraries, every faculty has a specialised library, which, on average, holds from 30,000 to 150,000 books; for example the History Faculty's Seeley Historical Library posess more than 100,000 books. Also, every college has a library as well( Sony VGN-CS33H/B Battery), partially for the purposes of undergraduate teaching, and the older colleges often possess many early books and manuscripts in a separate library. For example Trinity College's Wren Library has more than 200,000 books printed before 1800, while Corpus Christi College's Parker Library possesses one of the greatest collections of medieval manuscripts in the world, with over 600 manuscripts( Sony VGN-CS33H Battery). The total number of books owned by the university is about 12 million. Cambridge University operates eight arts, cultural, and scientific museums, and a botanic garden: The Fitzwilliam Museum, is the art and antiquities museum The Kettle's Yard is a contemporary art gallery The Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge houses the University's collections of local antiquities, together with archaeological and ethnographic artifacts from around the world( Sony VGN-CS320J/W Battery) The Cambridge University Museum of Zoology The Museum of Classical Archaeology, Cambridge The Whipple Museum of the History of Science The Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences is the geology museum of the University The Scott Polar Research Institute comprises the Polar Museum, dedicated to the Arctic and Antarctic exploration The Cambridge University Botanic Garden is the botanic garden of the university, created in 1831 Academics( Sony VGN-CS320J/R Battery) The Fitzwilliam Museum, the art and antiquities museum of the University of Cambridge. Great Court of Trinity College, dating back to the 17th Century. Peterhouse Old Court. Research See also: Category:Departments of the University of Cambridge Cambridge University has research departments and teaching faculties in most academic disciplines, and spends around £650 million in a year for research. All research and lectures are conducted by University Departments( Sony VGN-CS320J/Q Battery). The colleges are in charge of giving or arranging most supervisions, student accommodation, and funding most extracurricular activities. During the 1990s Cambridge added a substantial number of new specialist research laboratories on several University sites around the city, and major expansion continues on a number of sites. ( Sony VGN-CS31Z/Q Battery) Cambridge is a member of the Russell Group, a network of research-led British universities; the Coimbra Group, an association of leading European universities; the League of European Research Universities; and the International Alliance of Research Universities. It is also considered part of the "Golden Triangle", a geographical concentration of UK university research( Sony VGN-CS31S/W Battery). Cambridge has a research partnership with MIT in the United States: the Cambridge–MIT Institute. Admissions Procedure The application system to Cambridge and Oxford involves additional requirements, with candidates typically called to face-to-face interviews. How applicants perform in the interview process is an important factor in determining which students are accepted. ( Sony VGN-CS31S/V Battery) Most applicants are expected to be predicted at least three A-grade A-level qualifications relevant to their chosen undergraduate course, or equivalent overseas qualifications, such as getting at least 7,7,6 for higher-level subjects at IB. The A* A-level grade (introduced in 2010) now plays a part in the acceptance of applications, with the university's standard offer for all courses being set at A*AA( Sony VGN-CS31S/T Battery). Due to a very high proportion of applicants receiving the highest school grades, the interview process is crucial for distinguishing between the most able candidates.[58] In 2006, 5,228 students who were rejected went on to get 3 A levels or more at grade A, representing about 63% of all applicants rejected.[61] The interview is performed by College Fellows( Sony VGN-CS31S/R Battery), who evaluate candidates on unexamined factors such as potential for original thinking and creativity.[58] For exceptional candidates, a Matriculation Offer is sometimes offered, requiring only two A-levels at grade E or above—Christ's College is unusual in making this offer to about one-third of successful candidates, in order to relieve very able candidates of some pressure in their final year. ( Sony VGN-CS31S/P Battery) Strong applicants who are not successful at their chosen college may be placed in the Winter Pool, where they can be offered places by other colleges. This is in order to maintain consistency throughout the colleges, some of which receive more applicants than others. Graduate admission is first decided by the faculty or department relating to the applicant's subject( Sony VGN-CS28/Q Battery). This effectively guarantees admission to a college—though not necessarily the applicant's preferred choice. Access Public debate in the United Kingdom continues over whether admissions processes at Oxford and Cambridge are entirely merit based and fair; whether enough students from state schools are encouraged to apply to Cambridge; and whether these students succeed in gaining entry( Sony VGN-CS28 Battery). In 2007–08, 57% of all successful applicants were from state schools[63] (roughly 93 percent of all students in the UK attend state schools). However, the average qualifications for successful applicants from state schools are slightly lower than the average qualification of successful applicants from private schools. ( Sony VGN-CS27/W Battery) Critics have argued that the lack of state school applicants with the required grades applying to Cambridge and Oxford has had a negative impact on Oxbridge's reputation for many years, and the University has encouraged pupils from state schools to apply for Cambridge to help redress the imbalance. ( Sony VGN-CS27/P Battery) Others counter that government pressure to increase state school admissions constitutes inappropriate social engineering. The proportion of undergraduates drawn from independent schools has dropped over the years, and such applicants now form a (very large) minority (43%)of the intake. In 2005, 32% of the 3599 applicants from independent schools were admitted to Cambridge( Sony VGN-CS27/C Battery), as opposed to 24% of the 6674 applications from state schools. In 2008 the University of Cambridge received a gift of £4m to improve its accessibility to candidates from maintained schools. Cambridge, together with Oxford and Durham, is among those universities that have adopted formulae that gives a rating to the GCSE performance of every school in the country to "weight" the scores of university applicants( Sony VGN-CS27 Battery). Both the University's central Student Union, and individual college student unions (JCRs) run student led Access schemes aimed at encouraging applications to the University from students at schools with little or no history of Oxbridge applications, and from students from families with little or no history of participation in university education( Sony VGN-CS26T/W Battery). Reputation Results for the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos are read out inside Senate House and then tossed from the balcony. In the last two British Government Research Assessment Exercise in 2001 and 2008 respectively, Cambridge was ranked first in the country. In 2005, it was reported that Cambridge produces more PhDs per year than any other British university (over 30% more than second placed Oxford) ( Sony VGN-CS26T/V Battery). In 2006, a Thomson Scientific study showed that Cambridge has the highest research paper output of any British university, and is also the top research producer (as assessed by total paper citation count) in 10 out of 21 major British research fields analysed. Another study published the same year by Evidence showed that Cambridge won a larger proportion (6.6%)( Sony VGN-CS26T/T Battery) of total British research grants and contracts than any other university (coming first in three out of four broad discipline fields). The university is also closely linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster in and around Cambridge, which forms the area known as Silicon Fen or sometimes the "Cambridge Phenomenon"( Sony VGN-CS26T/R Battery). In 2004, it was reported that Silicon Fen was the second largest venture capital market in the world, after Silicon Valley. Estimates reported in February 2006 suggest that there were about 250 active startup companies directly linked with the university, worth around US$6 billion. In 2011, University of Cambridge topped the world university rankings: first in both the QS World University Rankings and the annual World's Best Universities by U.S. News & World Report for a second consecutive year. ( Sony VGN-CS26T/Q Battery) It came in first in the international academic reputation peer review, first in the natural sciences, second in biomedicine, second in chemical engineering, third in the arts & humanities, fourth in the social sciences, and fourth in technology. In 2011, Cambridge was ranked sixth in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. ( Sony VGN-CS26T/P Battery) In 2010, according to University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP),[115] it is the 2nd university in UK and 11th university in the world. In the 2009 Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings[116] (in 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings and QS World University Rankings parted ways to produce separate rankings) ( Sony VGN-CS26T/C Battery), Cambridge was ranked 2nd amongst world universities, behind Harvard. The Independent Complete University Guide ranked Cambridge 2nd to Oxford in the United Kingdom.[117] In the 2011 Academic Ranking of World Universities compiled by Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Cambridge was placed 5th amongst world universities and was ranked 1st in Europe. ( Sony VGN-CS25H/W Battery)A 2006 Newsweek ranking which combined elements of the THES-QS and ARWU rankings with other factors that purportedly evaluated an institution's global "openness and diversity" suggested that Cambridge was ranked 6th in the world overall.[119] In the 2008 Sunday Times University Guide, Cambridge was ranked first for the 11th straight year since the guide's first publication in 1998. In the 2008 Times Good University Guide, Cambridge topped 37 of the guide's 61 subject tables, including Law, Medicine, Economics, Mathematics, Engineering, ( Sony VGN-CS25H/R Battery) Physics, and Chemistry and has the best record on research, entry standards and graduate destinations amongst UK universities. Cambridge was also awarded the University of the Year award. In the 2009 The Times Good University Guide Subject Rankings, Cambridge was ranked top (or joint top) in 34 out of the 42 subjects which it offers.[120] The overall ranking placed Cambridge in 2nd behind Oxford. The 2009 Guardian University Guide Rankings also placed Cambridge 2nd in the UK behind Oxford( Sony VGN-CS25H/Q Battery). In the Guardian newspaper's 2012 rankings, Cambridge pulled ahead of Oxford to secure 1st place in the league table. Cambridge had overtaken Oxford in philosophy, law, politics, theology, maths, classics, anthropology and modern languages in the Guardian subject rankings.[10] [edit]Publishing The University's publishing arm, the Cambridge University Press, is the oldest printer and publisher in the world, and it is the second largest university press in the world. ( Sony VGN-CS25H/P Battery) [edit]Public examinations The university set up its Local Examination Syndicate in 1858. Today, the syndicate, which is known as Cambridge Assessment, is Europe's largest assessment agency and it plays a leading role in researching, developing and delivering assessments across the globe.[citation needed] Graduation Graduands enter the Senate House at a graduation ceremony( Sony VGN-CS25H/C Battery) At the University of Cambridge, each graduation is a separate act of the university's governing body, the Regent House, and must be voted on as with any other act. A formal meeting of the Regent House, known as a Congregation, is held for this purpose.[citation needed] Graduates receiving an undergraduate degree wear the academical dress that they were entitled to before graduating: for example( Sony VGN-CS25H Battery), most students becoming Bachelors of Arts wear undergraduate gowns and not BA gowns. Graduates receiving a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD or Master's) wear the academical dress that they were entitled to before graduating, only if their first degree was also from the University of Cambridge; if their first degree is from another university, they wear the academical dress of the degree that they are about to receive( Sony VGN-CS23T/W Battery), the BA gown without the strings if they are under 24 years of age, or the MA gown without strings if they are 24 and over.[citation needed] Graduands are presented in the Senate House college by college, in order of foundation or recognition by the university (except for the royal colleges),[122] as follows. During the congregation, graduands are brought forth by the Praelector of their college, who takes them by the right hand( Sony VGN-CS23T/Q Battery), and presents them to the vice-chancellor for the degree they are about to take. The Praelector presents graduands with the following Latin statement, substituting "____" with the name of the degree: "Dignissima domina, Domina Procancellaria et tota Academia praesento vobis hunc virum quem scio tam moribus quam doctrina esse idoneum ad gradum assequendum _____; idque tibi fide mea praesto totique Academiae( Sony VGN-CS23H/S Battery). (Most worthy Vice-Chancellor and the whole University, I present to you this man whom I know to be suitable as much by character as by learning to proceed to the degree of ____; for which I pledge my faith to you and to the whole University.)" and female graduands with the following: "Dignissima domina, Domina Procancellaria et tota Academia praesento vobis hanc mulierem quam scio tam moribus quam doctrina esse idoneam ad gradum assequendum ____; idque tibi fide mea praesto totique Academiae( Sony VGN-CS23H/B Battery). (Most worthy Vice-Chancellor and the whole University, I present to you this woman whom I know to be suitable as much by character as by learning to proceed to the degree of ____; for which I pledge my faith to you and to the whole University.)" After presentation, the graduand is called by name and kneels before the vice-chancellor and proffers their hands to the vice-chancellor( Sony VGN-CS23H Battery), who clasps them and then confers the degree through the following Latin statement—the Trinitarian formula (in italics) may be omitted at the request of the graduand: "Auctoritate mihi commissa admitto te ad gradum ____, in nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti. (By the authority committed to me, I admit you to the degree of ____, in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.)" The now-graduate then rises, bows and leaves the Senate House through the Doctor's door, where he or she receives his or her certificate, into Senate House passage( Sony VGN-CS23G/W Battery). Sport Cambridge maintains a long tradition of student participation in sport and recreation. Rowing is a particularly popular sport at Cambridge, and there are competitions between colleges, notably the bumps races, and against Oxford, the Boat Race. There are also Varsity matches against Oxford in many other sports, ranging from cricket and rugby( Sony VGN-CS23G/Q Battery), to chess and tiddlywinks. Athletes representing the university in certain sports entitle them to apply for a Cambridge Blue at the discretion of the Blues Committee, consisting of the captains of the thirteen most prestigious sports. There is also the self-described "unashamedly elite" Hawks’ Club, which is for men only, whose membership is usually restricted to Cambridge Full Blues and Half Blues( Sony VGN-CS23G/P Battery). [edit]Student organisations The Cambridge University Students' Union is the overall Student Union organisation. However, the Cambridge Union serves as a focus for debating. Drama societies notably include the Amateur Dramatic Club (ADC) and the comedy club Footlights, which are known for producing well-known show-business personalities. Student newspapers include the long-established Varsity and its younger rival( Sony VGN-CS23G Battery), The Cambridge Student. In the last year, both have been challenged by the emergence of The Tab, Cambridge's first student tabloid. The student-run radio station, Cam FM, provides members with an opportunity to produce and host weekly radio shows and promotes broadcast journalism, sports coverage, comedy and drama( Sony VGN-CS21Z/Q Battery). The Cambridge University Chamber Orchestra explores a range of programmes, from popular symphonies to lesser known works. Membership of the orchestra is composed of students of the university and it has also attracted a variety of conductors and soloists, including Wayne Marshall, Jane Glover, and Nicholas Cleobury. ( Sony VGN-CS21S/W Battery) Cambridge is also home to a number of recreational outdoor societies, such as the Cambridge University Punting Society. Notable alumni and academics Over the course of its history, a sizeable number of Cambridge alumni have become notable in their fields, both academic, and in the wider world. Depending on criteria, affiliates of the University of Cambridge have won between 85 and 88 Nobel prizes( Sony VGN-CS21S/V Battery), more than any other institution according to some counts. Former undergraduates of the university have won a grand total of 61 Nobel prizes, 13 more than the undergraduates of any other university. Cambridge academics have also won 8 Fields Medals and 2 Abel Prizes (since the award was first distributed in 2003). Perhaps most of all, the university is renowned for a long and distinguished tradition in mathematics and the sciences( Sony VGN-CS21S/T Battery). Among the most famous of Cambridge natural philosophers is Sir Isaac Newton, who spent the majority of his life at the university and conducted many of his now famous experiments within the grounds of Trinity College. Sir Francis Bacon, responsible for the development of the Scientific Method, entered the university when he was just twelve, and pioneering mathematicians John Dee and Brook Taylor soon followed( Sony VGN-CS21S/R Battery). Other ground-breaking mathematicians to have studied at the university include Hardy, Littlewood and De Morgan, three of the most renowned pure mathematicians in modern history; Sir Michael Atiyah, one of the most important mathematicians of the last half-century; William Oughtred, the inventor of the logarithmic scale; John Wallis( Sony VGN-CS21S/P Battery), the inventor of modern calculus; Srinivasa Ramanujan, the self-taught genius who made incomparable contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series and continued fractions; and, perhaps most importantly of all, James Clerk Maxwell, who is considered to have brought about the second great unification of Physics (the first being accredited to Newton) with his classical electromagnetic theory( Sony VGN-CS19/Q Battery). Charles Darwin In biology, Charles Darwin, famous for developing the theory of natural selection, was a Cambridge man. Subsequent Cambridge biologists include Francis Crick and James Watson, who worked out a model for the three-dimensional structure of DNA whilst working at the university's Cavendish Laboratory along with leading X-ray crystallographer Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin. More recently( Sony VGN-CS19/P Battery), Sir Ian Wilmut, the man who was responsible for the first cloning of a mammal with Dolly the Sheep in 1996, was a graduate student at Darwin College. Famous naturalist and broadcaster David Attenborough graduated from the university, while the ethologist Jane Goodall, the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees did a Ph.D. in Ethology at Darwin College( Sony VGN-CS17H/W Battery). The university can be considered the birthplace of the computer, with mathematician Charles Babbage having designed the world's first computing system as early as the mid-1800s. Alan Turing went on to devise what is essentially the basis for modern computing and Maurice Wilkes later created the first programmable computer( Sony VGN-CS17H/Q Battery). The webcam was also invented at Cambridge University, as a means for scientists to avoid interrupting their research and going all the way down to the laboratory dining room only to be disappointed by an empty coffee pot. Stephen Hawking Ernest Rutherford, generally regarded as the father of nuclear physics, spent much of his life at the university, where he worked closely with the likes of Niels Bohr( Sony VGN-CS16T/W Battery), a major contributor to the understanding of the structure and function of the atom, J. J. Thompson, discoverer of the electron, Sir James Chadwick, discoverer of the neutron, and Sir John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton, the partnership responsible for first splitting the atom. J. Robert Oppenheimer, leader of the Manhattan Project that developed the atomic bomb, also studied at Cambridge under Rutherford and Thompson( Sony VGN-CS16T/T Battery). Astronomers Sir John Herschel and Sir Arthur Eddington both spent much of their careers at Cambridge, as did Paul Dirac, the discoverer of antimatter and one of the pioneers of Quantum Mechanics; Stephen Hawking, the founding father of the study of singularities and the university's long-serving Lucasian Professor of Mathematics until 2009; and Lord Martin Rees, the current Astronomer Royal and Master of Trinity College( Sony VGN-CS16T/R Battery). John Maynard Keynes Other significant Cambridge scientists include Henry Cavendish, the discoverer of Hydrogen; Frank Whittle, co-inventor of the jet engine; Lord Kelvin, who formulated the original Laws of Thermodynamics; William Fox Talbot, who invented the camera, Alfred North Whitehead, Einstein's major opponent; Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, the man dubbed "the father of radio science"( Sony VGN-CS16T/Q Battery); Lord Rayleigh, one of the most pre-eminent physicists of the 20th century; Georges Lemaître, who first proposed the Big Bang Theory; and Frederick Sanger, the last man to win two Nobel prizes. In the humanities, Greek studies were inaugurated at Cambridge in the early sixteenth century by Desiderius Erasmus during the few years he held a professorship there; seminal contributions to the field were made by Richard Bentley and Richard Porson( Sony VGN-CS16T/P Battery). John Chadwick was associated with Michael Ventris in the decipherment of Linear B. The eminent Latinist A. E. Housman taught at Cambridge but is more widely known as a poet. Simon Ockley made a significant contribution to Arabic Studies. Distinguished Cambridge academics in other fields include economists such as John Maynard Keynes, Thomas Malthus, Alfred Marshall, Milton Friedman, Joan Robinson, Piero Sraffa, and Amartya Sen, another former Master of Trinity College( Sony VGN-CS13T/W Battery). Philosophers Sir Francis Bacon, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Leo Strauss, George Santayana, G. E. M. Anscombe, Sir Karl Popper, Sir Bernard Williams, Allama Iqbal and G. E. Moore were all Cambridge scholars, as were historians such as Thomas Babington Macaulay, Frederic William Maitland, Lord Acton, Joseph Needham, E. H. Carr, Hugh Trevor-Roper( Sony VGN-CS13H/W Battery), E. P. Thompson, Eric Hobsbawm, Niall Ferguson and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr, and famous lawyers such as Glanville Williams, Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, and Sir Edward Coke. Religious figures at the university have included Rowan Williams, the current Archbishop of Canterbury and many of his predecessors; William Tyndale, the pioneer biblical translator; Thomas Cranmer, Hugh Latimer, and Nicholas Ridley, all Cambridge men( Sony VGN-CS13H/R Battery), known as the "Oxford martyrs" from the place of their execution; Benjamin Whichcote and the Cambridge Platonists; William Paley, the Christian philosopher known primarily for formulating the teleological argument for the existence of God; William Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson, largely responsible for the abolition of the slave trade; leading Evangelical churchman Charles Simeon( Sony VGN-CS13H/Q Battery); John William Colenso, the bishop of Natal who developed views on the interpretation of Scripture and relations with native peoples that seemed dangerously radical at the time; John Bainbridge Webster and David F. Ford, theologians of significant repute; and six winners of the Templeton Prize, the highest accolade for the study of religion since its foundation in 1972( Sony VGN-CS13H/P Battery). Composers Ralph Vaughan Williams, Sir Charles Villiers Stanford, William Sterndale Bennett, Orlando Gibbons and, more recently, Alexander Goehr, Thomas Adès and John Rutter were all at Cambridge. Although known primarily for its choral music, the university has also produced members of contemporary bands such as Radiohead, Hot Chip, Procol Harum, Henry Cow, and the singer-songwriter Nick Drake( Sony VGN-CS11Z/T Battery). Artists Quentin Blake, Roger Fry and Julian Trevelyan also attended as undergraduates, as did sculptors Antony Gormley, Marc Quinn and Sir Anthony Caro, and photographers Antony Armstrong-Jones, Sir Cecil Beaton and Mick Rock. Important writers to have studied at the university include the prominent Elizabethan dramatist Christopher Marlowe, his fellow University Wits Thomas Nashe and Robert Greene, arguably the first professional authors in England, and John Fletcher( Sony VGN-CS11Z/R Battery), who collaborated with Shakespeare on The Two Noble Kinsmen, Henry VIII and the lost Cardenio and succeeded him as house playwright of The King's Men. Samuel Pepys matriculated in 1650, ten years before he began his diary, the original manuscripts of which are now housed in the Pepys Library at Magdalene College( Sony VGN-CS11S/W Battery). Lawrence Sterne, whose novel Tristram Shandy is judged to have inspired many modern narrative devices and styles, was admitted in 1733. In the following century, the novelists W. M. Thackeray, best known for Vanity Fair, Charles Kingsley, author of Westward Ho! and Water Babies, and Samuel Butler, remembered for The Way of All Flesh and Erewhon( Sony VGN-CS11S/Q Battery), were all at Cambridge. Ghost story writer M. R. James served as provost of King’s College from 1905 to 1918. Modernist writers to have attended the university include E. M. Forster, Rosamond Lehmann, Vladmir Nabokov, Christopher Isherwood and Malcolm Lowry. Although not a student, Virginia Woolf wrote her essay A Room of One’s Own while in residence at Newnham College( Sony VGN-CS11S/P Battery). Playwright J. B. Priestley, medievalist and fantasy writer C. S. Lewis, physicist and novelist C. P. Snow and children’s writer A. A. Milne were also among those who passed through the university in the early 20th century. They were followed by the postmodernists Patrick White, Iris Murdoch, Eudora Welty, J. G. Ballard, Sir Kingsley Amis and the early postcolonial writer E. R. Braithwaite. More recently( Sony Vaio PCG-5K1L Battery), the university has educated the comedy writers Douglas Adams, Tom Sharpe and Howard Jacobson, the popular novelists A. S. Byatt, Sir Salman Rushdie, Nick Hornby, Zadie Smith, Robert Harris and Sebastian Faulks, the successful action writers Michael Crichton and Jin Yong, and contemporary playwrights and screenwriters such as Julian Fellowes, Stephen Poliakoff, Michael Frayn, Alan Bennett and Sir Peter Shaffer( Sony Vaio PCG-6W2L Battery). Cambridge poets include Edmund Spenser, author of The Faerie Queene, the Metaphysical poets John Donne, George Herbert and Andrew Marvell, John Milton, renowned for his late epic Paradise Lost, the leading Restoration poet and playwright John Dryden, the pre-romantic Thomas Gray, best known his Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard( Sony Vaio PCG-7112L Battery), William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, whose joint work Lyrical Ballads is often seen to mark the beginning of the Romantic movement, later Romantics such as Lord Byron and the postromantic Alfred, Lord Tennyson, classical scholar and lyric poet A. E. Housman, war poets Siegfried Sassoon and Rupert Brooke, modernist T. E. Hulme, confessional poets Ted Hughes, Sylvia Plath and John Berryman( Sony Vaio PCG-8Z1L Battery), and, more recently, Cecil Day-Lewis, Joseph Brodsky, Kathleen Raine and Geoffrey Hill. In all, at least nine of the Poet Laureates graduated from Cambridge. The university has also made a notable contribution to Literary Criticism, having produced, among others, F. R. Leavis, I. A. Richards, C. K. Ogden and William Empson, often collectively known as the Cambridge Critics( Sony Vaio PCG-8Z2L Battery), the important Marxists Raymond Williams, sometimes regarded as the founding father of Cultural Studies, and Terry Eagleton, author of Literary Theory: An Introduction, the most successful academic book ever published, the New Historicists Harold Bloom and Stephen Greenblatt, and an extensive group of distinguished biographical writers such as Lytton Strachey( Sony Vaio PCG-8Y2L Battery), a central figure in the largely Cantabridgian Bloomsbury Group, Peter Ackroyd and Claire Tomalin. King George VI Actors and directors such as Sir Ian McKellen, Sir Derek Jacobi, Sir Michael Redgrave, James Mason, Emma Thompson, Stephen Fry, Hugh Laurie, John Cleese, Eric Idle, Graham Chapman, Simon Russell Beale, Tilda Swinton, Thandie Newton, Rachel Weisz, Sacha Baron Cohen, Tom Hiddleston( Sony Vaio PCG-8Y1L Battery), Eddie Redmayne and David Mitchell all studied at the university, as did recently acclaimed directors such as Mike Newell, Sam Mendes, Stephen Frears, Paul Greengrass and John Madden. The University is also known for its prodigious sporting reputation and has produced many fine athletes, including more than 50 Olympic medalists (6 in 2008 alone); the legendary Chinese six-time world table tennis champion Deng Yaping( Sony Vaio PCG-7Z2L Battery); the sprinter and athletics hero Harold Abrahams; the inventors of the modern game of Football, Winton and Thring; and George Mallory, the famed mountaineer and possibly the first man ever to reach the summit of Mount Everest. Oliver Cromwell Notable educationalists to have attended the university include the founders and early professors of Harvard University, including John Harvard himself; Emily Davies, founder of Girton College, the first residential higher education institution for women( Sony Vaio PCG-7Z1L Battery), and John Haden Badley, founder of the first mixed-sex school in England. Cambridge also has a strong reputation in the fields of politics and governance, having educated: 15 British Prime Ministers, including Robert Walpole (considered the first Prime Minister of Great Britain). At least 25 foreign Heads of Government, including the current Prime Ministers of India, Singapore and Jordan, and the current Presidents of Zambia and Trinidad and Tobago( Sony Vaio PCG-7133L Battery). At least 9 monarchs and a large number of other royals. 3 Signatories of the United States Declaration of Independence. Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England (1653–58) Literature and popular culture The Cavendish Building of Homerton College The Chapel, Sidney Sussex College See also: List of fictional Cambridge colleges In The Reeve's Tale from The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, the two main characters are students at Soler Halle. It is believed that this refers to King's Hall, which is now part of Trinity College( Sony Vaio PCG-7113L Battery). In Gulliver's Travels (1726 novel) by Jonathan Swift, the hero and narrator, Lemuel Gulliver, is a graduate of Emmanuel College. In Tristram Shandy (1767 novel) by Lawrence Sterne, the title character is, like Sterne himself, a graduate of Jesus College. In The Prelude (1805 poem) by William Wordsworth, the entire third chapter is based on the poet's time at Cambridge( Sony Vaio PCG-6W3L Battery). In Pride and Prejudice (1813 novel) by Jane Austen, both Mr Darcy and Mr Wickham, the primary antagonist, are Cambridge graduates. In Memoriam A.H.H. (1849 poem) by Alfred, Lord Tennyson is a requiem written in memory of the poet's Cambridge friend Arthur Henry Hallam. The poem features numerous references to their time together at Trinity College, "the reverend walls in which of old I wore the gown"( Sony Vaio PCG-71511M Battery). In Doctor Thorne (1858 novel) by Anthony Trollope, Frank Gresham, heir to the near-bankrupt Gresham estate, is a Cambridge student. Despite his family's objections, he is determined to return to the University and study for a degree. In A Tale of Two Cities (1859 novel) by Charles Dickens, Charles Darnay tutors Cambridge undergraduates in French language and literature( Sony Vaio PCG-7111L Battery). In Middlemarch (1872 novel) by George Eliot, Mr Brooke, the heroine's uncle and guardian, is a Cambridge graduate. He claims to have been a student at the same time as Wordsworth. John Caldigate (1879 novel) by Anthony Trollope is set partly at the University and in the nearby village of Chesterton. In All Sorts and Conditions of Men (1882 Novel) by Sir Walter Besant, Cambridge is an important setting( Sony Vaio PCG-6W1L Battery). In Portraits of Places (1883 travel book), Henry James describes the college backs as "the loveliest confusion of gothic windows and ancient trees, of grassy banks and mossy balustrades, of sun‐chequered avenues and groves, of lawns and gardens and terraces, of single arched bridges spanning the little stream, which … looks as if it had been ‘turned on’ for ornamental purposes( Sony Vaio PCG-6V1L Battery)." She: A History of Adventure (1886 novel) by H. Rider Haggard is the story of Horace Holly, a Cambridge professor, on a journey amongst the indigenous tribes of Africa. In the Sherlock Holmes series (1887–1927 collection of novels and short stories) by Arthur Conan Doyle, Holmes reveals that he first developed his methods of deduction while an undergraduate( Sony Vaio PCG-6S3L Battery). The author Dorothy L. Sayers suggests that, given details in two of the Adventures, Holmes must have been at Cambridge rather than Oxford and that "of all the Cambridge colleges, Sidney Sussex College perhaps offered the greatest number of advantages to a man in Holmes’ position and, in default of more exact information, we may tentatively place him there".( Sony Vaio PCG-6S2L Battery) In Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891 novel) by Thomas Hardy, Angel Clare rebels against his family's plans to have him sent to Cambridge and ordained as a minister of the Church of England. His older brothers are both Cambridge graduates and Cuthbert is the dean of a Cambridge college. In Utopia, Limited (1892 opera) by Gilbert and Sullivan( Sony Vaio PCG-5L1L Battery), the entrance of the character Princess Zara, who is returning from her studies at Girton College, is heralded by a song called "Oh, maiden rich in Girton lore". In the earlier Gilbert and Sullivan opera Princess Ida (1884), the princess founds a women's university and the subject of women's education in the Victorian era is broadly explored and parodied( Sony Vaio PCG-5K2L Battery). Mrs. Warren's Profession (1894 play) by George Bernard Shaw focuses on the relationship between Mrs Warren, described by the author as "on the whole, a genial and fairly presentable old blackguard of a woman" and her Cambridge-educated daughter, Vivie, who is horrified to discover that her mother's fortune was made managing high-class brothels( Sony Vaio PCG-5J2L Battery). In The Turn of the Screw (1898 novella) by Henry James, the story's narrator, Douglas, describes first meeting the protagonist after coming down from Trinity College for the second summer of his university career. The Longest Journey (1907 novel) by E. M. Forster begins at Cambridge University. In the Psmith series (1908–1923 collection of novels) by P. G. Wodehouse, both the title character and Mike, his closest friend, study at Cambridge University( Sony Vaio PCG-5J1L Battery). In Women in Love (1920 novel) by D. H. Lawrence, the character Joshua is introduced at the dinner table as a Cambridge don. Over the course of the meal he explains, in accordance with the idiosyncratic stereotype, how "education is like gymnastics". In Jacob's Room (1922 novel) by Virginia Woolf, the protagonist Jacob Flanders attends Cambridge( Sony Vaio PCG-5G3L Battery). In A Passage to India (1924 novel) by E. M. Forster, the Indian Hamidullah refers to his time at Cambridge to support his argument that it is easier to befriend Englishmen in England than in India. In The Case of the Missing Will (1924 short story) by Agatha Christie, the detective Hercule Poirot receives an unusual request for help from a Miss Violet Marsh, a graduate of Girton College( Sony Vaio PCG-5G2L Battery). In The Good Companions (1929 novel) by J. B. Priestley, the character Inigo Jollifant is introduced as a Cambridge graduate. In The Waves (1931 novel) by Virginia Woolf, the characters Bernard and Neville are both graduates of Cambridge University. Darkness at Pemberley (1932 novel) by T. H. White features St Bernard's College, a fictionalised version of Queens' College( Sony VGP-BPS21 Battery). Glory (1932 novel) by Vladimir Nabokov is the story of an émigré student who escapes from Russia and is educated at Cambridge before returning to his native country. In The Citadel (1937 novel) by A. J. Cronin, the protagonist's initial rival and close friend, Philip Denny, is a Cambridge graduate. Dr Hope, another of the protagonist's main associates, spends much of his time at Cambridge where he is completing a medical degree( Sony VGP-BPS21B Battery). Out of the Silent Planet (1938 novel) by C. S. Lewis begins at Cambridge University, where Elwin Ransom, the protagonist of The Space Trilogy, is Professor of Philology. The trilogy also features the University of Edgestow, a fictional institution which is essentially a third Oxbridge. In Lions and Shadows (1938 autobiography), Christopher Isherwood writes extensively about his time at the university( Sony VGP-BPS21/S Battery). In The Facts of Life (1939 short story) by W. Somerset Maugham, the main character Nicky attends Peterhouse due to its reputation in Lawn Tennis. The Caterpillar and the Men from Cambridge (1943 poem) by Weldon Kees is a satirical response to the teachings of Cambridge literary critics I. A. Richards and C. K. Ogden. The Hills of Varna (1948 novel) by Geoffrey Trease begins with main character Alan Drayton being sent down from his Cambridge college after it emerges that he was involved in a tavern brawl( Sony VGP-BPS21A/B Battery). His Cambridge tutor, Erasmus, sends him to the continent to try to retrieve a manuscript of The Gadfly, a lost play by the ancient Greek writer Alexis from the time of Socrates. The Masters (1951 novel) and The Affair (1960 Novel) by C. P. Snow, both feature an unnamed fictional college, partly based on the author's own, Christ's. Facial Justice by L. P. Hartley (1960 novel) is set in a dystopian Cambridge sometime after the Third World War: "Cambridge - for so the settlement was named - was built on the supposed site of the famous University town, not a vestige of which remained( Sony VGP-BPs18 Battery)." At the start of Trouble with Lichen (1960 novel) by John Wyndham, the heroine, Diana Brackley, studies Biochemistry at Cambridge. The Millstone (1965 novel) by Margaret Drabble is the story of a young female Cambridge academic who becomes pregnant and is forced into a completely alien life style. The House on the Strand (1969 novel) by Daphne du Maurier is the story of two Cambridge graduates who have created a drug that enables time travel. They frequently refer to their college days( Sony VGP-BPs15 Battery) ( Sony VGP-BPl15 Battery). In many novels and plays by Thomas Bernhard (written between 1970 and 2006), Cambridge (Geistesnest) is the refuge of a Geistesmensch escaping from Austria. Maurice (1971 novel) by E. M. Forster is about the homosexual relationship of two Cambridge undergraduates. Porterhouse Blue (1974 novel) and its sequel Grantchester Grind (1995 Novel) by Tom Sharpe both feature Porterhouse, a fictional Cambridge college( Sony VGP-BPS14 Battery). In Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy (1974 novel) by John le Carré, two recurring characters in the Smiley series, Percy Alleline and Control, the anonymous head of The Circus, are described as having begun their rivalry at Cambridge. The Glittering Prizes (1976 TV drama) and Oxbridge Blues (1984 TV Drama) by Frederic Raphael both feature Cambridge University( Sony VGP-BPS13B/B Battery). In Professional Foul (1977 play) by Tom Stoppard, the main character, Anderson, is Professor of Philosophy at Cambridge University. In Shada (abandoned 1979 Doctor Who serial released on video in 1992) by Douglas Adams, much of the action takes place at the fictional St. Cedd's College, Cambridge. Timescape (1980 novel) by Gregory Benford is the story of a group of scientists at the University of Cambridge and their attempts to warn the past about a series of global disasters that have left the world in a state of disarray( Sony VGP-BPS13A/B Battery). Benford's short story, Anomalies, is also set at Cambridge, where the main character, an amateur astronomer from Ely, meets the Master of Jesus College. Chariots of Fire (1981 film) by Hugh Hudson is partly set at Cambridge between 1919 and 1924, when protagonist Harold Abrahams (played by Ben Cross) was a student there.[126] On the Beach at Cambridge (1984 poem) by Adrian Mitchell is written from the point of view of someone sitting on a beach and looking out to sea, where the remnants of Cambridge University( Sony VGP-BPS13AS Battery), as represented by the trademark spires and towers of the colleges, may just about be seen above the water. The poem was written to draw attention to the dangers of climate change and rising sea levels. Floating Down to Camelot (1985 novel) by David Benedictus is set entirely at Cambridge University and was inspired by the author's time at Churchill College( Sony VGP-BPS13S Battery). Still Life (1985 novel) by A. S. Byatt features Cambridge University. In Redback (1986 novel), Howard Jacobson creates the fictional Malapert College, drawing on his experiences at Downing College and Selwyn College. Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency (1987 Novel) by Douglas Adams contains considerable material recycled from the aborted Shada, therefore much of the action likewise takes place at St. Cedd's College, Cambridge( Sony VGP-BPS13B/S Battery). The Matthew Bartholomew Chronicles (1990s novels) by Susanna Gregory, is a series of murder mysteries set in and around the university in medieval Cambridge. The Gate of Angels (1990 novel) by Penelope Fitzgerald is about a young Cambridge University physicist who falls in love with a nurse after a bicycle accident. The novel is set in 1912, at a time when Cambridge was at the heart of a revolution in Physics( Sony VGP-BPS13A/S Battery). Avenging Angel (1990 novel) by Kwame Anthony Appiah is largely set at the University. Civilization (1991 video game) by Sid Meier features 'Isaac Newton's College' as a Wonder of the World. This could be a reference to Cambridge University as a whole or to Trinity College specifically. However, the video accompanying the wonder in Civilization II (1996) erroneously shows the University of Oxford( Sony VGP-BPS13/S Battery). Air and Angels (1991 novel) by Susan Hill is largely set at Cambridge, where the Revd Thomas Cavendish, a university don, falls in love with Kitty, a young Indian girl. For the Sake of Elena (1992 novel) by Elizabeth George features a fictional Cambridge college called St Stephen's. In A Philosophical Investigation (1992 novel) by Philip Kerr, the government call on Cambridge's Professor of Philosophy to talk 'Wittgenstein'( Sony VGP-BPS13/B Battery), a murderous virtual being, into committing suicide. In Stephen Fry's novels The Liar (1993) and Making History (1997), the main characters attend Cambridge University. In A Suitable Boy (1993 novel) by Vikram Seth, one of Lata's would-be suitors, a fellow college student, dreams of attending Cambridge University. Jill Paton Walsh is the author of four detective stories featuring Imogen Quy, the nurse at St. Agatha's, a fictional Cambridge college( Sony VGP-BPS13 Battery): The Wyndham Case (1993), A Piece of Justice (1995), Debts of Dishonour (2006) and The Bad Quarto (2007). In the 1994 Star Trek: The Next Generation series finale, All Good Things..., Data is seen holding the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics in an alternate future timeline.[127] Eskimo Day (1996 TV Drama), written by Jack Rosenthal, and starring Maureen Lipman, Tom Wilkinson, and Alec Guinness( Sony VGP-BPS12 Battery), is about the relationship between parents and teenagers during an admissions interview day at Queens’ College. There was also a sequel, Cold Enough for Snow (1997). In When We Were Orphans (2000 novel) by Kazuo Ishiguro, the protagonist, Detective Christopher Banks, begins his narrative immediately after graduating from Cambridge. In Atonement (2001 novel) by Ian McEwan, the characters Cecilia and Robbie arrive home from Cambridge at the start of the novel( Sony VGP-BPL12 Battery). Wittgenstein's Poker (2001 novel) by David Edmonds recounts the celebrated confrontation between Sir Karl Popper and Ludwig Wittgenstein at Cambridge University's Moral Sciences Club. In Elizabeth Costello (2003 novel) by J. M. Coetzee, the title character is a former Cambridge student( Sony VGP-BPS11 Battery). Cambridge Spies (2003 TV drama) is about the famous Cambridge Five double agents who started their careers at Cambridge: Kim Philby, Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean and Anthony Blunt. In the Maisie Dobbs mystery series (2003–2010 collection of novels) by Jacqueline Winspear the heroine is a former student of Girton College, having attended before and after World War I. High Table, Lower Orders (2005–2006 radio series) by Mark Tavener is set at a fictional Cambridge college( Sony VGP-BPL11 Battery). In Rock 'n Roll (2006 play) by Tom Stoppard, Cambridge University is a key setting. A Disappearing Number (2007 play) by Simon McBurney is about a famous collaboration between two very different Cambridge scholars: Srinivasa Ramanujan, a poor, self-taught Brahmin from southern India, and G. H. Hardy, an upper-class Englishman and world-renowned Professor of Mathematics( Sony VGP-BPL10 Battery). The Indian Clerk (2007 novel) by David Leavitt is an account of the career of the self-taught mathematical genius Srinivasa Ramanujan, as seen mainly through the eyes of his mentor and collaborator G. H. Hardy, a British mathematics professor at Cambridge University. Engleby (2007 novel) by Sebastian Faulks is largely set at a fictionalised version of Cambridge University( Sony VGP-BPS10 Battery). In Kingdom (2007-2009 TV series), created by Simon Wheeler and Alan Whiting, solicitor Peter Kingdom (played by Stephen Fry) and his brother (Dominic Mafham) are both Cambridge graduates. In the fourth episode of the first series, Kingdom returns to Cambridge and meets his old tutor (Richard Wilson) ( Sony VGP-BPS9/S Battery), when one of his clients alleges that her daughter has been rejected by his old college purely because of her working-class background. Although the college is never identified, it is Queens', where Fry himself was a student, that appears on screen. The Dongle of Donald Trefusis (2009 audiobook) by Stephen Fry is a 12-part series in which Fry, as himself, receives an inheritance from his (fictional) former Cambridge tutor, Donald Trefusis, who has recently died( Sony VGP-BPS9/B Battery). The inheritance includes a USB drive (or "dongle") which contains messages from Trefusis to Fry from beyond the grave. In An Education (2009 film), written by Nick Hornby, directed by Lone Scherfig, and based on an autobiographical article by Lynn Barber, the protagonist's main teacher, Miss Stubbs (played by Olivia Williams) is a Cambridge graduate( Sony VGP-BPS9 Battery). Page Eight (2011 film) by David Hare is partly set at Cambridge, where the Director General of MI5 (played by Michael Gambon), his colleague and closest friend (Bill Nighy) and the Prime Minister (Ralph Fiennes) were all at college together. Although the college is not named, it is Jesus College that was used for filming( Sony VGP-BPS8A Battery). In The Sense of an Ending (2011 novel) by Julian Barnes, Adrian Finn, one of the central characters, studies Moral Sciences at Cambridge. The minor character Brother Jack is also a Cambridge student and the young English teacher Phil Dixon is a recent graduate. In The Vicar of Dibley, David Horton, the town's councillor and chairman of the Parish Council( Sony VGP-BPS8 Battery), mentions that he studied at an unknown college of Cambridge. The Vicar mentions in one episode that he has a Master of Arts, and is a Fellow of the Royal Fellowship of Surgeons. Miscellanea Roads named after the University Cambridge Terrace in Christchurch, New Zealand is named after the University. It runs for much of its length along the left bank of the city's Avon River (Canterbury) ( Sony VGP-BPL9 Battery).
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